The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 149 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Open accessAbstract
The term sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass that occurs with ageing. On the basis of study results showing that muscle mass is only moderately related to functional outcomes, international working groups have proposed that loss of muscle strength or physical function should also be included in the definition. Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age. Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability. In this Review, we address both age-related and disease-related muscle loss, with a focus on diabetes and obesity but including other disease states, and potential common mechanisms and treatments. Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.
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128 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
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In the paper
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“However, it has become clear that decreases in muscle strength exceed what is expected on the basis of the decline in muscle mass during ageing,18 especially after the age of 60–70 years.19”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baum, 2009, Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls, Int J Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia might affect up to half of people aged 80 years and older, but, without a standard definition, no real estimates of prevalence and incidence are possible.11,12”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Haehling, 2010, An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact, J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Volpato, 2013, Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people: application of the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle decreases by up to 40% between the ages of 20 and 80 years.16”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lexell, 1995, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
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In the paper
“Increased expression of these E3 enzymes in insulin resistant individuals contributes to muscle protein degradation, a mechanism not shared by age-related sarcopenia.47”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“The progressive mismatch between mass and strength probably occurs because of a deterioration of muscle quality.20”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Moore, 2014, Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Low mitochondrial size correlates with low glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity.48,49”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“As a result of skeletal muscle loss, the basal metabolic rate decreases by about 30% between the ages of 20 and 70 years.22”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chau, 2008, Individualizing recommendations for weight management in the elderly, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
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In the paper
“Myofibre size in skeletal muscle is also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes.53”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“Results of studies have also suggested that muscle strength might be more important than muscle mass as a determinant of functional limitations and mobility status in older age.13”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] Fielding, 2011, Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc source
The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) says reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent in older people and increases with age; Muscle Aging describes a substantial age-related decline in strength. Sarcopenia and Disability (page unavailable) links sarcopenia to disability and possible increased mortality, and reports that weakness predicts mortality more strongly than muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Visser, 2005, Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
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In the paper
“Development of treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss might improve active life expectancy in older people, and lead to substantial health-care savings and improved quality of life.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“The contribution of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the prevalence of which also increase with ageing, to age-related muscle loss is unclear;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Ageing is accompanied by major changes in body composition that can negatively affect functional status in older adults, including a progressive decrease in muscle mass, strength, and quality, accompanied by an increase in fat mass.1,2”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Candow, 2005, Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol (1985) source
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In the paper
“Lean muscle mass generally contributes up to about 50% of total bodyweight in young adults, but decreases with age to be about 25% of total bodyweight by age 75–80 years.15”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Short, 2004, Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“No standardly used definition exists for assessment of sarcopenia, and consensus definitions based on critical analyses of large databases are being developed.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Many chronic diseases, in addition to ageing, could also accelerate decrease of muscle mass and strength, and this effect could be a main underlying mechanism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Abstract
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In the paper
“arguably, definitions of sarcopenia that have been developed cannot necessarily differentiate the effects of ageing on muscle loss independent of other age-associated disease conditions that are prevalent in older individuals.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
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In the paper
“Notwithstanding uncertainties, it has been estimated that a 10% reduction in age-related muscle loss would result in savings of US$1·1 billion per year in health-care costs in the USA.14”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc source
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, skeletal muscle ATP production increases in response to exogenous insulin in people without diabetes, but this increment is reduced in individuals with diabetes and is related to impaired insulin response.52”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stump, 2003, Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
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In the paper
“However, the causal link from adiposity to intramyocellular lipid deposition is unclear,”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Age-related muscle loss
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In the paper
“In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength is recorded in individuals with diabetes, is greater with longer diabetes duration or higher HbA1c, and is attenuated by use of insulin sensitisers.36-38”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Park, 2007, Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lee, 2011, Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that has reduced gene expression in muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes,55 and might have a role in preventing muscle atrophy.53,56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Patti, 2003, Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Sandri, 2006, PGC-1alpha protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“Insulin resistance results in decreased stimulation of protein synthesis pathways and increased activation of protein degradation pathways that might ultimately lead to muscle loss in type 2 diabetes (figure 1).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
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In the paper
“The global prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise exponentially during the next few decades, with the greatest burden in older individuals (aged >65 years).32,33”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Insulin is a powerful anabolic signal and substantially stimulates muscle protein synthesis in young people but not in older people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fujita, 2009, Supraphysiological hyperinsulinaemia is necessary to stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults: evidence of a true age-related insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism, Diabetologia source
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In the paper
“Up to 70% of adults with diabetes have difficulty carrying out routine physical tasks, with lower extremity mobility limitations particularly evident, and diabetes is a potent risk factor for most geriatric syndromes.34”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Kalyani, 2010, Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2006, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“In insulin resistance, insulin or IGF-1 signalling is suppressed, leading to downregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway and decreased protein synthesis, as well as to forkhead box protein O1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 stimulates expression of the E3 enzymes atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 via increased activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Wang, 2006, Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, Endocrinology source
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In the paper
“However, loss of height and lean body mass and increasing fat mass that occur with ageing uncouple the relationship of BMI and obesity, and attenuate associations with mortality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Waters, 2011, Sarcopenia and obesity, Clin Geriatr Med source
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In the paper
“A systematic review noted that individuals treated with GH had a significant decrease in fat mass (−2·08 kg, 95% CI −1·35 to −2·80 kg) and a significant increase in lean body mass (+2·13 kg, 95% CI 1·32 to 2·94 kg).”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Liu, 2007, Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly, Ann Intern Med source
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In the paper
“However, results of studies of body composition have shown that this adaptive mechanism might be impaired in older individuals who are obese. As a result, obese individuals might have relatively low muscle strength in view of their body size and have an increased risk of disability.62”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Alley, 2007, The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004, JAMA source
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In the paper
“In men, total testosterone concentrations decrease by 1% per year and bioavailable testosterone by 2% per year from the age of 30 years.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Maggio, 2011, Gonadal status and physical performance in older men, Aging Male source
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In the paper
“Increased adiposity and circulating concentrations of free fatty acids inhibit GH production and decrease plasma concentrations of IGF-1.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
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In the paper
“Dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate is a precursor to testosterone, with concentrations that also decrease with ageing—in men aged 70–80 years, dihydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are only about 20% of their peak concentrations at the age of 20 years.78”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Labrie, 1997, Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
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In the paper
“This decrease in IGF-1 is associated with decreased muscle size and strength, decreased protein synthesis, and increased cell death,93 which in turn leads to increased visceral fat and decreased lean body mass.94”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Perrini, 2010, The GH/IGF1 axis and signaling pathways in the muscle and bone: mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and osteoporosis, J Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nass, 2002, Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition, Growth Horm IGF Res source
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In the paper
“GH treatment in adults with hypopituitarism and associated GH deficiency can improve body composition and increase lean body mass.95”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Growth hormone deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Salomon, 1989, The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency, N Engl J Med source
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In the paper
“Baumgartner and colleagues66 showed that both men and women older than 60 years with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly increased risk of having three or more physical disabilities compared with non-obese individuals after adjustment for age, and this association was stronger than with either sarcopenia or obesity alone.66”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Baumgartner, 2000, Body composition in healthy aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After 6 months of treatment, androgen-deprived older men have decreased appendicular skeletal muscle, decreased lean tissue, and increased body fat compared with untreated controls.79”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Boxer, 2005, The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer, Aging Male source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than is either condition alone.70”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Stenholm, 2009, The effect of obesity combined with low muscle strength on decline in mobility in older persons: results from the InCHIANTI study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, testosterone replacement is not without potential risks, including increased respiratory disorders (eg, cough, shortness of breath, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, sleep apnoea) and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, application site reactions, itching, erythema, foot ulcers, and increased hair growth).84”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypogonadism in men
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Basaria, 2010, Adverse events associated with testosterone administration, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings from few studies suggest that obesity alone might contribute more to lower physical function than does sarcopenia alone, but this probably depends on the degree of muscle loss.71”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Bouchard, 2009, Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Generally, irrespective of definition, the prevalence increased with each decade of age and was lower in non-Hispanic black people than in white people.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Batsis, 2013, Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, J Am Geriatr Soc source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In healthy young and older individuals, bone and muscle tend to be correlated with bodyweight, probably because gravity and inertial forces during movement stimulate mechano-receptors in both bone and muscle that modulate the production of growth factors.61”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Russo, 2000, True osteoporosis and frailty-related osteopenia: two different clinical entities, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Age-related loss of muscle mass is typically offset by gains in fat mass. As a result, bodyweight in men and women might be quite stable in middle age, or slightly increased even though the relative amount of body fat actually increases in comparison with lean tissue—an important step in the development of sarcopenic obesity.65”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“With normalisation of thyroid concentrations, muscle mass and strength are re-established, but this can take up to 9 months to occur.98”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis and results in increased muscle mass and strength.121”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although decreased caloric intake and anorexia associated with cancer might contribute to muscle loss, this is not the only factor; aggressive caloric supplementation alone cannot reverse the skeletal muscle loss.116”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Muscaritoli, 2010, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”, Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vitamin D supplementation might also have wide-ranging beneficial effects in reducing falls and improving muscle strength, but evidence is inconclusive; large randomised controlled trials are addressing this hypothesis.102”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Vitamin D deficiency
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kalyani, 2010, Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Osteoporosis is also associated with the loss of muscle function and mobility limitations, although the direction of this association is unclear.103”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Osteoporosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ferrucci, 2013, Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations, Curr Pharm Des
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several factors are likely to contribute to muscle loss, including the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, reduced protein synthesis in myocytes, physical activity limitations, insulin resistance, and inadequate protein ingestion could occur.106”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] de Oliveira Nunes Teixeira, 2013, Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy, Exp Biol Med (Maywood) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with HIV have lower muscle strength than do healthy individuals; however, resistance exercise can safely increase the strength of older patients with HIV to equal that of counterparts.119”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Souza, 2011, Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls, Clinics (Sao Paulo) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Dodson, 2011, Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies, Annu Rev Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid treatment that has been used to treat muscle loss in diseases such as HIV, and also in patients with other catabolic disorders such as neuromuscular diseases, or in individuals who have had severe trauma, burn injury, or infections, with notable improvements in muscle function and faster recovery.120”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Porro, 2012, Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy, J Am Coll Surg source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Glucocorticoids inhibit protein synthesis and stimulate protein degradation in skeletal muscles. IGF-1 is decreased and myostatin is increased.99”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hypercortisolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Schakman, 2008, Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, J Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Resistance exercise is effective and safe to prevent muscle loss even in old (mean age 87 years) and frail individuals, potentially by also decreasing skeletal muscle apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.123”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Fiatarone, 1994, Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muscle loss might also occur in other disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral arterial disease, COPD, congestive heart failure, advanced kidney disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and HIV, which we describe briefly here;”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Muscle loss in other disease states
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The increase in muscle strength occurs almost immediately, after a few days of exercise, and much before a noticeable increase in muscle mass, suggesting that the primary effect of exercise might not be on hypertrophy but rather on muscle quality.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Cauza, 2009, Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography, Wien Med Wochenschr source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muscle mass can be reduced by up to 20% and muscle strength by 40% in patients with severe thyrotoxicosis.”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Muscle loss in endocrine diseases > Hyperthyroidism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Nørrelund, 1999, Muscle mass and function in thyrotoxic patients before and during medical treatment, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to the clear beneficial effects of exercise on muscle health”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“findings from several studies have shown the benefits of exercise (aerobic and resistance) for improvement of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.130”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Boulé, 2001, Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In parallel, increased contractile activity promotes oxidative fibre type transformation, PGC-1α expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle protein synthesis, and could lead to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.56”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Exercise
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Lira, 2010, PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moderate weight loss of about 5% in older women was found to improve insulin resistance, fat distribution, and muscle lipid infiltration, and preserve thigh muscle mass, with only a slight decrease in appendicular lean mass.136”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mazzali, 2006, Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In preliminary studies of older men and women with sarcopenia, oral supplementation with 16 g per day of essential aminoacids was associated with increased lean mass at 6 months and a further increase at 18 months, along with improved insulin sensitivity.135”
§ Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases > Treatments for age-related and disease-related muscle loss > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Solerte, 2008, Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, impaired insulin signaling is commonly observed in sarcopenic obesity [10,11].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and has the largest requirement for postprandial glucose through insulin dependent mechanism.”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Hypogonadal status also contributes to sarcopenic obesity by increasing levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which leads to central obesity [11,47].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of sarcopenia is 2–3 times higher than in non-diabetic peers.1”
From Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
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Engineered Human Contractile Myofiber Sheets as a Platform for Studies of Skeletal Muscle Physiology
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Risk Factors for Sarcopenia in the Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Metformin
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“Sarcopenia then impairs activities of daily living and increases the risk of mortality in elderly adults with diabetes [17, 18].”
BackgroundSouth Asian Working Action Group on SARCOpenia (SWAG-SARCO) – A consensus document
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Sarcopenia and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis
Wijarnpreecha, K., Panjawatanan, P., Thongprayoon, C., Jaruvongvanich, V., & Ungprasert, P. (2018) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_237_17 · Cited by 72
Zhou, H., Liao, Y., Peng, Z., Liu, F., Wang, Q., & Yang, W. Q. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13263 · Cited by 77
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Mid-adulthood cardiometabolic risk factor profiles of sarcopenic obesity
Ma, J., Hwang, S., McMahon, G. M., Curhan, G. C., Mclean, R. R., Murabito, J. M., & Fox, C. S. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21356 · Cited by 68
“Emerging evidence has shown that cardiometabolic risk factors such as hyperglycemia or insulin resistance may contribute to the loss of muscle mass (16,17).”
BackgroundThe pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life’s essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat
Stacpoole, P. W., & McCall, C. E. (2023) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007 · Cited by 70
A critical review of weight loss recommendations before total knee arthroplasty
Godziuk, K., Prado, C. M. M., Beaupré, L. A., Jones, C. A., Werle, J. R., & Forhan, M. A. (2020) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.105114 · Cited by 68
Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons Due to Metabolic Alterations and Parkinson’s Disease
Song, J., & Kim, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00065 · Cited by 69
“Consequently, as the global population ages there will be a higher prevalence of CVD, T2DM and obesity (Kalyani et al., 2014; Sepúlveda and Murray, 2014; Hinnouho et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTriglyceride–Glucose Index as a Potential Indicator of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older People
Kim, B., Kim, G., Lee, Y., Taniguchi, K., Isobe, T., & Oh, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030555 · Cited by 65
Insulin Treatment Attenuates Decline of Muscle Mass in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Bouchi, R., Fukuda, T., Takeuchi, T., Nakano, Y., Murakami, M., Minami, I., Izumiyama, H., Hashimoto, K., Yoshimoto, T., & Ogawa, Y. (2017) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0251-x · Cited by 64
“Moreover, the presence of diabetes, poor glycemic control, and insulin resistance have been reported to increase the risk for lowering muscle mass and function in elderly individuals [5, 7, 8, 13, 26].”
BackgroundHan, E., Lee, Y., Kim, G., Kim, S. R., Lee, B., Kang, E. S., Ahn, C. W., & Soo, B. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.003 · Cited by 64
Huo, L., Shaw, J. E., Wong, E., Harding, J. L., Peeters, A., & Magliano, D. J. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3948-x · Cited by 62
“Additionally, non-traditional diabetes-related problems, such as cognitive impairment and sarcopenia [29–31], could also be the potential mechanisms that cause disability.”
BackgroundQuantitative Computed Tomography and image analysis for advanced muscle assessment
Edmunds, K. J., Gíslason, M. K., Árnadóttir, Í., Marcante, A., Piccione, F., & Gargiulo, P. (2016) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2016.6015 · Cited by 62
Fisher, A. G., Seaborne, R. A., Hughes, T. M., Gutteridge, A., Stewart, C., Coulson, J., Sharples, A., & Jarvis, J. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700089rr · Cited by 54
“Skeletal muscle undergoes rapid loss— atrophy—during disuse and inactivity (1–4); catabolic/ inflammatory disease states, such as cancer cachexia (5, 6), sepsis (7), chronic heart failure (8), and obesity (9); as well as with denervation after, for example, spinal cord injury (10) or during aging (sarcopenia) (11).”
Edmunds, K. J., Gíslason, M. K., Sigurdsson, S. O., Gudnason, V. G., Harris, T. B., Carraro, U., & Gargiulo, P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193241 · Cited by 61
PPARγ agonists delay age‐associated metabolic disease and extend longevity
Xu, L., Ma, X., Verma, N., Pèrié, L., Pendse, J., Shamloo, S., Josephson, A. M., Wang, D., Qiu, J., Guo, M., et al. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13267 · Cited by 65
“…process is accompanied by elevated inflammation in tissues such as fat and liver and by increased sarcopenia and muscle atrophy (Dalle et al., 2017; Kalyani et al., 2014), we performed gross pathology and histological analysis to assess the effects of chronic Rosi treatment started when mice reach…”
BackgroundEvans, K., Abdelhafiz, D., & Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2021) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2021.1942934 · Cited by 59
“[34] Similarly, in menopausal women, decreased levels of estrogen results in increased deposition of visceral adipose tissues and decreased fat-free mass.”
BackgroundGuideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2024 Edition)
Guo, L., & Xiao, X. (2024) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12294 · Cited by 69
Jeon, J. Y., Wang, H.-J., Ock, S. Y., Xu, W., Lee, J.-D., Lee, J. H., Kim, H. J., Kim, D. J., Lee, K. W., & Han, S. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143966 · Cited by 61
“These parameters, as well as muscle mass, have clinical implications in older individuals and in chronically ill patients [35].”
BackgroundMuruganathan, U., & Srinivasan, S. (2016) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.025 · Cited by 61
Fukuda, T., Bouchi, R., Takeuchi, T., Nakano, Y., Murakami, M., Minami, I., Izumiyama, H., Hashimoto, K., Yoshimoto, T., & Ogawa, Y. (2017) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000404 · Cited by 62
“7 In addition to aging, many chronic diseases are also associated with sarcopenia.(8) Of the chronic disease, diabetes has been reported to be one of the significant contributors to the exacerbation of sarcopenia.”
BackgroundFrailty and Disability in Diabetes
Yoon, S.-J., & Kim, K. (2019) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.19.0036 · Cited by 61
Ricciardi, C., Edmunds, K. J., Recenti, M., Sigurdsson, S. O., Gudnason, V. G., Carraro, U., & Gargiulo, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59873-9 · Cited by 64
Rondanelli, M., Gasparri, C., Barrile, G. C., Battaglia, S., Cavioni, A., Giusti, R., Mansueto, F., Moroni, A., Nannipieri, F., Patelli, Z., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214566 · Cited by 64
“Sarcopenic status is deeply connected to the pathological alterations typically associated with old age, such as reduction in postural stability, bone status impairment, changes in glucose homeostasis, and reduction in basal metabolic rate [10,11].”
Bouchi, R., Fukuda, T., Takeuchi, T., Nakano, Y., Murakami, M., Minami, I., Izumiyama, H., Hashimoto, K., Yoshimoto, T., & Ogawa, Y. (2017) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2957 · Cited by 62
“reported that elderly patients with diabetes are at an increased risk for sarcopenia,(10-12) and insulin resistance and microinflammation are thought to be located in the central position of the pathogenesis.(10) Although the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and sarcopenia have been unknown so…”
BackgroundMalandrino, N., Bhat, S. Z., Alfaraidhy, M., Grewal, R. S., & Kalyani, R. R. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.001 · Cited by 64
Self-citationThe Relation between Sarcopenia and Mortality in Patients at Intensive Care Unit
Toptaş, M., Yalçın, M., Akkoç, İ., Demir, E., Metin, C., Savaş, Y., Kalyoncuoğlu, M., & Can, M. M. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/5263208 · Cited by 57
Park, H., Jung, W., Kim, J., & Lim, K. (2019) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13625 · Cited by 58
Handgrip strength, dynapenia, and mental health in older Koreans
Noh, H., & Park, Y. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60835-4 · Cited by 58
Silveira, É. A., Filho, R. R. D. S., Spexoto, M. C. B., Haghighatdoost, F., Sarrafzadegan, N., & de Oliveira, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094339 · Cited by 59
“The atrophy of skeletal muscle cells decreases the expression of GLUT4 in muscle fibers and reduces the demand for insulin-dependent glucose uptake [41].”
Backgroundarif, M., O’Donovan, M. R., Sezgin, D., Moloney, E., Rodríguez‐Laso, Á., Liew, A., & Ó’Caoimh, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2022.895313 · Cited by 59
Frailty in Advanced Heart Failure: A Consequence of Aging or a Separate Entity?
Goldwater, D. S., & Pinney, S. (2015) · Clinical Medicine Insights Cardiology · doi:10.4137/cmc.s19698 · Cited by 59
Obesity, Diet, Physical Activity, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Endometrial Cancer Survivors
Koutoukidis, D. A., Knobf, M. T., & Lanceley, A. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuu063 · Cited by 61
“These conditions add significantly to the mortality burden of obesity.(65) Accordingly, further research should extend to anthropometric indices other than BMI, like waist-to-height ratio, handgrip strength, and body composition analysis, and should also focus on the effects of resistance training and a plant-based, p…”
BackgroundUllah, M., Ng, N. N., Concepcion, W., & Thakor, A. S. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100979 · Cited by 57
Strelitz, J., Ahern, A. L., Long, G. H., Hare, M. J. L., Irving, G. J., Boothby, C. E., Wareham, N. J., & Griffin, S. J. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4886-1 · Cited by 57
“Unintentional weight loss due to sarcopenia or cancer increases the short-term risk of mortality [40] and may be a source of unmeasured confounding in our study.”
BackgroundPan, X., Han, Y., Zou, T., Zhu, G., Xu, K., Zheng, J.-N., Zheng, M., & Cheng, X. (2018) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000491015 · Cited by 57
Kang, L., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Liang, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, W., Pang, H., & Peng, L. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.012 · Cited by 59
Azevedo, V. Z., Silaghi, C. A., Maurel, T., Silaghi, H., Ratziu, V., & Pais, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.774030 · Cited by 59
Muscle dysfunction in the long coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical approach
Silva, C. C., Bichara, C. N. C., Carneiro, F. R. O., Palácios, V. R. D. C. M., van den Berg, A. V. S., Quaresma, J. A. S., & Falcão, L. F. M. (2022) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2355 · Cited by 56
“In addition, T2DM can reduce the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, impairing the bioenergetic efficiency of the muscle.(138) Additionally, patients with diabetes may present metabolic changes that promote immune system dysfunction, favouring the excessive production of pro‐ inflammatory cytokines…”
BackgroundInfluentialYoo, M. C., Won, C. W., & Soh, Y. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03643-x · Cited by 60
“Sarcopenia causes a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and a decrease in muscle strength or decreased physical function, resulting in disability and even mortality [12, 13].”
BackgroundLetieri, R. V., Teixeira, A. M., Furtado, G. E., Lamboglia, C. G., Rees, J., & Gomes, B. B. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.017 · Cited by 54
Impact of sarcopenia in trauma and surgical patient population: A literature review
Wahlen, B. M., Mekkodathil, A. A., Al-Thani, H. A. S., & El-Menyar, A. A. (2019) · Asian Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.10.010 · Cited by 57
Onishi, S., Ishino, M., Kitazawa, H., Yoto, A., Shimba, Y., Mochizuki, Y., Unno, K., Meguro, S., Tokimitsu, I., & Miura, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195753 · Cited by 53
Fré, C. H. D., Fré, M. A. D., Kwanten, W. J., Op de Beeck, B., Gaal, L. F. V., & Francque, S. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12776 · Cited by 53
Type 2 diabetes and impaired physical function: a growing problem
Ahmad, E., Sargeant, J. A., Yates, T., Webb, D. R., & Davies, M. J. (2022) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology3010003 · Cited by 52
The endothelial Dll4–muscular Notch2 axis regulates skeletal muscle mass
Fujimaki, S., Matsumoto, T., Muramatsu, M., Nagahisa, H., Horii, N., Seko, D., Masuda, S., Wang, X., Asakura, Y., Takahashi, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00533-9 · Cited by 50
Sarcopenia as a public health problem
Bruyère, O., Beaudart, C., Locquet, M., Buckinx, F., Pétermans, J., & Reginster, J.-Y. (2016) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2015.12.002 · Cited by 54
“nism by which chronic diseases cause physical disability [12].”
BackgroundButa, B. J., Choudhury, P. P., Xue, Q., Chaves, P. H. M., Bandeen‐Roche, K., Shardell, M. D., Semba, R. D., Walston, J. D., Michos, E. D., Appel, L. J., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14677 · Cited by 51
Self-citationBouchi, R., Fukuda, T., Takeuchi, T., Minami, I., Yoshimoto, T., & Ogawa, Y. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12636 · Cited by 50
Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in adults with end-stage knee osteoarthritis
Godziuk, K., Prado, C. M. M., Woodhouse, L. J., & Forhan, M. A. (2019) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2019.05.026 · Cited by 53
Welch, A. A., Hayhoe, R. P. G., & Cameron, D. (2019) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665119001150 · Cited by 54
“Given the prevalence of sarcopenia, frailty, obesity and type-2 diabetes in adulthood in Western populations, the overall costs and burden to health and social care are vast((20,21,24)).”
BackgroundRyu, J. Y., Choi, H. M., Yang, H.-I., & Kim, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186887 · Cited by 52
“Sarcopenia could be the initial step in obesity, or vice versa [18].”
BackgroundLiu, H., Cui, B., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111408 · Cited by 54
Maeda, K., & Akagi, J. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12825 · Cited by 51
Decreased Basal Metabolic Rate Can Be an Objective Marker for Sarcopenia and Frailty in Older Males
Soysal, P., Bulut, E. A., Yavuz, İ., & Işık, A. T. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.07.001 · Cited by 50
Sarcopenia – Endocrinological and Neurological Aspects
Stangl, M. K., Böcker, W., Chubanov, V., Ferrari, U., Fischereder, M., Gudermann, T. W., Hesse, E., Meinke, P., Reincke, M., Reisch, N., et al. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0672-1007 · Cited by 56
“Sarcopenia and obesity can co-occur, and synergistically are associated with worse functional decline and outcomes than either condition alone [10].”
Gut microbiota and regulation of myokine-adipokine function
Suriano, F., Hul, M. V., & Cani, P. D. (2020) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.006 · Cited by 50
Whey for Sarcopenia; Can Whey Peptides, Hydrolysates or Proteins Play a Beneficial Role?
Gilmartin, S., O’Brien, N. M., & Giblin, L. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9060750 · Cited by 53
“This, in turn, affects balance, gait and overall ability to perform tasks of daily living such as rising from a chair unassisted or the ability to walk independently [3].”
BackgroundGalé, C. R., Cooper, C. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2014) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9692-6 · Cited by 50
“Diabetes has been linked with increased risk of becoming frail (Lee et al. 2014), perhaps by accelerating age-related muscle loss (Kalyani et al. 2014).”
Inhibition of myostatin prevents microgravity-induced loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
Smith, R. C., Cramer, M. S., Mitchell, P. J., Lucchesi, J., Ortega, A. M., Livingston, E. W., Ballard, D., Zhang, L., Hanson, J., Barton, K., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230818 · Cited by 48
Jiang, T., Lin, T., Shu, X., Song, Q., Dai, M., Zhao, Y., Huang, L., Tu, X., & Yue, J. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04015-y · Cited by 48
“Sarcopenia onset may be linked to age, nutrition, activity levels, and the incidence of certain conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer [8].”
BackgroundLiu, H.-W., Chen, Y.-J., Chang, Y.-C., & Chang, S.-J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9091040 · Cited by 47
“Muscle atrophy is a decrease in the mass of skeletal muscle, and is observed in metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity [1,2].”
BackgroundImpact of frailty in older patients with diabetes mellitus: An overview
Cobo, A., Vázquez, L. A., Reviriego, J., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2016) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2016.01.004 · Cited by 51
Macrophage Involvement in Aging-Associated Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Cui, C., Ferrucci, L., & Gorospe, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12091214 · Cited by 49
“During aging, however, damage accumulates and regenerative capacity declines, which can result in loss of muscle mass and function, a condition known as sarcopenia [5–7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDiabetes, body fat, skeletal muscle, and hypertension: The ominous chiasmus?
Shu, J., Matarese, A., & Santulli, G. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13453 · Cited by 48
Diabetes and Muscle Dysfunction in Older Adults
Jang, H. C. (2019) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.19.0038 · Cited by 49
Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Q., Yang, C., Shi, J., Zhang, C., Ni, X., Du, Z., Tang, Z., Hu, J., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s237362 · Cited by 51
Zheng, R., Byberg, L., Larsson, S. C., Höijer, J., Baron, J. A., & Michaëlsson, K. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4298 · Cited by 48
“Body composition shifts dramatically with adult aging: skeletal muscle mass declines on average 40% from young adulthood to age 80 years,((1)) while body fat increases by over 50%.”
Caloric restriction: implications for sarcopenia and potential mechanisms
Xie, W.-Q., Xiao, W.-F., Tang, K., Wu, Y.-X., Hu, P.-W., Li, Y.-S., Duan, Y., & Lv, S. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103987 · Cited by 46
“Muscle is responsible for the consumption of nearly 80% of the body’s glucose content, and its resting metabolic rate accounts for 30% of the entire body’s resting metabolic rate [9].”
BackgroundTranscriptomic and Proteomic of Gastrocnemius Muscle in Peripheral Artery Disease
Ferrucci, L., Candia, J., Ubaida‐Mohien, C., Lyashkov, A. E., Banskota, N., Leeuwenburgh, C., Wohlgemuth, S. E., Guralnik, J. M., Kaileh, M., Zhang, D., et al. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.122.322325 · Cited by 44
Self-citationLean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia
Chen, M., Cao, Y. Y., Ji, G., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1217249 · Cited by 47
“TNF-a also induces lipid accumulation in the liver by activating DNL (71).”
BackgroundRen, Q., Zhi, L., & Liu, H. (2025) · Drug Design, Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s531778 · Cited by 44
Wong, T. Y., Massa, M. S., O’Halloran, A. M., Kenny, R. A., & Clarke, R. (2018) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy080 · Cited by 47
Ma, J., Kang, S. Y., Meng, X., Kang, A. N., Park, J. H., Park, Y., & Jung, H. W. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23082023 · Cited by 43
“many chronic diseases including sarcopenia, diabetes and obesity [3].”
BackgroundŻebrowska, A., Hall, B., Maszczyk, A., Banaś, R., & Urban, J. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.08.018 · Cited by 44
Abdelhafiz, A. H., & Sinclair, A. J. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1135-4 · Cited by 47
Increasing Muscle Mass in Elders through Diet and Exercise: A Literature Review of Recent RCTs
Voulgaridou, G., Παπαδοπούλου, Σ., Spanoudaki, M., Kondyli, F. S., Αλεξανδροπούλου, Ι., Michailidou, S., Zarogoulidis, P., Matthaios, D., Giannakidis, D., Romanidou, M., et al. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12061218 · Cited by 52
“In contrast with healthy adult exercisers and sportsmen, who maintain or even increase muscle mass through exercise and diet following current recommendations, elder people with morbidities and co-morbidities require particular attention, as a pathophysiological decline in muscle mass leads to other health problems [1…”
BackgroundInfluentialHamdy, O., & Yusof, B. N. M. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.06.010 · Cited by 49
Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Systemic Consequence of Cancer Progression
Biswas, A., & Acharyya, S. (2019) · Annual Review of Cancer Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033642 · Cited by 42
“Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function that occurs as part of the normal aging process in humans (Kalyani et al. 2014, Short et al. 2004).”
BackgroundFu, L., Yu, X., Zhang, W., Han, P., Kang, L., Ma, Y., Jia, L., Yu, H., Chen, X., Hou, L., et al. (2018) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2018.2102 · Cited by 41
“42 Reduced muscle mass itself favors insulin resistance because muscles are the principal sites for both the action and storage of glucose.”
Sarcopenia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: new challenges for clinical practice
Sherif, O. E., Dhaliwal, A., Newsome, P. N., & Armstrong, M. J. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1731303 · Cited by 40
Exploring the Role of Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Mechanisms and Implications
Agrawal, S., Chakole, S. V., Shetty, N., Prasad, R., Lohakare, T., & Wanjari, M. B. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42178 · Cited by 48
“Skeletal muscle atrophy impairs physical performance and contributes to metabolic dysfunction, impaired glucose homeostasis, and reduced overall health [3,4].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Liu, W., Wang, L., Wang, N., Wu, L., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., Yin, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142277 · Cited by 46
“Limited muscular strength may lead to elevated systemic inflammatory proteins and exacerbate insulin resistance [34], thereby increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.”
BackgroundRivera, O., McHan, L., Konadu, B. D., Patel, S., Jago, S. S., & Talbert, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-019-01209-9 · Cited by 43
Adelnia, F., Cameron, D., Bergeron, C. M., Fishbein, K. W., Spencer, R. G. S., Reiter, D. A., & Ferrucci, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00427 · Cited by 41
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Landré, B., Fayossé, A., Hassen, C. B., Machado‐Fragua, M. D., Dumurgier, J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Sabia, S., & Singh‐Manoux, A. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1743 · Cited by 46
“Decline in motor function preceding death is likely to be related to disease, 48 anomalies in the physiological mechanisms of ageing, 49 quantitative and qualitative changes in muscles, 50 and more fundamental changes in mitochondria that contribute to accelerated ageing.”
BackgroundSarcopenic Obesity: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Flavonoids
Jung, U. J. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12051063 · Cited by 41
Witham, M. D., Granic, A., Pearson, E. R., Robinson, S. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2023) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-023-01042-4 · Cited by 45
“Chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, changes in the extracellular matrix such as increased collagen deposition [26], vascular dysfunction and neurohormonal changes have all been linked to the development of sarcopenia [1, 17, 27, 28].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 819-829
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4156923
- OpenAlex
- W2139789661
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c56fce30ecb0e77c93458bf0fbc85a0747736ea
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23-DK093583, T32-DK062707)
- Johns Hopkins Older Americans Independence Center (P30-AG021334)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, muscle mass loss, muscle strength, aging, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic disease, physical disability, functional decline, sarcopenia treatment, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Endocrine System Diseases, Humans, Male, Obesity, Diabetes Complications, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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