The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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128 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
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In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“Results of studies have also suggested that muscle strength might be more important than muscle mass as a determinant of functional limitations and mobility status in older age.13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
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In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
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In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
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In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
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In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
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In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
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In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
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In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
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Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., et al. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 · Cited by 24,907
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Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico
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Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people
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Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance
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Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes
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Cited by
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Items 501–600 of 1,000
Choe, H., Sung, H., Kim, G., Lee, O., Moon, H. Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2021) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2021080 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, severe insulin resistance causes impaired glucose metabolism and muscle atrophy in patients with T2DM [41,42], leading to a decline in muscle strength [43].”
BackgroundHuo, Y., Zhao, X., Zhao, J., Kong, X., Li, L., Yuan, T., & Xu, J. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104837 · Cited by 12
Fermented Antler Recovers Stamina, Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Middle-Aged Mice
Kim, Y., Jeon, H., Kim, S. H., Heo, K., Shim, J.-J., Lee, J.-L., Yang, D., & Kang, S. C. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12010106 · Cited by 12
“In the elderly, maintaining muscle strength through resistance exercise is one of the effective methods [15,26,27], and proper nutrition also plays an important role [28,29].”
BackgroundApplications of Eccentric Exercise to Improve Muscle and Mobility Function in Older Adults
Kim, D. Y., Oh, S. L., & Lim, J. (2022) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.21.0138 · Cited by 12
“Based on the titles and some parts of the articles when needed, we screened the literature to select articles that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) participants aged 60 years or older, (2) randomized controlled trial, and (3) at least one group that performed eccentric exercise.”
MethodBuccheri, E., Dell’Aquila, D., & Russo, M. (2022) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100398 · Cited by 12
Incidence, Outcomes, and Recidivism of Elderly Patients Admitted For Isolated Hip Fracture
Cabalatungan, S., Divaris, N., McCormack, J. E., Huang, E. C., Kamadoli, R., Abdullah, R., Vosswinkel, J. A., & Jawa, R. S. (2018) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.054 · Cited by 12
Guo, S.-M., Liu, Y., He, S.-R., Wu, M., Tseng, W., Wu, R., & Wu, I. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202820 · Cited by 14
“Increases in oxidative stress and inflammation play major roles in the pathogenesis of muscle mass loss and functional decline during aging [6, 21].”
BackgroundAssociação entre obesidade, risco de quedas e medo de cair em mulheres idosas
Neri, S. G. R., Gadelha, A. B., Correia, A. L. M., Pereira, J. C., Safons, M. P., & Lima, R. M. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n4p450 · Cited by 12
Maghbooli, Z., Mozaffari, S., Dehhaghi, Y., Amirkiasar, P. R., Malekhosseini, A. A., Rezanejad, M., & Holick, M. F. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01754-6 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, reduced fat oxidation might give rise to the diminution of postprandial energy expenditure [16, 19].”
Myostatin Inhibition: A New Treatment for Androgen Deprivation-Induced Sarcopenia?
Grossmann, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3290 · Cited by 13
Jeon, J., An, S., Bae, J., Kim, J., Kang, J., & Park, S. (2023) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2023.04.029 · Cited by 11
Alghannam, A. F., Alharbi, D. S., & Al-Hazzaa, H. M. (2024) · Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_54_23 · Cited by 13
“[68] Effective medical comorbidity management is essential for promoting muscle health and preventing sarcopenia.”
BackgroundExtrapulmonary manifestations of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Singh, N., Al‐Naamani, N., Brown, M. B., Long, G., Thenappan, T., Umar, S., Ventetuolo, C. E., & Lahm, T. (2024) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2024.2361037 · Cited by 10
“While BMI is a good indicator of obesity on a population level, it is a poor indicator of body composition on an individual level, especially in states of chronic illness such as PAH which can be characterized by muscle mass loss typically offset by gains in fat mass [133].”
BackgroundBao, S., Jimu, W., Mu, N., Yan, F., Xing, S., Li, T., & Zhou, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1503702 · Cited by 11
Visceral adiposity index, premature mortality, and life expectancy in US adults
Xue, M., Zhang, X., Chen, K., Zheng, F., Wang, B., Lin, Q., Zhang, Z., Dong, X., & Niu, W. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02560-3 · Cited by 11
“These hormonal and metabolic changes contribute to a variety of abnormalities, including reduced fatty acid oxidation, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction [29–32].”
Wu, I., Hsu, C., Chen, C., Chuang, S., Cheng, C.-W., Hsieh, W.-S., Wu, M., Liu, Y., Liu, Y.-H., Tsai, T.-L., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly147 · Cited by 11
Sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases: a translational overview
Barbero-Becerra, V. J., López-Méndez, I., Romo‐Araiza, A., Visag-Castillo, V., Chávez-Tapia, N. C., Uribe, M., & Juárez-Hernández, E. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1757427 · Cited by 11
“IR also increases lipolysis, consequently the release of free fatty acids to the liver inhibit GH/IGF-1 axis, which has been demonstrated a protective role in age-related muscle loss and regeneration [59], being apparently independent of mTOR.”
BackgroundRelationship between creatinine to body weight ratios and diabetes mellitus: A Chinese cohort study
Chen, Z., Zou, Y., Yang, F., Ding, X. H., Cao, C., Hu, H., & Wang, X. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13248 · Cited by 10
Zhou, J., Bai, L., Tong, L., Jia, L., & Ding, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15012-0 · Cited by 11
Distribution of lean mass and mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes
Ding, L., Fan, Y., Qiao, J., He, J., Wang, R., He, Q., Cui, J., Ma, Z., Zheng, F., Gao, H., et al. (2022) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2022.09.003 · Cited by 11
Thonprasertvat, B., Roopsawang, I., & Aree‐Ue, S. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11071012 · Cited by 11
“These factors can result in a decline in muscle mass [48].”
BackgroundRegulation of Skeletal Muscle by microRNAs
Diniz, G. P., & Wang, D. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00716.x · Cited by 11
“In addition, sarcopenia may be accelerated by insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity (8, 57).”
Tanabe, J., Ogura, Y., Kosaki, K., Nagai, Y., Sugaya, T., Ohata, K., Watanabe, S., Ichikawa, D., Inoue, K., Hoshino, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2020/7614035 · Cited by 11
“Type 2 diabetes (T2D) with insulin resistance is a common risk factor for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and sarcopenia [1, 2].”
BackgroundHwang, J. H., Kang, S. Y., & Jung, H. W. (2022) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12708 · Cited by 11
Reddy, R. S., Alshahrani, M. S., Tedla, J. S., Asiri, F., Nambi, G. S., & Kakaraparthi, V. N. (2022) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.06.008 · Cited by 11
Changes in Adherence to Non-Pharmacological Guidelines for Hypertension
Park, K., Cho, S. K., & Bower, J. K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161712 · Cited by 11
Metabolic footprint in young, middle-aged and elderly rats with melatonin deficit
Tchekalarova, J. D., Hrischev, P., Ivanova, P. P., Boyadjiev, N., & Georgieva, K. N. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113786 · Cited by 10
Impact of Handgrip Strength on Clinical Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Tobe, A., Tanaka, A., Shirai, Y., Kubota, Y., Kunieda, T., Sato, S., Furusawa, K., Ishii, H., & Murohara, T. (2022) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.63854 · Cited by 11
Mitochondrial disorders as a mechanism for the development of obese Sarcopenia
Liao, T., Xiong, L., Wang, X., Yang, S., & Liang, Z. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01192-w · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, obesity is also associated with accelerated aging, which can further contribute to mtDNA damage [2, 8].”
BackgroundZhou, T., Ye, J., Luo, L., Wang, W., Feng, S., Dong, Z., Zhuo, S., & Zhong, B. (2023) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-023-00333-z · Cited by 10
“It is acknowledged that skeletal muscle is the primary organ responsible for whole-body insulin-mediated glucose utilization, and a reduction in glucose disposal caused by the loss of skeletal muscle mass may further result in insulin resistance [39].”
BackgroundBatitucci, G., Abud, G. F., Ortiz, G. U., Belisário, L. F., Travieso, S. G., Viliod, M. C. D. L., Venturini, A. C. R., & de Freitas, E. C. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102460 · Cited by 12
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Santin, Y., Chiesa, M., Alfonso, A., Doghri, Y., Kang, R., Haidar, F., Oreja-Fuentes, P., Fousset, O., Zahreddine, R., Guardia, M., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt1670 · Cited by 9
“In addition, dietary interventions can strongly modify biological aging as demonstrated by calorie restriction ( 17 ) or lipid-and sugar-rich diets ( 18 , 19 ), which respectively slow down or hasten the aging process.”
Wang, L., Zhu, H., Chen, H., Ziyi, H., Feng, M., Menglin, T., & Hu, X. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21234-w · Cited by 10
“Additionally, a combination of obesity and muscle weakness is linked to functional limitations [65, 66].”
Cox, A., & Bousfield, C. (2021) · British Journal of Community Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.sup6.s10 · Cited by 10
Bhandari, R., Teh, J. B., He, T., Peng, K., Iukuridze, A., Atencio, L., Nakamura, R., Mostoufi‐Moab, S., McCormack, S. E., Lee, K., et al. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1449 · Cited by 10
A Novel Muscle Atrophy Mechanism: Myocyte Degeneration Due to Intracellular Iron Deprivation
Suh, D. K., Lee, W.-Y., Yeo, W. J., Kyung, B. S., Jung, K. W., Seo, H. K., Lee, Y.-S., & Suh, D. W. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11182853 · Cited by 12
Xu, Y., Hu, T., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, X., & Bao, Y. (2022) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-022-1871-z · Cited by 11
Assessment of lifestyle-related risk factors enhances the effectiveness of cardiac stress testing
Rozanski, A., Sakul, S., Narula, J., Uretsky, S., Lavie, C. J., & Berman, D. S. (2023) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2023.03.004 · Cited by 11
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Bagatini, P. B., Xavier, L. L., Neves, L. T., Saur, L., Barbosa, S., Baptista, P. P. A., Augustin, O. A., de Senna, P. N., Mestriner, R. G., Souto, A. A., et al. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.007 · Cited by 10
Yoon, C.-Y., Lee, M., Kim, S. U., Lim, H., Chang, T. I., Kee, Y. K., Han, S. G., Han, I. M., Kwon, Y. E., Park, K. S., et al. (2017) · Kidney Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.23876/j.krcp.2017.36.1.48 · Cited by 10
“Accumulation of visceral fat leads to increased excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may stimulate aggravation of hepatic steatosis and have a catabolic effect on the skeletal muscles [31].”
BackgroundHeubel, A. D., Gimenes, C., Marques, T. S., Arca, E. A., Martinelli, B., & Barrile, S. R. (2018) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v29i1.2922 · Cited by 15
Effects of Ramadan fasting on lean body mass in the older people
Akın, S., Özer, F. F., Şahin, G. G., & Özer, N. T. (2019) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-019-00272-3 · Cited by 10
Singh, L., & Agarwal, T. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109648 · Cited by 10
Gregg, E. W., & Menke, A. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 10
Hong, J., Shin, W., Lee, J.-W., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2021.0011 · Cited by 10
“32 Insulin resistance also plays a role in increasing triglyceride levels in the muscle tissue and liver, hyperinsulinemia caused by insulin resistance reduces b -oxidation in the hepatocytes, thus increasing the content of fatty acids and triglycerides.”
Speer, H., & McKune, A. J. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081247 · Cited by 11
“This should be a specific focus due to the relationship between increased body fatness and increased risk for sarcopenia with age [8].”
BackgroundBanack, H. R., LaMonte, M. J., Manson, J. E., Zhu, K., Evans, W. J., Shankaran, M., & Wactawski‐Wende, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278723 · Cited by 11
“Insulin resistance decreases muscle protein synthesis, resulting in an imbalance in the rate of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown, affecting muscle size, quality, and function [32].”
BackgroundInfluentialKolasa, M., Czerczak-Kwiatkowska, K., Frączyk, J., Szymański, Ł., Lewicki, S., Bednarowicz, A., Tarzyńska, N., Sikorski, D., Szparaga, G., Draczyński, Z., et al. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15186432 · Cited by 9
“Other causes of muscle atrophy are peripheral nerve injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, malnutrition, cancer cachexia, bacterial infections, and heart failure [15,16].”
BackgroundAssessing the Role of Aquaporin 4 in Skeletal Muscle Function
Aslesh, T., Al-aghbari, A., & Yokota, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021489 · Cited by 9
Overestimation of Balance Ability Among Older Adults at Risk for Falls
Ickert, E. C., Hughes, T., Berg-Carramusa, C. A., Dudash, S., & Kerns, L. X. (2023) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643231186630 · Cited by 8
“Aging can also lead to balance de fi cits as a result of changes in gait pattern (Mahlknecht et al., 2013), decreased strength through loss of muscle mass (Keller & Engelhardt, 2014), and the occurrence of chronic diseases that can lead to physical disability (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundРавильевна, Б. Г., Livzan, M. A., & Tikhonravova, D. V. (2023) · Bulletin of Siberian Medicine · doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2023-3-88-97 · Cited by 9
Naito, H., Kaga, H., Someya, Y., Tabata, H., Kakehi, S., Tajima, T., Ito, N., Yamasaki, N., Sato, M., Kadowaki, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad164 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, low handgrip strength is associated with insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes [33], and low hand-grip strength has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes [34].”
BackgroundSharma, S., Bhadra, R., Selvam, S., & Sambashivaiah, S. (2024) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12346 · Cited by 11
“35,36 Impaired neural control of muscle contraction, mitochondrial function, biogenesis, and satellite cell function and increased production of reactive oxygen species have also been associated with aging.”
BackgroundUrinary titin as a biomarker of sarcopenia in diabetes: a propensity score matching analysis
Takiguchi, Y., Tsutsumi, R., Shimabukuro, M., Tanabe, H., Kawakami, A., Hyodo, M., Shiroma, K., Saito, H., Matsuo, M., & Sakaue, H. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02490-4 · Cited by 10
“Diabetes in older adults is associated with poor muscle quality, accelerated muscle mass loss, and reduced muscle strength [15 – 17], which may result in sarcopenia and frailty [18].”
Wang, M., Collings, P. J., Jang, H., Chen, Z., Shi, Q., Ho, H. S., Luo, S., Yeung, S. L. A., & Kim, Y. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03819-9 · Cited by 10
“However, evidence indicates that loss of muscle mass and muscle strength can potentially lead to the decreased surface area of glucose transport and the potential worsening of insulin resistance [43].”
A study of trends in body morphology, overweight, and obesity in Chinese adults aged 40–59 years
Pan, Q., Zhang, W., Chen, X., Li, Y., & Tu, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21890-6 · Cited by 9
“First of all, middle-aged people between the ages of 40 and 59 are at an excessive stage in their life cycle, they are moving from youth to old age, and their physical functions are going from up to down [4].”
Sarcopenic obesity: pathogenesis, epidemiology and management in older adults
Glavas, C., & Scott, D. S. (2025) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2025.2543811 · Cited by 11
“Declines in muscle parameters are accelerated by a sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition and chronic disease [17–19].”
Ageing of human myofibres in the Vastus Lateralis muscle: A narrative review
Granic, A., Simoes, D. C. M., Bowen, T. S., Almaghtuf, N., Richardson, G. D., & Sayer, A. A. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103022 · Cited by 9
Trinks, N., Gancheva, S., Pützer, J., Schön, M., Huttasch, M., Pafili, K., Mastrototaro, L., Dewidar, B., Kupriyanova, Y., Herder, C., et al. (2026) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.12.016 · Cited by 9
Effects of protein supplementation on muscle wasting disorders: A brief update of the evidence
Kirk, B., Iuliano, S., Daly, R. M., & Duque, G. (2020) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12853 · Cited by 9
GLIM Criteria for Assessment of Malnutrition in Saudi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Albukhari, S., Abulmeaty, M. M. A., Alguwaihes, A. M., Shoqeair, M. M., Aldisi, D. A., & Alhamdan, A. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040897 · Cited by 9
“In contrast, the higher activation of protein degradation pathways brought on by insulin resistance or T2DM is linked to an accelerated loss of muscle mass [29].”
BackgroundComprehensive Analyses of Muscle Function, Lean and Muscle Mass, and Myofiber Typing in Mice
Durumutla, H. B., Villa, C., Panta, M., Wintzinger, M., Prabakaran, A. D., Miz, K., & Quattrocelli, M. (2023) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.4617 · Cited by 9
“Apart from muscle function and myofiber typing, lean mass (Kalyani et al., 2014) and muscle mass (Lovering et al., 2005) are two important determinants associated with muscle disorders or muscle changes downstream of global conditions, such as aging or type-2 diabetes.”
Liu, Y., Chai, S., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1163029 · Cited by 9
Park, J., Kim, M., Shin, H., Ahn, H., & Park, Y. K. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2023.12.4.245 · Cited by 9
What Does Sarcopenia Have to Do with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?
Ferenc, K., Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., & Filip, R. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14010037 · Cited by 10
“Sarcopenia is often associated with cardiometabolic disorders such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes [65].”
BackgroundXia, L.-F., Li, J., Tian, G.-S., Jiang, W., Li, Y.-S., Lin, C.-Y., Qiu, H.-N., Wu, F., Wang, J.-J., Li, C., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s450225 · Cited by 9
How Overweight and Obesity Relate to the Development of Functional Limitations among Filipino Women
Adair, L. S., Duazo, P. L., & Borja, J. B. (2018) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics3040063 · Cited by 9
“Obesity may also increase risk of disability indirectly through its well-known association with chronic diseases, with well-documented associations of diabetes with disability [10,12– 15].”
Calvani, R., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Picca, A., Marini, F., Biancolillo, A., Laosa, O., Pedraza, L., Gervasoni, J., Primiano, A., Miccheli, A., et al. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110782 · Cited by 9
Ruan, Q., Huang, Y., Yang, L., Li, J., Gu, W., Bao, Z., Zhang, X., & Yu, Z. (2020) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1343-2 · Cited by 9
Is pain catastrophizing associated with poor mobility performance and falls in older adults?
Nawai, A., Foust, J. B., Shi, L., You, T., & Leveille, S. G. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104219 · Cited by 10
Newer anti-diabetic therapies with low hypoglycemic risk-potential advantages for frail older people
Emmerton, D., & Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2021) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2021.1905414 · Cited by 9
Ay, M., Cetin, H., & Çay, N. (2021) · Skeletal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00256-021-03866-w · Cited by 10
Oosterwijk, M. M., Navis, G. J., Bakker, S. J. L., & Laverman, G. D. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12020300 · Cited by 11
“An explanation might be found in the extensive literature showing that a gradual loss of muscle mass occurs in middle-aged people with increasing age, even accelerating at older ages [34,35].”
BackgroundSakai, M., Sohda, M., Uchida, S., Yamaguchi, A., Watanabe, T., Saito, H., Ubukata, Y., Nakazawa, N., Kuriyama, K., Sano, A., et al. (2022) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-022-11497-1 · Cited by 9
Chen, P., Lee, Y., Chiang, C., Chang, H., Lu, C., & Huang, K. (2023) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000531371 · Cited by 9
Putative Prophylaxes Updated of Placenta Extract and Aloe vera as Biogenic Stimulants
Yagi, A., & Ataka, S. (2014) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research · doi:10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2014.03.443 · Cited by 9
Dihydrocapsiate improved age-associated impairments in mice by increasing energy expenditure
Ohyama, K., & Suzuki, K. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00132.2017 · Cited by 9
Characteristics of factors for decreased lung function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes
Ishii, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Hamaya, H., Ogawa, S., Imura, M., & Akishita, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56759-3 · Cited by 9
Hwang, J. H., & Jung, H. W. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011534 · Cited by 8
Susilowati, I. H., Sabarinah, S., Nugraha, S., Alimoeso, S., Hasiholan, B. P., Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2022) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2022/4140624 · Cited by 8
Chan, D., Lin, Y.-C., Tzeng, H.-P., Yang, R., Chiang, M., & Liu, S. (2024) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2024.102479 · Cited by 9
Analysis of the current status of CT diagnosis of sarcopenia
xia, W., & He, Q. (2024) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/191297 · Cited by 9
“Low T4 CSA reflected on chest CT images of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chest tumors, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be a strong risk factor for all-cause death [49, 50], and early diagnosis and intervention can improve the prognosis of patients.”
Lou, Y., Xie, Y., Jiang, Q., Huang, S., Wang, X., Wang, L., Wang, H., & Cao, S. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16016 · Cited by 8
Yamamoto, Y., Ikeue, K., Kanasaki, M., Yamakage, H., Oishi, K., Mori, T., Satoh‐Asahara, N., Masuda, I., & Ishii, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78541-w · Cited by 8
Cheng, Y., Li, T., Huang, G., Hou, D., Li, S., Liang, Y., Zhang, T., & Liu, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94357-8 · Cited by 10
“Skeletal muscle is a major organ involved in insulin-induced glucose metabolism, and decreased muscle mass and strength are associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance 19,20 .”
Goto, C., Maruya, K., Morita, Y., Arai, T., Yamaguchi, S., Yamada, K., Moriyama, M., Ishibashi, H., & Nakagawa, R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98288-2 · Cited by 11
“In sarcopenic obesity, aging and visceral fat accumulation trigger an increase in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which promote muscle loss and mitochondrial dysfunction 45,46 .”
Ge, J., Sun, S., Zeng, J., Jing, Y., Ma, H., Qian, C., Cui, R., Qu, S., & Sheng, H. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02577-8 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, based on clinical relevance and existing literature [29], age and sex were included in the model as covariates.”
Barzin, M., Aryannezhad, S., Bagheri, M., Mahdavi, M., Valizadeh, M., Azizi, F., & Hosseinpanah, F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12810-z · Cited by 8
“Apart from age-related muscle loss, disease-related muscle loss could also explain this phenomenon, as many chronic diseases (with particularly higher prevalence in older individuals) could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass, such as diabetes, hypogonadism in men, growth hormone deficiency, hyperthyroidism, and h…”
BackgroundNetwork pharmacology-based analysis of the effects of puerarin on sarcopenia
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Liu, M., Song, X., Wang, D., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-22-2360 · Cited by 7
“The aging process is characterized by a variety of changes in body composition; for example, muscle mass peaks around the age of 30 and then begins to decline, with a loss of approximately 20–40% by the age of 70, and corresponding muscle dysfunction may occur (1).”
BackgroundŚcisło, L., Walewska, E., Bodys-Cupak, I. E., Skorus, U., Richter, P., & Szczepanik, A. (2022) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.13036 · Cited by 8
Yu, E. H., Lee, H. J., Kim, H. J., Kim, I. H., Joo, J. K., & Na, Y. J. (2023) · Journal of Menopausal Medicine · doi:10.6118/jmm.23014 · Cited by 9
“The decrease in basal metabolic rate associated with aging may result in weight gain and a loss of muscle mass [1,2].”
BackgroundHe, J., Gao, L., & Mai, L. (2023) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2023.2251592 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, age-related changes in height, muscle mass, and fat content may weaken the association between obesity and mortality [3].”
BackgroundAssociation between nut consumption and low muscle strength among Korean adults
Jun, S., & Shin, S. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523002386 · Cited by 9
“Nuts are known as a healthy food group for cardiometabolic health (15) , but it is not clear if the beneficial effect of nuts extends to muscle health despite close relationship between metabolic health and muscle health (26) .”
BackgroundZhuang, C., Wu, H.-F., Jiang, H.-J., Zhang, F.-M., Shi, H., Yu, Z., Shen, X., Chen, X.-L., & Wang, S.-L. (2024) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2024.112391 · Cited by 8
Myogenic microRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Skeletal Muscle Mass Wasting in Breast Cancer Models
Artigas-Arias, M., Curi, R., & Marzuca-Nassr, G. N. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126714 · Cited by 8
Higher prognostic nutritional index is associated with lower incidence of sarcopenia
Cheng, L. L., Hu, S., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.03.046 · Cited by 8
Risks of subsequent contralateral fractures of the trochanteric region in elderly.
Pogliacomi, F., Pellegrini, A., Tacci, F., Pedrini, M. F., Costantino, C., Pedrazzini, A., Pedrazzi, G., Lauretani, F., Vaienti, E., & Ceccarelli, F. (2016) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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