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Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency
Open accessAbstract
Under heightened emotional states, individuals are more inclined to engage in ill-considered or rash actions than at other times. The authors present evidence for the existence of 2 related traits called positive and negative urgency. The traits refer to individual differences in the disposition to engage in rash action when experiencing extreme positive and negative affect, respectively. The authors provide evidence that these traits are distinct from other dispositions toward rash action and that they play distinct roles in predicting problem levels of involvement in behaviors such as alcohol consumption, binge eating, drug use, and risky sexual behavior. The authors identify facilitative conditions for the emergence of the urgency traits from neuroscience. Certain gene polymorphisms are associated with low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine; that pattern of neurotransmitter activity in a brain system linking the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala appears to facilitate the development of positive and negative urgency. The authors discuss the implications of this theory.
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“Unlike sensation seeking, which predicts risk-taking across neutral or positive emotional states, negative urgency is more closely linked to emotional dysregulation and reactive aggression (Cyders And Smith 2008), providing a precise mechanistic account of how affective instability fosters maladaptive alcohol use.”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Cyders And Smith 2008
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“Negative urgency has been shown to mediate the association between irritability, reactive aggression, and excessive drinking (Cyders And Smith 2008; Settles et al. 2012; Coskunpinar et al. 2013; Smith And Cyders 2016; VanderVeen et al. 2016).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Cyders And Smith 2008
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“These findings are also unlikely to be attributable to negative urgency (Cyders & Smith, 2008), whereby individuals tend to engage in rash, illadvised actions when distressed, as other performance indices (e.g. latencies and response style effects) were not abnormal under punishment.”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Cyders & Smith, 2008
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“The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion (i.e., urgency (Cyders and Smith, 2008; Weiss et al., 2013a).”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Cyders and Smith, 2008
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“the incidence of urgency have been suggested to spike in adolescence, with “the normative adolescent experience …characterized by developmentally heightened levels of positive and negative urgency” (Cyders & Smith, 2008, p.22).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Cyders & Smith, 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 807-828
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC2705930
- OpenAlex
- W1976053237
- Cited by
- 1,136
- References
- 248
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 13.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (5 F31 AA 016265-03, 1 RO1 AA 016166)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- positive urgency, negative urgency, emotional reactivity, individual differences, positive affect, negative affect, alcohol consumption, binge eating, drug use, sexual risk behavior, genetic polymorphism, serotonin, dopamine, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, impulsivity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Nerve Net, Psychomotor Performance, Risk-Taking, Serotonin
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