The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test.
Abstract
We refine and extend the job demands-resources model with theory regarding appraisal of stressors to account for inconsistencies in relationships between demands and engagement, and we test the revised theory using meta-analytic structural modeling. Results indicate support for the refined and updated theory. First, demands and burnout were positively associated, whereas resources and burnout were negatively associated. Second, whereas relationships among resources and engagement were consistently positive, relationships among demands and engagement were highly dependent on the nature of the demand. Demands that employees tend to appraise as hindrances were negatively associated with engagement, and demands that employees tend to appraise as challenges were positively associated with engagement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The job demands-resources model of burnout.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 · Cited by 13,643
The Job Demands‐Resources model: state of the art
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710733115 · Cited by 12,996
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT AND DISENGAGEMENT AT WORK.
Kahn, W. A. (1990) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256287 · Cited by 10,975
The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1015630930326 · Cited by 10,014
Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.248 · Cited by 9,297
Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement
Saks, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940610690169 · Cited by 5,577
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268 · Cited by 4,623
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317904322915892 · Cited by 3,483
Cited by
Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000056 · Cited by 6,979
Burnout and work engagement: the JD–R approach.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235 · Cited by 2,486
Nahum-Shani, I., Smith, S. N., Spring, B. J., Collins, L. M., Witkiewitz, K., Tewari, A., & Murphy, S. A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8 · Cited by 2,171
A Critical Review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014) · Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4 · Cited by 2,261
Development and validation of the job crafting scale
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009 · Cited by 2,060
A resource perspective on the work–home interface: the work–home resources model
ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027974 · Cited by 1,660
A Review of Self-Determination Theory’s Basic Psychological Needs at Work
Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C.-H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316632058 · Cited by 1,465
Tarafdar, M., Cooper, C. L., & Stich, J. (2019) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12169 · Cited by 1,085
The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being.
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032141 · Cited by 1,027
Work Engagement: A meta-Analysis Using the Job Demands-Resources Model
Mazzetti, G., Robledo, E., Vignoli, M., Topa, G., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211051988 · Cited by 912
Leadership behavior and employee well-being: An integrated review and a future research agenda
Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., Chu, C., Plans, D., & Gerbasi, A. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006 · Cited by 670
Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12041 · Cited by 668
Advances in recovery research: What have we learned? What should be done next?
Sonnentag, S., Venz, L., & Casper, A. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000079 · Cited by 587
Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention
Dane, E., & Brummel, B. J. (2014) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726713487753 · Cited by 568
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2167 · Cited by 541
Design Your Own Job Through Job Crafting
Demerouti, E. (2014) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000188 · Cited by 483
Chronic job burnout and daily functioning: A theoretical analysis
Bakker, A. B., & Costa, P. L. (2014) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.003 · Cited by 468
LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0778 · Cited by 459
Self-citationRecovery from work-related effort: a meta-analysis
Bennett, A. A., Bakker, A. B., & Field, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2217 · Cited by 426
Gérain, P., & Zech, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01748 · Cited by 342
Mindfulness, authentic functioning, and work engagement: a growth modeling approach
Leroy, H., Anseel, F., Dimitrova, N. G., & Sels, L. (2013) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.012 · Cited by 336
Individual job redesign: job crafting interventions in Healthcare
Gordon, H. J., Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Bipp, T., & Verhagen, M. A. M. T. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.002 · Cited by 323
A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from Work
Wendsche, J., & Lohmann-Haislah, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02072 · Cited by 292
Moloney, W., Boxall, P., Parsons, M., & Cheung, G. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13497 · Cited by 273
Cheng, B., Lin, H., & Kong, Y. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113987 · Cited by 272
Montani, F., Vandenberghe, C., Khedhaouria, A., & Courcy, F. (2020) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726718819055 · Cited by 252
Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., & Lako, C. J. (2019) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x17729870 · Cited by 245
Examining the Impact of Algorithmic Control on Uber Drivers’ Technostress
Cram, W. A., Wiener, M., Tarafdar, M., & Benlian, A. (2022) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2022.2063556 · Cited by 246
Galanakis, M. D., & Tsitouri, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022102 · Cited by 229
Sulea, C., van Beek, I., Sarbescu, P., Virga, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.018 · Cited by 221
Karatepe, O. M., Rezapouraghdam, H., & Hassannia, R. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102472 · Cited by 218
The drivers of work engagement: a meta-analytic review of longitudinal evidence
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., Jochmann, A., & Wolter, C. (2020) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2019.1686440 · Cited by 213
A review on health and well‐being at work: More than stressors and strains
Sonnentag, S., Tay, L., & Nesher Shoshan, H. (2023) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12572 · Cited by 212
The Job Demands‐Resources Model
Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Occupational Safety and Workplace Health · doi:10.1002/9781118979013.ch8 · Cited by 187
Stress in remote work: two studies testing the Demand-Control-Person model
Perry, S. J., Rubino, C., & Hunter, E. M. (2018) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2018.1487402 · Cited by 169
Eldor, L. (2018) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mux028 · Cited by 159
De Cooman, R., Stynen, D., Van den Broeck, A., Sels, L., & De Witte, H. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12143 · Cited by 151
Huang, S., Yin, H., & Lv, L. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1543855 · Cited by 148
Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers
Salmela-Aro, K., Hietajärvi, L., & Lonka, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02254 · Cited by 142
Hiller, N. J., Sin, H.-P., Ponnapalli, A. R., & Ozgen, S. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.11.003 · Cited by 144
Koroglu, Ş., & Ozmen, O. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-09-2020-0326 · Cited by 135
Singh, J., Karanika-Murray, M., Baguley, T., & Hudson, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196987 · Cited by 132
Fernet, C., Trépanier, S.-G., Austin, S., & Levesque-Côté, J. (2016) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.07.019 · Cited by 126
The job demands-resources model as a theoretical lens for the bright and dark side of digitization
Scholze, A., & Hecker, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108177 · Cited by 200
Fila, M. J., Purl, J., & Griffeth, R. W. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.004 · Cited by 115
Should Burnout Be Conceptualized as a Mental Disorder?
Nadon, L., De Beer, L. T., & Morin, A. J. S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12030082 · Cited by 112
The SMART model of work design: A higher order structure to help see the wood from the trees
Parker, S. K., & Knight, C. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22200 · Cited by 108
Basit, A. A. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1372350 · Cited by 100
Sklar, M., Ehrhart, M. G., & Aarons, G. A. (2021) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000480 · Cited by 85
Linking Work Engagement to Job Performance Through Flexible Human Resource Management
Sekhar, C., Patwardhan, M., & Vyas, V. (2018) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422317743250 · Cited by 83
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2018) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2796 · Cited by 81
Voice More and Stay Longer: How Ethical Leaders Influence Employee Voice and Exit Intentions
Lam, L. W., Loi, R., Chan, K. W., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2016.30 · Cited by 79
The moderating role of autonomous motivation in the job demands-strain relation: A two sample study
Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9290-9 · Cited by 75
How challenging was your work today? The role of autonomous work motivation
Tadić Vujčić, M., Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2017) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2016.1208653 · Cited by 72
Self-undermining behavior at work: Evidence of construct and predictive validity.
Bakker, A. B., & Wang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000150 · Cited by 69
Interruptions in Remote Work: a Resource-based Model of Work and Family Stress
Perry, S. J., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wan, M., & Thompson, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09842-y · Cited by 54
Subjective wellbeing in New Zealand teachers: An examination of the role of psychological capital
Soykan, A., Gardner, D., & Edwards, T. (2019) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/jgc.2019.14 · Cited by 44
Kuba, K., & Scheibe, S. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0040149 · Cited by 43
Holm, K., Jönsson, S., & Muhonen, T. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104429 · Cited by 42
Günther, N., Hauff, S., & Gubernator, P. (2022) · German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/23970022221083694 · Cited by 42
Abós, Á., Sevil-Serrano, J., Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., & García-González, L. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.008 · Cited by 37
Kaski, S. S., & Kinnunen, U. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/1747954120967794 · Cited by 33
Möltner, H., Leve, J., & Esch, T. (2018) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/s-0043-114004 · Cited by 33
Solms, L., van Vianen, A. E. M., Theeboom, T., Koen, J., de Pagter, A. P. J., & de Hoog, M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031053 · Cited by 31
Motivational Mechanisms in the Relation between Job Characteristics and Employee Functioning
Olafsen, A. H., & Halvari, H. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.34 · Cited by 28
Comparative Effectiveness of a Burnout Reduction Intervention for Behavioral Health Providers.
Rollins, A. L., Kukla, M., Morse, G., Davis, L., Leiter, M., Monroe-DeVita, M., Flanagan, M. E., Russ, A., Wasmuth, S., Eliacin, J., et al. (2016) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500220 · Cited by 25
Employer branding and career theory: new directions for research
Martin, G., & Cerdin, J.-L. (2014) · Strategic Talent Management · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139424585.009 · Cited by 20
Consumer Engagement in the Digital Era: Its Nature, Drivers, and Outcomes
Weitzl, W., & Einwiller, S. (2018) · The Handbook of Communication Engagement · doi:10.1002/9781119167600.ch31 · Cited by 14
Paris, A., Grindle, C., Baker, P., Brown, F. J., Green, B., & Ferreira, N. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104027 · Cited by 14
Eustress and Distress in the Context of Telework
Van Slyke, C., Lee, J., Duong, B. Q., & Ellis, T. S. (2022) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.291526 · Cited by 12
An exploratory study of factors that relate to burnout in hobby‐jobs
Volpone, S. D., Perry, S. J., & Rubino, C. (2013) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00502.x · Cited by 12
Toniolo-Barrios, M., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112392 · Cited by 13
Nuutinen, S., & Bordi, L. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-04-2023-0211 · Cited by 6
“Challenge demands are job aspects that elicit problem-solving that can promote learning and achievement, whereas hindrance demands inhibit personal growth and goal attainment (Crawford et al. , 2010).”
BackgroundDeclining Employee Engagement & Employee Performance: The Noxious Effects of Workplace Bullying
Malik, M. S., & Sattar, S. (2020) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v6i1.1035 · Cited by 2
(2019) · TU/e Research Portal
Metadata
- Authors
- Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 834-848
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2094182805
- Cited by
- 2,922
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 120.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.