Cited by 177Gut microbiota and healthMicrobial Metabolites in Food BiotechnologyProbiotics and Fermented Foods

Human gut microbiota: Does diet matter?

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Maukonen, Johanna, Saarela, Maria·2015·Proceedings of The Nutrition Society

Abstract

The human oro-gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system, consisting of oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus, which all together with the accessory digestive organs constitute the digestive system. The function of the digestive system is to break down dietary constituents into small molecules and then absorb these for subsequent distribution throughout the body. Besides digestion and carbohydrate metabolism, the indigenous microbiota has an important influence on host physiological, nutritional and immunological processes, and commensal bacteria are able to modulate the expression of host genes that regulate diverse and fundamental physiological functions. The main external factors that can affect the composition of the microbial community in generally healthy adults include major dietary changes and antibiotic therapy. Changes in some selected bacterial groups have been observed due to controlled changes to the normal diet e.g. high-protein diet, high-fat diet, prebiotics, probiotics and polyphenols. More specifically, changes in the type and quantity of non-digestible carbohydrates in the human diet influence both the metabolic products formed in the lower regions of the GI tract and the bacterial populations detected in faeces. The interactions between dietary factors, gut microbiota and host metabolism are increasingly demonstrated to be important for maintaining homeostasis and health. Therefore the aim of this review is to summarise the effect of diet, and especially dietary interventions, on the human gut microbiota. Furthermore, the most important confounding factors (methodologies used and intrinsic human factors) in relation to gut microbiota analyses are elucidated.

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  • Limited food choice is a direct selective pressure on gut microbes because different microbes have preferred substrates; for example, Roseburia and Bacteroides are sensitive to dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes depends on the type of dietary fiber that reaches the colon.

    “Limited food choice is a direct selective pressure as different microbes have their preferred substrates, e.g., Roseburia and Bacteroides are sensitive to dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes is dependent on the type of dietary fiber that reaches the colon [71,72,73].”

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  1. Wilson M (2008) Bacteriology of Humans. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.

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Authors
Maukonen, J., & Saarela, M.
Affiliations
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FI)
Corresponding author
Maukonen, Johanna
Venue
Proceedings of The Nutrition Society
Published
2014-08-26
Volume
74
Issue
1
Pages
23-36
ISSN
  • 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2719
OpenAlex
W2156255024
Cited by
177
References
206
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
FWCI
1.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • European Commission (222639, 222720)
  • FP7 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Biotechnology
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Keywords
gut microbiota, diet, dietary intervention, high-fat diet, high-protein diet, prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, non-digestible carbohydrates, host-microbe interactions, host metabolism, antibiotic therapy, commensal bacteria
MeSH terms
Adult, Diet, Feces, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota

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