The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
125 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Supported so far · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Chronic or intermittent hypoxaemia could also affect mitochondrial function in a similar way to age-related muscle loss, leading to oxidative stress, reduced energy availability, and decreased protein synthesis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] Buford, 2010, Models of accelerated sarcopenia: critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy, Ageing Res Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5.2 says chronic or intermittent hypoxia can suppress protein synthesis and reports mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in patients with peripheral arterial disease. It does not establish that hypoxia causes the mitochondrial dysfunction or that this pathway reduces energy availability; the authors explicitly say the causal link for mitochondrial dysfunction remains uncertain. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
The section “Abnormalities in GH/IGF1 signaling and age-related muscle mass wasting” states that age-associated reductions in GH and IGF1 are associated with decreased muscle size and strength, diminished protein synthesis, and increased cell apoptosis. This supports the clause attached to citation 93. The visceral-fat and lean-body-mass clause is attached to citation 94, so it is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
The Anti-anabolic action and mTOR sections state that glucocorticoids inhibit muscle protein synthesis. The IGF-I section says they reduce muscle IGF-I, while the Myostatin section says they increase myostatin and links glucocorticoids to increased muscle proteolysis. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype
Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., et al. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 · Cited by 24,907
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216
Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico
Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P. J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520 · Cited by 4,004
Fielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J. E., Newman, A. B., Abellan van Kan, G., Andrieu, S., Bauer, J., Breuille, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003 · Cited by 3,256
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., & Ross, R. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x · Cited by 3,139
Goodpaster, B. H., Park, S. W., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M., Schwartz, A. V., Simonsick, E. M., Tylavsky, F. A., Visser, M., Newman, A. B., et al. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059 · Cited by 3,083
Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people
Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199406233302501 · Cited by 2,857
Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance
Rosenberg, I. H. (1997) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.990s · Cited by 2,399
Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes
Kelley, D. E., He, J., Menshikova, E. V., & Ritov, V. B. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 · Cited by 2,321
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
He, L., Lin, C., Tu, Y., Yang, Y., Lin, M., Tu, H., & Li, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1387374 · Cited by 49
“Sarcopenia often coexists with an accumulation of adipose tissue, particularly abdominal obesity (17).”
BackgroundVassilakos, G., Lei, H., Yang, Y., Puglise, J. M., Matheny, M. E., Durzyńska, J., Ozery, M., Bennett, K., Spradlin, R. A., Bonanno, H., et al. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201800459r · Cited by 40
“The effects may be compounded by a catabolic drive to reduce muscle mass, and as a consequence, the loss of oneof themajor sites of glucoseuptake (57).”
BackgroundSaeki, C., & Tsubota, A. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11090899 · Cited by 42
“As such, BCAA insufficiency in chronic liver disease leads to skeletal muscle mass loss, regardless of age [43,47].”
BackgroundAssar, M. E., Angulo, J., Carnicero, J. A. C., Walter, S., García‐García, F. J., López‐Hernández, E., Sánchez-Puelles, J.-M., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.04.019 · Cited by 39
Association between muscular strength and depressive symptoms
Volaklis, K. A., Mamadjanov, T., Meisinger, C., & Linseisen, J. (2019) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-019-1491-8 · Cited by 39
Yamakage, H., Tanaka, M., Inoue, T., Odori, S., Kusakabe, T., & Satoh‐Asahara, N. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.13179 · Cited by 39
Hegyi, P., Soós, A., Hegyi, P., Szakács, Z., Hanák, L., Váncsa, S., Ocskay, K., Pétervári, E., Balaskó, M., Erőss, B. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.599434 · Cited by 39
Factors associated with frailty transition at different follow-up intervals: A scoping review
Ho, L. Y. W., Cheung, D. S. K., Kwan, R. Y. C., Wong, A. S. W., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2020) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.10.005 · Cited by 38
Sarcopenia is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in men with type 2 diabetes
Seo, D. H., Lee, Y., Park, S. W., Choi, Y. J., Huh, B. W., Lee, E. J., Huh, K. B., Kim, S. H., & Cha, B.-S. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2019.10.004 · Cited by 37
Chen, F., Shen, Y. X., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Liang, C., & Luo, M. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.41641 · Cited by 39
Recenti, M., Ricciardi, C., Edmunds, K. J., Gíslason, M. K., Sigurdsson, S. O., Carraro, U., & Gargiulo, P. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3044158 · Cited by 38
Physiological Systems in Promoting Frailty
Perazza, L. R., Brown‐Borg, H. M., & Thompson, L. V. (2022) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210034 · Cited by 69
“Kalyani and collaborators report that the enhanced expression of E3 enzymes in insulin-resistant individuals is the mechanistic link contributing to skeletal muscle protein degradation (284).”
Thomas, E., Gentile, A., Lakicevic, N., Moro, T., Bellafiore, M., Paoli, A., Drid, P., Palma, A., & Bianco, A. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01853-8 · Cited by 34
“In addition, since muscle is a very metabolically active tissue, metabolic disorders associated with aging, such as diabetes, osteoporosis or decrease in testosterone and growth hormone levels may frequently occur [19, 20].”
BackgroundSiervo, M., Oggioni, C., Jakovljevic, D. G., Trenell, M., Mathers, J. C., Houghton, D., Celis-Morales, C., Ashor, A. W., Ruddock, A., Ranchordas, M., et al. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.004 · Cited by 37
Cichosz, S. L., Rasmussen, N. H., Vestergaard, P., & Hejlesen, O. K. (2022) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102590 · Cited by 37
Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic lifestyle interventions
Marcotte‐Chénard, A., Oliveira, B., Little, J. P., & Candow, D. G. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102835 · Cited by 42
Ageing of the Diaphragm Muscle
Bordoni, B., Morabito, B., & Simonelli, M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6645 · Cited by 40
Pacifico, L., Perla, F. M., Andreoli, G. M., Grieco, R., Pierimarchi, P., & Chiesa, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00158 · Cited by 39
Substituted Benzimidazole Analogues as Potential α-Amylase Inhibitors and Radical Scavengers
Akande, A. A., Salar, U., Khan, K. M., Syed, S., Aboaba, S. A., Chigurupati, S., Wadood, A., Riaz, M. S., Taha, M., Bhatia, S., et al. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03056 · Cited by 44
Song, M. S., Lim, S.-K., Wang, J., & Kim, H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19010278 · Cited by 37
“Skeletal muscle morphologies were examined because skeletal muscle is the main determinant of energy expenditure [34], and obesity has been reported to induce skeletal muscle loss [17], and the preservation of muscle mass has been reported to help maintain energy expenditure [34].”
Lauretani, F., Maggio, M. G., Ticinesi, A., Tana, C., Prati, B., Gionti, L., Nouvenne, A., & Meschi, T. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s165085 · Cited by 37
“13–15 In this study, a significant interaction between muscle strength and cognitive function in determining balance alteration can be hypothesized.”
Valencia, W. M., Stoutenberg, M., & Florez, H. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0539-4 · Cited by 37
Rahman, R., Wilson, B. P., Paul, T. V., Yadav, B., Gopal, G. K., & Viggeswarpu, S. (2021) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12186 · Cited by 35
Lindström, I., Khan, N., Vänttinen, T., Peltokangas, M., Sillanpää, N., & Oksala, N. (2018) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2018.08.096 · Cited by 36
Nicotinamide protects against skeletal muscle atrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Guo, S., Chen, Q., Sun, Y., & Chen, J. (2019) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2019.1638414 · Cited by 37
“Diabetic myopathy, defined as reduced physical capacity, strength, and mass of skeletal muscle (Park et al., 2006, Vignaud et al., 2007), is believed to contribute to the progression of other complications and comorbidities in diabetes (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMa, J., Meng, X., Kang, S. Y., Zhang, J., Jung, H. W., & Park, Y. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109297 · Cited by 37
Zhao, J., Liang, G., Huang, H., Zeng, L., Yang, W., Pan, J., & Liu, J. L. (2020) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-020-05508-8 · Cited by 39
Buscemi, C., Ferro, Y., Pujia, R., Mazza, E., Boragina, G., Sciacqua, A., Piro, S., Pujia, A., Sesti, G., Buscemi, S., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061909 · Cited by 38
“Interestingly, it was observed that elderly individuals with T2D had both low appendicular LBM and low muscle quality [28], which are two characteristic components of sarcopenia in the elderly [29].”
BackgroundLo, Y. C., Wahlqvist, M. L., Huang, Y.-C., Chuang, S., Wang, C.-F., & Lee, M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0487-x · Cited by 36
“Several endocrine diseases or CKD can accelerate the loss of muscle mass and strength, and lead to physical disability [56].”
BackgroundSedentary Behavior and Diabetes Risk Among Women Over the Age of 65 Years: The OPACH Study
Bellettiere, J., LaMonte, M. J., Healy, G. N., Liles, S., Evenson, K. R., Di, C., Kerr, J., Lee, I.-M. M., Rillamas‐Sun, E., Büchner, D. M., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-0709 · Cited by 39
“Furthermore, diabetes accelerates the decline of physical functioning (5), impacting key aspects of healthy aging”
BackgroundFormiga, F., Moreno‐González, R., Corsonello, A., Carlsson, A. C., Ärnlöv, J., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Kostka, T., Weingart, C., Roller‐Wirnsberger, R., Tap, L., et al. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02916-9 · Cited by 38
Huang, S., Shi, K., Ren, Y., Wang, J., Yan, W., Qian, W., Yang, Z., & Li, Y. (2022) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01503-x · Cited by 36
“Previous evidence has shown that a healthy lifestyle is important to maintain muscle mass and strength [13].”
BackgroundCorylifol A from Psoralea corylifolia L. Enhances Myogenesis and Alleviates Muscle Atrophy
Han, Y., Lee, H., Li, H., & Ryu, J.-H. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051571 · Cited by 34
Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Mulbauer, G. D., & Matthew, H. W. T. (2019) · Discoveries · doi:10.15190/d.2019.3 · Cited by 34
Neri, S. G. R., Harvey, L. A., Tiedemann, A., Gadelha, A. B., & Lima, R. M. (2020) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.025 · Cited by 34
Kebbe, M., Sparks, J. R., Flanagan, E. W., & Redman, L. M. (2021) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2021.1922077 · Cited by 39
“composition, including increased central adiposity and decreased skeletal muscle mass [52].”
BackgroundPark, J., Han, S., & Park, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072475 · Cited by 33
“Loss of muscle mass and strength are predictors of all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hospitalization, and disability in the middle-aged and elderly population [6,7].”
BackgroundGhosh, S., Paul, M., Mondal, K. K., Bhattacharjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31977-y · Cited by 43
Low relative muscle mass and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in middle-aged adults
Ko, B., Chang, Y., Kang, J., Kim, J., Jung, H. S., Yun, K. E., Kim, C., Shin, H. C., & Ryu, S. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.089 · Cited by 33
Komorita, Y., Iwase, M., Fujii, H., Ide, H., Ohkuma, T., Jodai, T., Sumi, A., Yoshinari, M., Nakamura, U., & Kitazono, T. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.10.021 · Cited by 33
Micro(RNA)-managing muscle wasting
Sannicandro, A. J., Soriano‐Arroquia, A., & Goljanek‐Whysall, K. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00961.2018 · Cited by 32
Okamura, T., Hashimoto, Y., Miki, A., Kaji, A., Sakai, R., Iwai, K., Osaka, T., Kitagawa, N., Ushigome, E., Hamaguchi, M., et al. (2019) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0024 · Cited by 34
The effects of diet composition and chronic obesity on muscle growth and function
de Sousa, L. G. O., Marshall, A. G., Norman, J., Fuqua, J. D., Lira, V. A., Rutledge, J. C., & Bodine, S. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00156.2020 · Cited by 36
Macek, P., Terek-Derszniak, M., Biskup, M., Król, H., Smok-Kalwat, J., Góźdź, S. S., & Žák, M. (2020) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s277171 · Cited by 41
Muscle Physiopathology in Parathyroid Hormone Disorders
Romagnoli, C., & Brandi, M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.764346 · Cited by 38
Otsuka, H., Yokomizo, H., Nakamura, S., Izumi, Y., Takahashi, M., Obara, S., Nakao, M., Ikeda, Y., Sato, N., Sakamoto, R., et al. (2022) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20210700 · Cited by 35
“Because diabetes is often associated with loss of muscle mass and strength or sar-copenia, it is of great importance to understand how a particular antidiabetic drug could affect skeletal muscle mass and function [28,29].”
Diet and exercise in frailty and sarcopenia. Molecular aspects
Millan-Domingo, F., Garcia-Dominguez, E., Gambini, J., Olaso-Gonzalez, G., Viña, J., & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2024) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2024.101322 · Cited by 31
Whitcher, B. J., Thanaj, M., Cule, M., Liu, Y., Basty, N., Sorokin, E. P., Bell, J. D., & Thomas, E. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07556-y · Cited by 29
Clinical Consequences of Metabolic Acidosis—Muscle
Ho, J. Q., & Abramowitz, M. K. (2022) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2022.04.010 · Cited by 34
Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Song, M., Liu, T., Ding, J., Deng, L., Zhang, X., Liang, Q., Ge, Y., Xie, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.936904 · Cited by 32
Chen, J., Yan, L., Hu, L., Xiao, S., Liao, Y., Yao, X., & Yang, R. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.040050 · Cited by 33
“42 Insulin resistance, in turn, activates the protein kinase C and nuclear fac- tor-κ B pathways, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species.”
Ge, L., Yap, C. W., & Heng, B. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197443 · Cited by 32
Tanaka, M., Masuda, S., Yamakage, H., Inoue, T., Ohue‐Kitano, R., Yokota, S., Kusakabe, T., Wada, H., Sanada, K., Ishii, K., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.041 · Cited by 32
Tepper, S., Sivashensky, A. A., Shahar, D. R., Geva, D., & Cukierman‐Yaffe, T. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060767 · Cited by 42
“Diabetes is associated with high risk for disability, and accelerated rate of decline in physical capacity [12].”
BackgroundPGC-1α and PGC-1β Increase Protein Synthesis via ERRα in C2C12 Myotubes
Brown, E. L., Foletta, V. C., Wright, C. R., Sepulveda, P. V., Konstantopoulos, N., Sanigorski, A. J., Gatta, P. A. D., Cameron‐Smith, D., Kralli, A., & Russell, A. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01336 · Cited by 33
Moreillon, M., Alonso, S. C., Broskey, N. T., Greggio, C., Besson, C., Rousson, V., & Amati, F. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12410 · Cited by 37
“LBM was also significantly increased with an average gain slightly above 1 kg, which is clinically significant and comparable with interventions geared at treating sarcopenia.(29,30) Baseline muscle fiber profile was less aerobic in S than C.”
ResultThe Relationship of Lean Body Mass With Aging to the Development of Diabetes
Kalyani, R. R., Metter, E. J., Xue, Q., Egan, J. M., Chia, C. W., Studenski, S. A., Shaffer, N. C., Golden, S. H., Al‐Sofiani, M. E., Florez, H. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa043 · Cited by 36
“We have previously demonstrated that persons with dysglycemia (defined as elevated blood glucose levels and/ or diabetes) have decreased appendicular lean body mass, knee extensor strength, and leg muscle quality and that those with persistent dysglycemia are more likely to have accelerated loss of muscle function ove…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscle Mass Is Linked to Liver Disease Severity in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Yodoshi, T., Orkin, S. H., Clachar, A. A., Bramlage, K., Sun, Q., Fei, L., Beck, A. F., Xanthakos, S. A., Trout, A. T., & Mouzaki, M. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.046 · Cited by 32
Valenzuela‐Vallejo, L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155246 · Cited by 32
Sarcopenia increases the risk for mortality in patients who undergo amputation for diabetic foot
Kim, Y. K., Lee, H. S., Ryu, J. J., Lee, H. I., & Seo, S. G. (2018) · Journal of Foot and Ankle Research · doi:10.1186/s13047-018-0274-1 · Cited by 32
“In addition to aging, many chronic diseases are also associated with sarcopenia [12].”
BackgroundClinical utility of bioimpedance analysis in liver cirrhosis
Nishikawa, H., Enomoto, H., Iwata, Y., Nishimura, T., Iijima, H., & Nishiguchi, S. (2017) · Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbp.455 · Cited by 32
Hou, J., Sun, H., Huang, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Yin, W., Xu, T., Cheng, J., Chen, W., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.056 · Cited by 31
“Fatness in the individuals could be underestimated owing to decrease in lean muscle mass with aging (Kalyani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundYi, C., Lin, J., Cao, P., Chen, J., Zhou, T., Yang, R., Lu, S., Yu, X., & Yang, X. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35548-4 · Cited by 31
Symptom Experience of Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Distress
Hernandez, L., Leutwyler, H. C., Cataldo, J. K., Kanaya, A. M., Swislocki, A., & Chesla, C. A. (2019) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000370 · Cited by 32
Shimizu, C., Wakita, Y., Kihara, M., Kobayashi, N., Tsuchiya, Y., & Nabeshima, T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081770 · Cited by 33
“The obesity-induced oxidative stress promoted by diabetes accelerates functional decline with age [51,52].”
BackgroundOkamura, T., Hashimoto, Y., Miki, A., Kaji, A., Sakai, R., Iwai, K., Osaka, T., Ushigome, E., Hamaguchi, M., Yamazaki, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.19-85 · Cited by 35
Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes
Rohbeck, E., Eckel, J., & Romacho, T. (2021) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00029.2020 · Cited by 32
Wong, M. C., Bennett, J. P., Leong, L. T., Tian, I. Y., Liu, Y. E., Kelly, N. N., McCarthy, C., Wong, J. M., Ebbeling, C. B., Ludwig, D. S., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.006 · Cited by 31
Factors Associated with Low Lean Mass in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Müller, R., Kull, M. M., Põlluste, K., Valner, A., Lember, M., & Kallikorm, R. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55110730 · Cited by 31
“Muscle loss can occur in several other chronic inflammatory conditions such as malignancy, heart failure, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney, liver disease and HIV among others [27].”
BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia: Where do we stand?
Mikolasevic, I., Pavic, T., Filipec Kanizaj, T., Bender, D. V., Domislovic, V., & Krznaric, Z. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2020/8859719 · Cited by 30
“)us, it is not surprising that, recently, it was found that sarcopenia is frequently associated with cardiometabolic disorders including MetS, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular disease [10].”
BackgroundYamada, S., Tsuruya, K., Yoshida, H., Tokumoto, M., Ueki, K., Ooboshi, H., & Kitazono, T. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-016-0118-6 · Cited by 30
Bechshøft, C. J. L., Jensen, S. M., Schjerling, P., Andersen, J. L., Svensson, R. B., Eriksen, C. S., Mkumbuzi, N. S., Kjær, M., & Mackey, A. L. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00049.2019 · Cited by 31
“Both age- and disease-related loss of muscle mass and function are important risk factors for disability and mortality (2, 22, 24).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Zhu, K.-F., Zhou, W., Zhang, Q., Deng, D., Yang, Y., Xu, J. X., Xu, J. X., & Yang, Y. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01910-3 · Cited by 30
“closely associated with metabolic disorders, which denotes its importance in health care for older people [18].”
BackgroundNorris, A. M., Fierman, K. E., Campbell, J., Pitale, R., Shahraj, M., & Kopinke, D. (2024) · Skeletal Muscle · doi:10.1186/s13395-024-00344-4 · Cited by 28
“Muscle mass and function can be severely compromised in certain diseases such as muscular dystrophies [5–7], neuromuscular diseases [8, 9], and diabetes [10–12], as well as in sarcopenia [13, 14].”
BackgroundSexual dimorphism of frailty and cognitive impairment: Potential underlying mechanisms
Ruan, Q., D’Onofrio, G., Wu, T., Greco, A., Sancarlo, D., & Yu, Z. (2017) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6988 · Cited by 30
“These comorbidities increase the risk of sarcopenia and frailty (76,79,80).”
Muhammad, T., Hossain, B., Das, A., & Rashid, M. (2022) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2022.111833 · Cited by 30
MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Sarcopenia in endocrine and non-endocrine disorders
Borba, V. Z. C., Costa, T. M. D. R. L., Moreira, C. A., & Boguszewski, C. L. (2019) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-18-0937 · Cited by 30
Cai, X., Hu, J., Wang, M., Wen, W., Wang, J., Yang, W., Dang, Y., Luo, Q., Hong, J., & Li, N. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204587 · Cited by 29
“Skeletal muscle is a major site of glucose uptake, deposition, and actin secretion [56].”
Tack, W., Cock, A. D., Dirinck, E. L., Bastijns, S., Ariën, F., & Perkisas, S. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15321 · Cited by 34
“46 Muscle itself is also an endocrine organ capable of producing myokines such as irisin and myostatin with significant effects on muscle tissue, as exhibited in both in vitro myocyte and in vivo mice studies.”
BackgroundSridhar, M., Bodduluri, S., O’Hare, L., Blumhof, S., Lara, M. D. P. A., de Andrade, J. A., Kim, Y.-I., Luckhardt, T., McDonald, M., & Kulkarni, T. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02705-5 · Cited by 31
“Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and physical function, while frailty is a broader syndrome encompassing physical, social, cognitive, and psychological domains [2–5].”
BackgroundEdmunds, K. J., Árnadóttir, Í., Gíslason, M. K., Carraro, U., & Gargiulo, P. (2016) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/8932950 · Cited by 28
“With a suggested prevalence of over 50% in individuals aged over 80 years, it is clear that identifying a normative clinical definition for sarcopenia is of considerable importance in an increasingly aging world [7].”
BackgroundTörpel, A., Peter, B., & Schega, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00335 · Cited by 32
Rezende, L. F. M., Lee, D. H., Ferrari, G., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.009 · Cited by 28
Fall awareness behaviour and its associated factors among community dwelling older adults
Goh, J. W., Singh, D. K. A., Mesbah, N., Hanafi, A. A. M., & Azwan, A. F. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02122-z · Cited by 28
“In older adults, excessive weight may result in a reduction of muscle strength and consequently reduce physical function [40].”
Zeng, Y.-H., Liu, S.-C., Lee, C., Sun, F., & Liu, J. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21486-9 · Cited by 29
Lipotoxicity-related sarcopenia: a review
Aldahhan, R. A., Motawei, K., & Al-Hariri, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2022-0157 · Cited by 31
“Insulin resistance inhibits β-oxidation, increases the supply of free fatty acids, and alters triglyceride transport, resulting in steatosis [31] and suppression of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis responsible for muscle protein synthesis [32].”
Fernández, T., Briceño, F. A. C., Espinosa‐Ramírez, M., García-Valdés, P., López‐Fuenzalida, A., Riquelme, A. J., Arab, J. P., Cabrera, D., Arrese, M. A., & Francisco Barrera, M. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1810563 · Cited by 28
Currow, D. C., Maddocks, M., Cella, D., & Muscaritoli, M. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113471 · Cited by 27
“A decline in LBM is observed as a natural feature of aging, with LBM reported to decrease from 50% of total body weight in healthy young adults to about 25% by the age of 75–80 years [49,50].”
BackgroundChoe, E. Y., Lee, Y., Choi, Y. J., Huh, B. W., Lee, B., Kim, S., Kang, E. S., Cha, B., Lee, E. J., Huh, K. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.14011 · Cited by 28
Yoshihara, T., Natsume, T., Tsuzuki, T., Chang, S.-W., Kakigi, R., Machida, S., Sugiura, T., & Naıto, H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2020 · Cited by 27
“Considering that skeletal muscle is the most common and widely distributed muscle tissue in the body (comprising 40% of the body’s total mass), the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength can result in a drastic reduction in an individual’s quality of life and lead to an increased risk of development of insulin resi…”
BackgroundAssociation of Sarcopenia and A Body Shape Index With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality
Qiao, Y.-S., Tang, X., Chai, Y.-H., Gong, H., Zhang, X., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Zhou, J.-B. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.839074 · Cited by 27
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Type 2 Diabetes in Older Adults
Moon, K. K., Punjabi, N. M., & Aurora, R. N. (2014) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.023 · Cited by 28
“The decline in insulin insensitivity with age is attributable to muscle fat accumulation and a reduction in mitochondrial function in muscle.(31) Over the last 20 years, there has been increased recognition that OSA may also predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes, which, in turn, may over time worsen OSA”
BackgroundBouchi, R., Fukuda, T., Takeuchi, T., Nakano, Y., Murakami, M., Minami, I., Izumiyama, H., Hashimoto, K., Yoshimoto, T., & Ogawa, Y. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.02.021 · Cited by 29
Maliszewska, K., Adamska-Patruno, E., Gościk, J., Lipińska, D., Citko, A., Krahel, A., Miniewska, K., Fiedorczuk, J., Moroz, M., Górska, M., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040834 · Cited by 29
“The increasing severity of insulin resistance stimulates pathways resulting in accelerated loss of muscle, and the cycle repeats itself [34].”
BackgroundRelationship between diabetic neuropathy and sarcopenia
Özgür, Y., Akın, S., & Özcan, K. (2019) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2019.04.007 · Cited by 26
ナトリウム・グルコース共輸送体2（SGLT2）阻害薬カナグリフロジンは非糖尿病マウスの遅筋および速筋に異なる影響を及ぼす
Otsuka, H. (2023) · Kyushu University Institutional Repository (QIR) (Kyushu University) · Cited by 27
Deng, F., Wu, W., Fan, X., Zhong, X., Wang, N., Wang, Y., Pan, T., & Du, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2023/9926462 · Cited by 26
Elsheikh, M., Sabagh, A. E., Mohamed, I. B., Bhongade, M., Hassan, M. M., & Jalal, P. K. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i46.6028 · Cited by 28
“Insulin resistance can also impair mitochondrial function, leading to decreased energy availability and further promoting muscle loss[32].”
Tsui, J. H., Janebodin, K., Ieronimakis, N. M., Yama, D. M. P., Yang, H. S., Chavanachat, R., Hays, A. L., Lee, H., Reyes, M., & Kim, D. (2017) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b00186 · Cited by 26
Rapid Muscle Loss Negatively Impacts Survival in Critically Ill Patients With Cirrhosis
Ju, S., Choi, S. M., Park, Y. S., Lee, C., Lee, S., Yoo, C., Kim, Y. W., Han, S. K., & Lee, J. (2018) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066618775706 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
