The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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126 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Chronic or intermittent hypoxaemia could also affect mitochondrial function in a similar way to age-related muscle loss, leading to oxidative stress, reduced energy availability, and decreased protein synthesis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] Buford, 2010, Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy, Ageing Res Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.2 says chronic or intermittent hypoxia can suppress protein synthesis and reports mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in patients with peripheral arterial disease. It does not establish that hypoxia causes the mitochondrial dysfunction or that this pathway reduces energy availability; the authors explicitly say the causal link for mitochondrial dysfunction remains uncertain. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“Results of studies have also suggested that muscle strength might be more important than muscle mass as a determinant of functional limitations and mobility status in older age.13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“For example, studies have suggested that impaired muscle function potentially mediates the association of diabetes with impaired gait and low walking speed in older adults (aged 65 and older).35”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Volpato, 2012, Role of muscle mass and muscle quality in the association between diabetes and gait speed, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“and this deficit can be substantially reduced in parabiotic experiments when older animals are exposed, by cross-transfusion of blood, to the circulation of a genetically identical younger animal.29-31”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Verdijk, 2009, Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Day, 2010, The depletion of skeletal muscle satellite cells with age is concomitant with reduced capacity of single progenitors to produce reserve progeny, Dev Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Conboy, 2005, Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment, Nature source
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In the paper
“Hyperglycaemia is associated with the development of frailty and incident mobility limitations, potentially mediated by loss of muscle.44”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Kalyani, 2012, Hyperglycemia and incidence of frailty and lower extremity mobility limitations in older women, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Instead, inadequate dietary protein during even a short period can result in loss of muscle mass even in the setting of adequate energy intake, especially in the presence of a pro-inflammatory state.24”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Bartali, 2012, Protein intake and muscle strength in older persons: does inflammation matter?, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Although comorbidities—such as cardiovascular disease and obesity—probably contribute to physical disability in diabetes, evidence is emerging that part of the mobility reduction process in older individuals with diabetes is mediated by a direct effect of diabetes on skeletal muscle.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“Intrinsic contractility is also reduced in the intact fibres in older adults.26”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Larsson, 1997, Effects of aging on shortening velocity and myosin isoform composition in single human skeletal muscle cells, Am J Physiol source
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In the paper
“The age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein synthesis might be overcome by supraphysiological insulin concentrations.45”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“In-vivo mitochondrial function (measured with phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy) is also lower in muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes compared with age-matched and BMI-matched controls.57”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Schrauwen-Hinderling, 2007, Impaired in vivo mitochondrial function but similar intramyocellular lipid content in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and BMI-matched control subjects, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“Many factors contributing to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength have been suggested, with physical inactivity probably being the most important.3”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Rosenberg, 1997, Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance, J Nutr source
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In the paper
“Diabetes is also characterised by reduced mitochondrial electron transport chain activity,50 which results in energetic inefficiency.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Mogensen, 2007, Mitochondrial respiration is decreased in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes source
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In the paper
“However, some studies did not detect any significant effect of diabetes on muscle mitochondria.54”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Boushel, 2007, Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“To retain their anatomical integrity and function, muscles need continuous repair and maintenance, and some evidence exists that the repair mechanism is dysfunctional in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Verdijk, 2009, Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Day, 2010, The depletion of skeletal muscle satellite cells with age is concomitant with reduced capacity of single progenitors to produce reserve progeny, Dev Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Conboy, 2005, Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment, Nature source
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In the paper
“The potential mechanisms described have been identified in the context of ageing, but several lines of evidence suggest that some are also targeted by diseases characterised by accelerated decline of muscle mass and strength with ageing.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
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In the paper
“For example, in rodent studies, older (aged 19–25 months) compared with younger (aged 3–8 months) mice show impaired muscle regenerative capacity due to reduced satellite cell proliferation and differentiation,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Verdijk, 2009, Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Day, 2010, The depletion of skeletal muscle satellite cells with age is concomitant with reduced capacity of single progenitors to produce reserve progeny, Dev Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Conboy, 2005, Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment, Nature source
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In the paper
“Longer duration of diabetes is also associated with proportionally lower quadriceps strength in older adults (aged 50 and older).39”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Kalyani, 2013, Quadriceps strength, quadriceps power, and gait speed in older U.S. adults with diabetes mellitus: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Some studies showed that muscle mitochondria are smaller and have less defined internal membranes (with presence of vacuoles) in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes versus in patients of healthy weight.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Evidence exists that the amount of intramyocellular lipid deposition is correlated with the percentage fat mass used as a proxy measure of adiposity.27”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Dubé, 2006, Assessment of intramuscular triglycerides: contribution to metabolic abnormalities, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“High fasting and post-challenge concentrations of both glucose and insulin also independently associate with muscle loss in individuals without diabetes, suggesting that dysglycaemia or insulin resistance, or both, could be risk factors for accelerated muscle loss.40”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Barzilay, 2009, Insulin resistance is associated with decreased quadriceps muscle strength in nondiabetic adults aged >or=70 years, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“After the age of 70 years, fat-free mass and fat mass tend to decrease in parallel.21”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Sakuma, 2013, Sarcopenic obesity and endocrinal adaptation with age, Int J Endocrinol source
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In the paper
“Participants who received GH therapy were also more likely to have side-effects including soft tissue oedema, arthralgias, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gynaecomastia, and to develop fasting hyperglycaemia or diabetes,96”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“A high-fat diet might result in reduced expression of PGC-1α (a driver of mitochondrial biogenesis), and of genes necessary for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, establishment of oxidative myofibres, and vascularisation.76”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Sparks, 2005, A high-fat diet coordinately downregulates genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle, Diabetes source
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In the paper
“Results of randomised trials have also shown that supraphysiological doses of testosterone in men result in increased fat-free mass, muscle size, and strength.80”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Bhasin, 1996, The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“Many of the proposed mechanisms for sarcopenic obesity overlap with those proposed for age-related sarcopenia.58”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
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In the paper
“Abnormal protein synthesis rates and anabolic resistance to exercise are especially evident in sarcopenic obesity.73”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Nilsson, 2013, Abnormal protein turnover and anabolic resistance to exercise in sarcopenic obesity, FASEB J source
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In the paper
“Hyperthyroidism can also be associated with muscle loss and decreased physical function.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Riis, 2005, Whole body and forearm substrate metabolism in hyperthyroidism: evidence of increased basal muscle protein breakdown, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Findings from studies have shown an association of low free testosterone concentrations with limited mobility in older men.81”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Krasnoff, 2010, Free testosterone levels are associated with mobility limitation and physical performance in community-dwelling men: the Framingham Offspring Study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Results of a randomised controlled trial of older men with mobility limitations and hypogonadism showed improvements in muscle strength and stair-climbing power in the androgen-treated group.82”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Travison, 2011, Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Testosterone increases muscle protein synthesis, probably through increased use of intracellular aminoacids in skeletal muscle.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Kadi, 2008, Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the action of testosterone on human skeletal muscle. A basis for illegal performance enhancement, Br J Pharmacol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After the age of 30 years, GH secretion steadily declines at a rate of about 1% per year.91,92”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased muscle protein breakdown and resulting increased aminoacid release.97”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Riis, 2005, Whole body and forearm substrate metabolism in hyperthyroidism: evidence of increased basal muscle protein breakdown, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, despite significant increases in lean mass after treatment with testosterone and GH, tests of muscle performance do not necessarily show substantial improvements after 8 weeks.88”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Schroeder, 2012, Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation, Eur J Appl Physiol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but are so heterogeneous that a systematic literature review that compared eight different definitions projected prevalences of sarcopenic obesity in older US adults ranging from 4·4–84% in men and 3·6–94% in women.69”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The increased presence of enhanced reactive oxygen species and chronic inflammation related to an increased fatty-acid load could also result in mitochondrial damage in skeletal muscle.75”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Anderson, 2009, Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans, J Clin Invest source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, not all studies have had positive outcomes on functional status with testosterone treatment.83”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Emmelot-Vonk, 2008, Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, no overall change was noted in bodyweight comparing treated participants with those taking placebo or doing exercise.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fat infiltration of muscle (both intramuscular and intermuscular) is further related to poor lower extremity physical performance.63”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Tuttle, 2012, Intermuscular adipose tissue is muscle specific and associated with poor functional performance, J Aging Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In obesity, senescent, pro-inflammatory cells in fat might contribute to development of sarcopenia.74”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Tchkonia, 2010, Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence, Aging Cell source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many of the changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function recorded in individuals with diabetes are similar to those also noted in ageing.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, although the potential benefits of androgen therapy in sarcopenia have not been fully explored, there is no definitive evidence that androgen stimulation in men increases functional status.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dual therapy with testosterone and GH in older men who have normal testosterone concentrations results in improvements in lean body mass, compared with placebo or either treatment alone.87”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Giannoulis, 2006, The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results of further studies showed that sarcopenic obesity might predict onset of instrumental activities of daily disability in older adults72”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Baumgartner, 2004, Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly, Obes Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle mass and strength are commonly decreased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, individuals with HIV can have reduced testosterone concentrations.118”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Grinspoon, 1996, Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Both aerobic and resistance exercise might improve upper and lower body muscle strength in patients with cancer.117”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Stene, 2013, Effect of physical exercise on muscle mass and strength in cancer patients during treatment—a systematic review, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Repeated episodes of ischaemia-reperfusion might be a common pathway associated with muscle loss in many medical conditions—including peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure, and COPD—that cause damage necessitating frequent regeneration, and exhaust the repairing capacity of resident satellite cells.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Buford, 2010, Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy, Ageing Res Rev source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 could serve as a biomarker for rates of proteolysis and muscle loss.111”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Sacheck, 2004, IGF-I stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation in patients who are deficient might also improve muscle strength and functional status in those with chronic kidney disease.112”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Taskapan, 2011, Vitamin D and muscle strength, functional ability and balance in peritoneal dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency, Clin Nephrol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The combination of progressive resistance training and aerobic exercise results in maximum benefits to weight loss, skeletal muscle mass and strength gain, and improvements in insulin resistance in trials of older individuals aged 60–80 years with obesity.122”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Davidson, 2009, Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Uraemia in chronic kidney disease also leads to accelerated muscle protein breakdown, and involves mechanisms similar to other catabolic conditions such as cancer cachexia, starvation, insulin deficiency, and sepsis via the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway.110”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Lecker, 2006, Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states, J Am Soc Nephrol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Poor nutrition, hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, and inflammatory factors could also contribute to muscle loss in cirrhosis.113”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Tessari, 2003, Protein metabolism in liver cirrhosis: from albumin to muscle myofibrils, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The degree of fibre atrophy is proportional to the degree of bone mineral density loss.104”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Terracciano, 2013, Differential features of muscle fiber atrophy in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, Osteoporos Int source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Older adults are more vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency than are younger adults.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Pfeifer, 2002, Vitamin D and muscle function, Osteoporos Int source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, expression of the ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in muscle increases dramatically in catabolic states.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Sacheck, 2004, IGF-I stimulates muscle growth by suppressing protein breakdown and expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Villareal and colleagues125 showed that 6 months of weekly behavioural therapy for weight loss (of no more than 10%) combined with exercise three times per week (each session lasting 90 min) can improve function and frailty in older obese individuals (aged >65 years).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] Villareal, 2006, Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The severity of peripheral arterial disease might correlate with the degree of both muscle strength and muscle mass.108”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Abbatecola, 2012, Pulse wave velocity is associated with muscle mass decline: Health ABC study, Age (Dordr) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hypercortisolism can present clinically with proximal muscle weakness due to endogenous glucocorticoid excess.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In patients with advanced liver cirrhosis, skeletal muscle protein synthesis is also reduced, and muscle protein breakdown is increased, leading to reduced muscle mass.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Tessari, 2003, Protein metabolism in liver cirrhosis: from albumin to muscle myofibrils, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of patients with Cushing’s syndrome (from exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid excess) can develop muscle weakness.100”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Gupta, 2013, Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment, Indian J Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ageing and chronic disease have many common mechanisms that could contribute, in an additive or synergistic way, to the development of muscle loss (figure 3).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with cirrhosis also have significantly reduced exercise capacity and muscle strength that might adversely affect clinical outcomes.114”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Jones, 2012, Exercise capacity and muscle strength in patients with cirrhosis, Liver Transpl source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The highest muscle gains of up to about 1 kg after 6 months were observed in the resistance exercise group.122”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] Davidson, 2009, Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Strong observational evidence exists that vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness with muscle fibre atrophy, impairment of muscle quality, and increased intramuscular fat.101”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Pfeifer, 2002, Vitamin D and muscle function, Osteoporos Int source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“HIV is also associated with increased circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can alter protein balance similarly to cancer.109”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Buford, 2010, Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy, Ageing Res Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Further, resistance training can improve body composition independent of weight loss.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] Villareal, 2006, Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Peripheral arterial disease can also be associated with reduced muscle power and poor physical function.107”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] McDermott, 2004, Impairments of muscles and nerves associated with peripheral arterial disease and their relationship with lower extremity functioning: the InCHIANTI Study, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle biopsy specimens from patients with osteoporosis show atrophy of type II muscle fibres.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Terracciano, 2013, Differential features of muscle fiber atrophy in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, Osteoporos Int source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Resistance training increases muscle fibre size to similar degrees in old and young untrained adults.127”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Kosek, 2006, Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in overweight and obese individuals with diabetes, an energy-restricted high-protein diet combined with resistance training achieved greater weight loss and more favourable changes in body composition than did either intervention alone after 16 weeks.131”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Wycherley, 2010, A high-protein diet with resistance exercise training improves weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but probably does not affect the biological process that ultimately leads to sarcopenia.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Conclusions and future directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly exercise helps to maintain muscle mass and strength”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Conclusions and future directions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a hallmark study, Fiatarone and colleagues123 showed that an 8 week resistance training programme could significantly increase muscle mass in frail men and women (mean age 87 years) living in nursing home care.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is no cure for age-related or disease-related muscle loss.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Conclusions and future directions
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In the paper
“In as little as 12 weeks, resistance training for 2 or 3 days a week can lead to muscle hypertrophy.126”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Hikida, 2000, Effects of high-intensity resistance training on untrained older men. II. Muscle fiber characteristics and nucleo-cytoplasmic relationships, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“In frail adults older than 85 years, 3 months of resistance training selectively increased type II fibres, which are preferentially lost with ageing.128”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Kryger, 2007, Resistance training in the oldest old: consequences for muscle strength, fiber types, fiber size, and MHC isoforms, Scand J Med Sci Sports source
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In the paper
“Satellite cells in muscle might also be activated by exercise.129”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Thornell, 2011, Sarcopenic obesity: satellite cells in the aging muscle, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Exercise might also stimulate translocation of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from insulin,133 perhaps through direct effects on the insulin-signalling cascade.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Lund, 1995, Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ageing does not necessarily impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich meal.138”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Symons, 2007, Aging does not impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich meal, Am J Clin Nutr source
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In the paper
“The timing of protein supplementation either before or immediately after exercise could have benefits on muscle protein synthesis compared with delayed protein ingestion, probably indicating greater delivery of aminoacids to actively exercising muscle.134”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] Tipton, 2001, Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“whether changes in diet are effective to prevent sarcopenia has not been definitively shown in adequately sized randomised controlled trials.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
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In the paper
“After exercise, the ability of insulin to stimulate GLUT4-mediated glucose transport is substantially improved.132”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] Frøsig, 2009, Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise: focus on insulin signaling, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, low protein intake has been associated with decreased muscle strength in individuals with high concentrations of inflammatory markers.24”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Bartali, 2012, Protein intake and muscle strength in older persons: does inflammation matter?, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
The section “Abnormalities in GH/IGF1 signaling and age-related muscle mass wasting” states that age-associated reductions in GH and IGF1 are associated with decreased muscle size and strength, diminished protein synthesis, and increased cell apoptosis. This supports the clause attached to citation 93. The visceral-fat and lean-body-mass clause is attached to citation 94, so it is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype
Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., et al. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 · Cited by 24,907
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216
Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico
Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P. J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520 · Cited by 4,004
Fielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J. E., Newman, A. B., Abellan van Kan, G., Andrieu, S., Bauer, J., Breuille, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003 · Cited by 3,256
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., & Ross, R. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x · Cited by 3,139
Goodpaster, B. H., Park, S. W., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M., Schwartz, A. V., Simonsick, E. M., Tylavsky, F. A., Visser, M., Newman, A. B., et al. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059 · Cited by 3,083
Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people
Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199406233302501 · Cited by 2,857
Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance
Rosenberg, I. H. (1997) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.990s · Cited by 2,399
Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes
Kelley, D. E., He, J., Menshikova, E. V., & Ritov, V. B. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 · Cited by 2,321
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management
Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E. V., Bruyère, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., de Carvalho, I. A., Thiyagarajan, J. A., Bautmans, I., Bertiére, M.-C., et al. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0349-4 · Cited by 893
“better diabetic control, reduction of inflammatory status, or weight loss in obesity due to an energy-restricted diet) on the accompanying sarcopenia is unclear [76].”
BackgroundPhysical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty
Angulo, J., El Assar, M., Álvarez-Bustos, A., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101513 · Cited by 771
Bauer, J. M., Verlaan, S., Bautmans, I., Brandt, K., Donini, L. M., Maggio, M., McMurdo, M. E. T., Mets, T., Seal, C., Wijers, S. L., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.021 · Cited by 670
The changing face of diabetes complications
Gregg, E. W., Sattar, N. A., & Ali, M. K. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30010-9 · Cited by 659
Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations
Papadopoulou, S. Κ. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051293 · Cited by 672
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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