The DOI matches its Crossref record; 120 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Brief mindfulness training for negative affectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Over the last 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of brief mindfulness training (from single-session inductions to multisession interventions lasting up to 2 weeks), with some preliminary indications that these training programs may improve mental health outcomes, such as negative affectivity. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether brief mindfulness training reliably reduces negative affectivity. METHOD: PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Mindfulness Research Monthly Newsletter were systematically searched for brief mindfulness intervention RCTs assessing negative affectivity outcomes (e.g., depression, rumination, anxiety, stress). Sixty-five RCTs, including 5,489 participants predominantly without experience in meditation (64.64% female, mean age = 24.62), qualified for the meta-analytic review. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed a small but significant effect of brief mindfulness training on reducing negative affectivity compared to control programs (g = .21, p < .001). The overall effect size was significantly moderated by participant characteristics: community samples (g = .41, p < .001) produced larger training effects compared to student samples (g = .14, p = .001; Qbetween p = .03). No significant effect size differences were found between clinical and nonclinical samples. However, when accounting for publication bias, the overall effect size of brief mindfulness training programs on negative affectivity was significantly reduced (g = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Brief mindfulness training programs are increasingly popular approaches for reducing negative affectivity. This meta-analysis indicates that brief mindfulness training modestly reduces negative affectivity. Quantitative analyses indicated the presence of publication bias (i.e., unpublished null effect studies), highlighting the need to continue rigorous evaluation of brief mindfulness interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“The overall effect size was significantly moderated by participant characteristics: community samples (g=.41, p<.001) produced larger training effects compared to student samples (g=.14, p=.001) (Qbetween p=.03).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results:
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In the paper
“However, when accounting for publication bias, the overall effect size of brief mindfulness training programs on negative affectivity was significantly reduced (g=.04).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis revealed a small but significant effect of brief mindfulness training on reducing negative affectivity compared to control programs (g=.21, p<.001).”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · hedged
“This meta-analysis indicates that brief mindfulness training modestly reduces negative affectivity.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results:
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In the paper
“Quantitative analyses indicated the presence of publication bias (i.e., unpublished null effect studies), highlighting the need to continue rigorous evaluation of brief mindfulness interventions.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
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In the paper
“No significant effect size differences were found between clinical and non-clinical samples.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Results:
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In the paper
“In the subsample of 46 RCTs that used a distress paradigm to measure negative affect reactivity, a small significant effect of brief mindfulness training was present (Hedges’ g=.27 [.14,.35], p<.001)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Negative Affect Reactivity Studies
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“There was significant heterogeneity in the overall effect size estimate among these 65 studies (Qwithin=136.230, p<.001)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Overall Effects on Negative Affectivity
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In the paper
“This is the first meta-analysis to examine the effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on negative affectivity outcomes”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This review is the first systematic meta-analysis of brief mindfulness meditation training, addressing an important gap in the mindfulness intervention literature.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
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In the paper
“When evaluated in a meta-regression analysis, study quality did not significantly moderate the overall negative affectivity effect”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
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In the paper
“Although the few studies drawn from clinical populations (k=11; N=732) showed a significant effect of brief mindfulness interventions on reducing negative affectivity in this meta-analysis (g=.33)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
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In the paper
“Contrary to predictions, length of training (i.e., whether the mindfulness intervention was one session (g=.22) or longer (g=.12)) did not significantly moderate brief mindfulness intervention effects”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Surprisingly, this meta-analysis did not indicate that training duration (which ranged from one session to two weeks of mindfulness training) moderated the overall effect; instead, very brief mindfulness interventions had comparable effects to multi-day brief mindfulness interventions.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
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“5,489 individuals participated in the N=65 independent RCT studies”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
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“The timing of outcome assessment did not significantly moderate the overall effect (see Table 1a), although effect sizes tended to decrease over time. Outcomes assessed immediately post-intervention showed the largest effect (g=.29), followed by those assessed later that same day (g=.18), and outcomes assessed 1 day or longer post-intervention showed very small effects (g=.08)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
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In the paper
“In this review, negative affectivity was measured most often via self-report (91 measures) and less often via performance-based measures (2 measures), with the majority of outcomes assessing state-level negative affectivity changes (68 outcomes)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
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In the paper
“Within the 46 negative affect reactivity studies, the timing of the distress paradigm in relation to mindfulness training did not significantly moderate the overall effect.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
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In the paper
“Studies were drawn from 14 countries, with the United States as the most common setting (N=33).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 33Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“While clinical status did not significantly moderate the overall effect of mindfulness interventions on negative affectivity, clinical populations showed modestly larger effect sizes (g=.33) than nonclinical populations (g=.19)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Second, whether an outcome measured state or trait negative affectivity did not significantly moderate the overall brief mindfulness training effect (see Table 1a), although state measures (g=.23) produced somewhat larger training effects than trait measures (g=.14).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
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In the paper
“The type of control program (active comparison programs: g=.17; no-training: g=.42) did not significantly moderate the overall effect of mindfulness interventions on negative affectivity, although these effect sizes suggest a smaller overall effect of mindfulness training when compared to other active programs”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
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In the paper
“these participants had an average age of 24.62 years (SD=7.77)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Consistent with predictions, the study population type significantly moderated the overall negative affectivity effect (Qbetween p=.03). Specifically, community samples (g=.40) had larger mindfulness intervention effects on reducing negative affectivity relative to student samples (g=.14)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“this meta-analysis indicates that brief mindfulness training programs had significantly larger negative affectivity reduction effects among community adult populations compared to college students.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sample sizes ranged from 17 to 411 participants, and the average sample size was 84 participants.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Begg’s rank correlation test (Begg & Mazumdar, 1994) indicated a significant association between sample size and observed effect size for studies with negative affectivity outcomes (Kendall’s τ = .40, p <.001), indicating a risk for publication bias in this brief mindfulness training literature.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Publication Bias Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Begg & Mazumdar, 1994
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis indicated no studies to be missing on the right side (positive mindfulness training effects) whereas 18 study effect sizes were estimated to be missing on the left side (negative or null mindfulness training effects)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Publication Bias Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duval & Tweedie, 2000
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Most participants in these studies were categorized as nonclinical (N=4,757) and fewer had clinical diagnoses (N=732).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4,757Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, within studies using community samples, study quality did moderate the mindfulness training effect (β=.26, p=.03), such that higher quality studies produced larger mindfulness training effects on negative affectivity (see Table 1d); in studies using student samples, study quality was not a significant moderator.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Moderator Effects and Meta-Regressions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Second, most outcomes were self-reported (except two that were performance-based)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
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In the paper
“Of the 35 RCTs reporting ethnicity (3,697 participants), 68.97% were Caucasian.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Sample Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 3,697Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“By filling in these missing negative effect studies, the trim-and-fill analysis estimates the brief mindfulness training effect size on negative affectivity outcomes to be much more modest and not significantly different from zero (adjusted effect size of training on negative affectivity for potentially missing studies: Hedges’ g=.04 [−.01, .09]).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Results > Publication Bias Assessment
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In the paper
“There has been an exponential increase in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mindfulness interventions in recent years (Creswell, 2017).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creswell, 2017
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there has also been a surge of published studies describing brief mindfulness interventions, from single-session inductions to multi-session training programs lasting two weeks or less (e.g., Zeidan et al., 2010a, b; Creswell et al., 2014; see Figure 1).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeidan et al., 2010a, b
- Not checked yetcites Creswell et al., 2014
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This expectation borrows logic from the stress-buffering theory; mindfulness may be more effective for lowering negative affectivity in high stress contexts where there is more room for intervention-related improvement (Arch & Craske, 2006; Creswell & Lindsay, 2014).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arch & Craske, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Creswell & Lindsay, 2014
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“brief training approaches (via downloadable Smartphone mindfulness applications or internet streamed audios, for example) are increasingly popular worldwide (Creswell, 2017; Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creswell, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While there have been numerous meta-analytic reviews of longer-term mindfulness training programs (e.g., MBSR) showing that these programs reliably reduce negative affectivity compared to control groups (see Khoury et al., 2015), there are no meta-analytic reviews evaluating the effects of brief mindfulness interventions.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khoury et al., 2015
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous meta-analyses of longer-term mindfulness training RCTs indicate that intervention duration can moderate the effects of mindfulness training programs, with longer durations of training producing larger mindfulness effects (Khoury et al., 2015; Spijkerman, Pots, & Bohlmeijer, 2016).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Abstract > Conclusions:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khoury et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Spijkerman, Pots, & Bohlmeijer, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“randomly assigned participants to a mindfulness or control condition and used a between-subjects design;”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Search and Selection
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In the paper
“Effect sizes (g) were interpreted such that ~0.2 was a small effect, ~0.5 was a medium effect, and ~0.8 was a large effect (Cohen, 1988).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Quantitative Data Synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, 1988
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“These results suggest that mindfulness may facilitate emotion regulation by reducing initial reactivity to emotionally threatening stimuli, which reduces the later need for recovery.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, while including unpublished studies may reduce the risk of publication bias, their inclusion can introduce other sources of bias (Higgins & Green, 2011), including the possibility of critical methodological mistakes and unreliable results not addressed through peer-review (Chalmers et al., 1987).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins & Green, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Chalmers et al., 1987
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, this meta-analytic review suggests caution in implementing brief mindfulness training programs for reducing negative affectivity, given the potential presence of publication bias.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“In an effort to reduce reporting bias, all negative affectivity outcomes mentioned in the study’s methods section were included in the database, even if statistical results were not reported for that outcome.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Data Abstraction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Publication bias was evaluated first with a rank correlation test (to test for publication bias in general), then by investigating the extent of publication bias with trim-and-fill methods, and finally by creating funnel plots to visualize the bias.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Validity Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included at least one outcome directly measuring negative affectivity.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Search and Selection
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In the paper
“This meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & Group, 2009).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & Group, 2009
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Study quality was assessed using the Delphi list criteria (Verhagen et al., 1998).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Validity Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verhagen et al., 1998
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The present meta-analysis supports and extends these findings, suggesting that mindfulness practice may reduce both the magnitude of initial negative reactivity and the ongoing reactivity toward that primary negative emotional experience (thus facilitating recovery).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levin, Luoma, & Haeger, 2015
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“coding reliability was established by two independent coders on several studies (coding agreement was 92.86%).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Data Abstraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, brief mindfulness practices are widely used for managing negative affect (Arch & Craske, 2006; Sears & Kraus, 2009; Vinci et al., 2014)”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arch & Craske, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Sears & Kraus, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Vinci et al., 2014
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a method of data collection that is biased by many factors as it is difficult to introspect about higher-order cognitive processes (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nisbett & Wilson, 1977
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the immediacy of post-training outcome assessments in most studies is not informative about the lasting effects – if any – of brief mindfulness training on negative affectivity and its impact on daily life functioning”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“offered a primarily mindfulness meditation-based induction or intervention that aimed to promote nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment (Creswell, 2017) and lasted no longer than 2 weeks2. Studies described as mindfulness-related interventions involving compassion, lovingkindness, Zen, or Buddhist meditation, or those that included mindfulness as part of a multi-component intervention (e.g.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Search and Selection
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, analyses also reveal the potential for publication bias in this meta-analysis (i.e., null results might not have been published), suggesting caution in inferring that brief mindfulness training programs reliably reduce negative affectivity.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, given the potential for unpublished brief mindfulness training studies with null results, our decision not to seek out and include unpublished studies could be viewed as a limitation.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The following databases were searched for primary studies between February and May of 2015: PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Mindfulness Research Monthly Newsletter (Black, 2010).”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Search and Selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methods and inclusion criteria were specified in advance and documented in a study protocol by the authors of this review.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“included no more than 5% of participants who reported meditation experience (to assess the effects of brief mindfulness training in a primarily mindfulness-naïve population);”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Methods > Search and Selection
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The possible existence of numerous unpublished brief mindfulness training studies combined with the significant heterogeneity among published studies included in this meta-analysis suggests the likelihood of important boundary conditions on the putative benefits of brief mindfulness training programs on reducing negative affectivity.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, in contrast to more intensive 8-week mindfulness interventions that promote more stable benefits over time (e.g., Bowen et al., 2014; Kuyken et al., 2015), it’s likely that brief mindfulness interventions of up to two weeks have acute, but not long-term, benefits for reducing negative affectivity.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowen et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Kuyken et al., 2015
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may be attributed to a lack of clarity in reporting study design characteristics.”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analysis provides some initial clues about populations that may particularly benefit (e.g., community adults), formats for brief mindfulness training (e.g., multiple types of mindfulness exercises in a single program), and study design approaches (e.g., measuring negative affectivity using state measures) that may be important for determining when we are likely to see benefits”
§ Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No meta-analytic reviews have evaluated the effects of brief mindfulness interventions.
“there are no meta-analytic reviews evaluating the effects of brief mindfulness interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unclear how reliable brief mindfulness effects are across studies and time.
“Despite these promising indications, it is unclear how reliable these effects are across studies and time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Negative affectivity is one of the most commonly measured outcomes in the mindfulness training literature.
“Second, negative affectivity is one of the most commonly measured outcomes in the mindfulness training literature”
The paper relies on this without support.
Negative affectivity is the most commonly measured outcome variable in the brief mindfulness interventions literature, to the authors' knowledge.
“It is also the most commonly measured outcome variable (to our knowledge) in the brief mindfulness interventions literature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous meta-analyses suggest that 8-week mindfulness-based interventions are equally effective for clinical and nonclinical populations.
“although previous meta-analyses suggest that 8-week mindfulness-based interventions are equally effective for clinical (e.g., physical disease or mental disorder) and nonclinical populations”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Moderator analyses and meta-regressions would explain the heterogeneity across studies.
“Given a statistically significant Q, we planned to run moderator analyses and meta-regressions under the assumption that they would explain the heterogeneity across studies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Past reviews have demonstrated that stand-alone mindfulness practices produce change in outcomes relating to symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress with small-to-moderate effects.19 20”
From Target mechanisms of mindfulness-based programmes and practices: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In fact, a meta-analysis including 65 randomized controlled trials showed that brief mindfulness interventions have an immediate and significant effect on reducing depression, stress, and anxiety in both nonclinical and clinical samples (64).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The 2-week intervention period was chosen based on past research that has demonstrated that this dosage of mindfulness can promote change in outcomes (Schumer et al., 2018).”
From The State- and Trait-Level Effects and Candidate Mechanisms of Four Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Practices: Two Exploratory Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Schumer et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The finding of reduced perceived stress and anxiety is consistent with the outcomes of MBIs in the university student population. This includes a recent meta-analytic study investigating MBIs for university students (Dawson et al., 2020), and a meta-analytic study investigating brief mindfulness training for negative affectivity (Schumer et al., 2018).”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Schumer et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Effect for community samples differs in the abstract and results
MinorThe abstract reports community samples as g=.41, while the results section gives g=.40 for the same moderator category. This is a small internal inconsistency in a key summary statistic.
“community samples (g=.41, p<.001) produced larger training effects compared to student samples (g=.14, p=.001)”
“Specifically, community samples (g=.40) had larger mindfulness intervention effects on reducing negative affectivity relative to student samples (g=.14) (see Table 1a).”
65 RCTs vs 63 papers inconsistent with 14 cognitive-outcome studies
MinorThe text says the meta-analysis included 65 RCTs from 63 published papers, but later says 14 out of 66 RCTs measured cognitive outcomes. The total number of RCTs cannot be both 65 and 66 within the same paper.
“In total, 63 published papers (describing 65 RCTs) met the criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis.”
“In this review alone, 14 out of 66 RCTs measured cognitive outcomes in addition to negative affectivity (e.g., N-back performance; Johnson et al., 2015).”
Review gives two totals for included trials
MinorThe discussion counts 66 RCTs in the review, whereas the methods state that 65 RCTs met the inclusion criteria.
“In this review alone, 14 out of 66 RCTs measured cognitive outcomes in addition to negative affectivity”
“In total, 63 published papers (describing 65 RCTs) met the criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis.”
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InfluentialEcological momentary assessment
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InfluentialMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
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InfluentialSelf-citationPsychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
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InfluentialEffects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies
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InfluentialSelf-citationChiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0495 · Cited by 1,681 · cited 2×
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis
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InfluentialHülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. B. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031313 · Cited by 1,433 · cited 1×
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
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Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
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Self-citationPsychological distress: concept analysis
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Mindfulness Interventions with Youth: A Meta-Analysis
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How Does Mindfulness Training Affect Health? A Mindfulness Stress Buffering Account
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Self-citationDepression and general psychopathology in university students.
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“…of published studies describing brief mindfulness interventions, from singlesession inductions to multisession training programs lasting 2 weeks or less (e.g., Creswell et al., 2014; Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010; Zeidan, Johnson, Gordon, & Goolkasian, 2010; see Figure 1).”
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“Finally, the studies in this meta-analysis were categorized as having relatively low (Buffart et al., 2012) methodological quality overall (M Delphi score 3.23, SD 1.09), which may be attributed to a lack of clarity in reporting study design characteristics.”
InfluentialMindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: contrasts with rumination and distraction
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“These studies were split into multiple studies: control type (Arch & Craske, 2006; Broderick, 2005; Cassin et al., 2011; Cruess et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2008; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; Hooper, Davies, Davies, & McHugh, 2011; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Johnson et al., 2015; Keng, Robins, Smo…”
InfluentialEmpirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums.
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“In line with general recommendations in the field (Davidson, 2010; MacCoon et al., 2012) and in light of the finding that mindfulness training showed smaller effects when compared to active rather than no training controls (see Table 2), it is important for future studies to use well-matched active…”
A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention
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“6 Four studies did not report the number of female participants (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Droit-Volet, Fanget, & Dambrun, 2015; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Wells & Roussis, 2014).”
Depression and general psychopathology in university students.
Gotlib, I. H. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.1.19 · Cited by 343 · cited 1×
“…affectivity, a dimension of subjective distress (Watson & Clark, 1984) that encompasses the experience of negative emotions (e.g., fear, anxiety, disgust) and mood states related to depression (e.g., sadness; Eysenck, 1970; Gotlib, 1984; Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988; Zurawski & Smith, 1987).”
Mindfulness and emotion regulation—an fMRI study
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., Grosse Holtforth, M., & Brühl, A. B. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst043 · Cited by 342 · cited 1×
“…2013; Dickenson, Berkman, Arch, & Lieberman, 2013) and emotion regulation skills (e.g., decreasing mind-wandering and rumination: Rahl, Lindsay, Pacilio, Brown, & Creswell, 2017; Chiesa & Serretti, 2009; increasing the tolerance for negative emotional content and arousal: Lutz et al., 2014).”
The validation of an active control intervention for Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
MacCoon, D. G., Imel, Z. E., Rosenkranz, M. A., Sheftel, J. G., Weng, H. Y., Sullivan, J. C., Bonus, K. A., Stoney, C. M., Salomons, T. V., Davidson, R. J., et al. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.011 · Cited by 335 · cited 1×
“In line with general recommendations in the field (Davidson, 2010; MacCoon et al., 2012) and in light of the finding that mindfulness training showed smaller effects when compared to active rather than no training controls (see Table 2), it is important for future studies to use well-matched active…”
Effects of Brief and Sham Mindfulness Meditation on Mood and Cardiovascular Variables
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Gordon, N. S., & Goolkasian, P. (2010) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0321 · Cited by 319
Surfing the urge: Brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers
Bowen, S., & Marlatt, A. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0017127 · Cited by 316 · cited 2×
“…were applied to a task (e.g., the raisin-eating exercise: Heppner et al., 2008; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; alcohol and smoking cue inductions: Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Murphy & MacKillop, 2014; Rogojanski, Vettese, & Antony, 2011), and studies of mindfulness interventions that could not be…”
Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: dispositional and situational evidence
Heppner, W. L., Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Goldman, B. M., Davis, P. J., & Cascio, E. V. (2008) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20258 · Cited by 303 · cited 4×
“These studies were split into multiple studies: control type (Arch & Craske, 2006; Broderick, 2005; Cassin et al., 2011; Cruess et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2008; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; Hooper, Davies, Davies, & McHugh, 2011; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Johnson et al.,…”
InfluentialHulsheger, U. R., Feinholdt, A., & Nübold, A. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12115 · Cited by 301
CONSORT Revised—Improving the Reporting of Randomized Trials
Rennie, D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.2006 · Cited by 293 · cited 2×
“…le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. particularly important; Bergeron, Almgren-Doré, & Dandeneau, 2016), but also adhere to guidelines for conducting high quality RCTs (e.g., CONSORT; Rennie, 2001).”
Chalmers, T. C., Levin, H. R., Sacks, H. S., Reitman, D., Berrier, J., & Nagalingam, R. (1987) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780060320 · Cited by 250 · cited 1×
“…including unpublished studies may reduce the risk of publication bias, their inclusion can introduce other sources of bias (Higgins & Green, 2011), including the possibility of critical methodological mistakes and unreliable results not addressed through peer-review (Chalmers et al., 1987).”
Mindfulness buffers retaliatory responses to injustice: A regulatory approach.
Long, E. C., & Christian, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000019 · Cited by 247
Looking Up: Mindfulness Increases Positive Judgments and Reduces Negativity Bias
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610396585 · Cited by 239
Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction
Dickenson, J., Berkman, E. T., Arch, J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss030 · Cited by 224
Sears, S., & Kraus, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20543 · Cited by 209 · cited 1×
“Still, brief mindfulness practices are widely used for managing negative affect (Arch & Craske, 2006; Sears & Kraus, 2009; Vinci et al., 2014), an important outcome for mental health professionals (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
Older Adults’ help-seeking attitudes and treatment beliefs concerning mental health problems
Mackenzie, C. S., Scott, T., Mather, A., & Sareen, J. (2008) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31818cd3be · Cited by 196
Chen, Y., Yang, X., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. (2013) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.11.014 · Cited by 189
Sauer-Zavala, S., Boswell, J. F., Gallagher, M. W., Bentley, K. H., Ametaj, A., & Barlow, D. H. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.005 · Cited by 177 · cited 1×
“Still, brief mindfulness practices are widely used for managing negative affect (Arch & Craske, 2006; Sears & Kraus, 2009; Vinci et al., 2014), an important outcome for mental health professionals (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
Lee, J. K., & Orsillo, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.10.008 · Cited by 171 · cited 1×
“…Keng, Robins, Smoski, Dagenbach, & Leary, 2013; Kuehner, Huffziger, & Liebsch, 2009; Laurent, Laurent, Nelson, Wright, & De Araujo Sanchez, 2015; Lee & Orsillo, 2014; Liu et al., 2013; Luethcke, McDaniel, & Becker, 2011; Murphy & MacKillop, 2014; Nosen & Woody, 2013; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014;…”
Brief mindfulness meditation training reduces mind wandering: the critical role of acceptance
Rahl, H. A., Lindsay, E. K., Pacilio, L. E., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000250 · Cited by 169
Self-citationAinsworth, B., Eddershaw, R., Meron, D., Baldwin, D. S., & Garner, M. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.002 · Cited by 160 · cited 1×
“…type (Ainsworth, Eddershaw, Meron, Baldwin, & Garner, 2013, 2015; Bonamo, Legerski, & Thomas, 2015), type of mindfulness training exercise (Ainsworth et al., 2013, 2015; Bonamo et al., 2015), time point (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Alberts & Thewissen, 2011; Arch & Craske, 2006; Atkinson &…”
GAD, Metacognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis
Adrian Wells, A. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.95 · Cited by 159
Rumination, distraction, and mindful self-focus in depressed patients
Huffziger, S., & Kuehner, C. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.005 · Cited by 157 · cited 3×
“…et al., 2011; Cruess et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2008; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; Hooper, Davies, Davies, & McHugh, 2011; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Johnson et al., 2015; Keng, Robins, Smoski, Dagenbach, & Leary, 2013; Kuehner, Huffziger, & Liebsch, 2009; Laurent,…”
InfluentialBrief body-scan meditation practice improves somatosensory perceptual decision making
Mirams, L., Poliakoff, E., Brown, R. J., & Lloyd, D. M. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.009 · Cited by 157
Kuehner, C., Huffziger, S., & Liebsch, K. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003553 · Cited by 154 · cited 1×
“…2005; Cropley et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012;…”
Getting Out of Rumination: Comparison of Three Brief Interventions in a Sample of Youth
Hilt, L. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9638-3 · Cited by 150 · cited 2×
“…Wade, 2012; Banks, Welhaf, & Srour, 2015; Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Broderick, 2005; Cropley et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock &…”
Karlsson, P., & Bergmark, A. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12799 · Cited by 148 · cited 1×
“Otherwise, mindfulness-specific factors are mixed with nonspecific effects of undergoing an intervention (Karlsson & Bergmark, 2015).”
One-Session Mindfulness Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Study of Effects on Cognition and Mood
Johnson, S. K., Gur, R. M., David, Z., & Currier, E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0234-6 · Cited by 147 · cited 2×
“These studies were split into multiple studies: control type (Arch & Craske, 2006; Broderick, 2005; Cassin et al., 2011; Cruess et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2008; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; Hooper, Davies, Davies, & McHugh, 2011; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Johnson et al., 2015; Keng, Robins, Smo…”
Ellett, L., Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.027 · Cited by 143
An experimental investigation of the cognitive vulnerability to depression
Singer, A. R., & Dobson, K. S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.007 · Cited by 132 · cited 2×
“…Becker, 2011; Murphy & MacKillop, 2014; Nosen & Woody, 2013; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Shikatani, Antony, Kuo, & Cassin, 2014; Singer & Dobson, 2007; Ussher, Cropley, Playle, Mohidin, & West, 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wells & Roussis, 2014; Zeidan,…”
Reappraisal and mindfulness: A comparison of subjective effects and cognitive costs
Keng, S.-L., Robins, C. J., Smoski, M. J., Dagenbach, J., & Leary, M. R. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.006 · Cited by 120 · cited 1×
“…& Marlatt, 2009; Broderick, 2005; Cropley et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer…”
A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children
Liehr, P., & Diaz, N. (2010) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2009.10.001 · Cited by 119
Wahbeh, H., Svalina, M. N., & Oken, B. S. (2014) · Open Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874220301401010066 · Cited by 116
Mindfulness meditation and relaxation training increases time sensitivity
Droit‐Volet, S., Fanget, M., & Dambrun, M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.007 · Cited by 114
Effect of isometric exercise and body scanning on cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms
Ussher, M., Cropley, M., Playle, S., Mohidin, R., & West, R. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02605.x · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“…2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wahl, Huelle, Zurowski, & Kordon, 2013). p .05. p .01. p .001.”
The protective effects of brief mindfulness meditation training
Banks, J., Welhaf, M. S., & Srour, A. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.016 · Cited by 106
Cropley, M., Ussher, M., & Charitou, E. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01832.x · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“…2015; Alberts & Thewissen, 2011; Arch & Craske, 2006; Atkinson & Wade, 2012; Banks, Welhaf, & Srour, 2015; Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Broderick, 2005; Cropley et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al.,…”
Liu, X., Wang, S., Chang, S., Chen, W., & Si, M. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2446 · Cited by 100 · cited 1×
“…Dagenbach, & Leary, 2013; Kuehner, Huffziger, & Liebsch, 2009; Laurent, Laurent, Nelson, Wright, & De Araujo Sanchez, 2015; Lee & Orsillo, 2014; Liu et al., 2013; Luethcke, McDaniel, & Becker, 2011; Murphy & MacKillop, 2014; Nosen & Woody, 2013; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014;…”
Vinci, C., Peltier, M. R., Shah, S., Kinsaul, J., Waldo, K., McVay, M. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.012 · Cited by 98
Marchiori, D. R., & Papies, E. K. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.009 · Cited by 90 · cited 1×
“…et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009;…”
Coping with cigarette cravings: Comparison of suppression versus mindfulness-based strategies
Rogojanski, J., Vettese, L. C., & Antony, M. M. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0038-x · Cited by 89
Luethcke, C. A., McDaniel, L., & Becker, C. B. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.006 · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“Four studies did not report the length of the mindfulness induction in minutes and were excluded from these analyses (Bonamo et al., 2015; Hong et al., 2014; Hülsheger et al., 2013; Luethcke et al., 2011). p .05. p .001.”
Alberts, H. J. E. M., & Thewissen, R. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0044-7 · Cited by 83 · cited 1×
“…& Thomas, 2015), type of mindfulness training exercise (Ainsworth et al., 2013, 2015; Bonamo et al., 2015), time point (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Alberts & Thewissen, 2011; Arch & Craske, 2006; Atkinson & Wade, 2012; Banks, Welhaf, & Srour, 2015; Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Broderick, 2005; Cropley…”
Shikatani, B., Antony, M. M., Kuo, J. R., & Cassin, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.012 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“…2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wahl, Huelle, Zurowski, & Kordon, 2013). p .05. p .01. p .001.”
Hong, P. Y., Lishner, D. A., & Han, K. H. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0154-x · Cited by 79 · cited 1×
“Four studies did not report the length of the mindfulness induction in minutes and were excluded from these analyses (Bonamo et al., 2015; Hong et al., 2014; Hülsheger et al., 2013; Luethcke et al., 2011). p .05. p .001.”
Ruminative and mindful self-focused attention in borderline personality disorder
Sauer, S. E., & Baer, R. A. (2012) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0025465 · Cited by 78 · cited 3×
“…2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wahl, Huelle, Zurowski, & Kordon, 2013). p…”
InfluentialRuscio, A. C., Muench, C., Brede, E., & Waters, A. J. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv074 · Cited by 74
Habitual Worrying and Benefits of Mindfulness
Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0211-0 · Cited by 74
Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review
Levin, M. E., Luoma, J. B., & Haeger, J. A. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515603707 · Cited by 71
Brief mindfulness induction could reduce aggression after depletion
Yusainy, C., & Lawrence, C. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.008 · Cited by 71
Minding the interpersonal gap: Mindfulness-based interventions in the prevention of ostracism
Ramsey, A. T., & Jones, E. E. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.003 · Cited by 67
Prins, B., Decuypere, A., & Van Damme, S. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.491.x · Cited by 61
Adams, C. E., Benítez, L. D. L. M., Kinsaul, J., McVay, M. A., Barbry, A., Thibodeaux, A., & Copeland, A. L. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts133 · Cited by 57
Atkinson, M. J., & Wade, T. D. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028263 · Cited by 55 · cited 1×
“…exercise (Ainsworth et al., 2013, 2015; Bonamo et al., 2015), time point (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Alberts & Thewissen, 2011; Arch & Craske, 2006; Atkinson & Wade, 2012; Banks, Welhaf, & Srour, 2015; Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Broderick, 2005; Cropley et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman &…”
Sanders, W. A., & Lam, D. H. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.007 · Cited by 52
Huffziger, S., Ebner‐Priemer, U., EISENBACH, C., Koudela-Hamila, S., Reinhard, I., Zamoscik, V., Kirsch, P., & Kuehner, C. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.007 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“…memory bias by measuring affective experiences in response to daily life events (for recent mindfulness training studies using EMA methods, see Huffziger et al., 2013; Mrazek, Franklin, Phillips, Baird, & Schooler, 2013; Ruscio, Muench, Brede, MacIntyre, & Waters, 2016; Ruscio, Muench, Brede,…”
Zurawski, R. M., & Smith, T. W. (1987) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.2.224 · Cited by 51 · cited 1×
“…affectivity, a dimension of subjective distress (Watson & Clark, 1984) that encompasses the experience of negative emotions (e.g., fear, anxiety, disgust) and mood states related to depression (e.g., sadness; Eysenck, 1970; Gotlib, 1984; Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988; Zurawski & Smith, 1987).”
Cassin, S. E., & Rector, N. A. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.614275 · Cited by 50
The Application of Mindfulness for Interpersonal Dependency: Effects of a Brief Intervention
McClintock, A. S., & Anderson, T. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0253-3 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“…2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et…”
The Influence of a Brief Mindfulness Exercise on Encoding of Novel Words in Female College Students
Bonamo, K. K., Legerski, J., & Thomas, K. B. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0285-3 · Cited by 46 · cited 2×
“Four studies did not report the length of the mindfulness induction in minutes and were excluded from these analyses (Bonamo et al., 2015; Hong et al., 2014; Hülsheger et al., 2013; Luethcke et al., 2011). p .05. p .001.”
Murphy, C. M., & MacKillop, J. (2014) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12322 · Cited by 45 · cited 2×
“…2009; Laurent, Laurent, Nelson, Wright, & De Araujo Sanchez, 2015; Lee & Orsillo, 2014; Liu et al., 2013; Luethcke, McDaniel, & Becker, 2011; Murphy & MacKillop, 2014; Nosen & Woody, 2013; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Shikatani, Antony, Kuo, & Cassin, 2014; Singer &…”
Validity and efficiency of screening for history of depression by self-report.
Coyne, J. C., Thompson, R., & Racioppo, M. W. (2001) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.163 · Cited by 36
Wahl, K., Huelle, J. O., Zurowski, B., & Kordon, A. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9503-2 · Cited by 36
Comparing thought suppression and mindfulness as coping techniques for spider fear
Hooper, N., Davies, N., Davies, L., & McHugh, L. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.013 · Cited by 36
Reynolds, L., Lin, Y. S., Zhou, E., & Consedine, N. S. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9582-5 · Cited by 35
The Association between State Attachment Security and State Mindfulness
Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., & O’Donovan, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116779 · Cited by 31
Mindfulness Research Guide: a New Paradigm for Managing Empirical Health Information
Black, D. S. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0019-0 · Cited by 31
Laurent, H. K., Laurent, S. M., Nelson, B., Wright, D. B., & De Araujo Sanchez, M.-A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0377-0 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“…et al., 2007; Cruess et al., 2015; Erisman & Roemer, 2010; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014;…”
Evaluating psychological interventions in a novel experimental human model of anxiety
Ainsworth, B., Marshall, J. E., Meron, D., Baldwin, D. S., Chadwick, P., Munafò, M. R., & Garner, M. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.001 · Cited by 28 · cited 2×
“…2015; Bonamo, Legerski, & Thomas, 2015), type of mindfulness training exercise (Ainsworth et al., 2013, 2015; Bonamo et al., 2015), time point (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Alberts & Thewissen, 2011; Arch & Craske, 2006; Atkinson & Wade, 2012; Banks, Welhaf, & Srour, 2015; Bowen & Marlatt, 2009;…”
The role of mindfulness in coping with recollections of acute stressors: A laboratory study
Díaz, N. S. R., Jiménez, Ó., & Lopes, P. N. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2014.71 · Cited by 26 · cited 2×
“…Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Keng et al., 2013; Kuehner et al., 2009; Laurent et al., 2015; Marchiori & Papies, 2014; McClintock & Anderson, 2015; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Sauer & Baer, 2012; Shikatani et al., 2014; Ussher et al., 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wahl, Huelle,…”
Watford, T. S., & Stafford, J. (2015) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000039 · Cited by 25
Cruess, D. G., Finitsis, D. J., Smith, A.-L., Goshe, B. M., Burnham, K., Burbridge, C., & O'Leary, K. E. (2015) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0039130 · Cited by 24 · cited 3×
“These studies were split into multiple studies: control type (Arch & Craske, 2006; Broderick, 2005; Cassin et al., 2011; Cruess et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2008; Hilt & Pollak, 2012; Hong, Lishner, & Han, 2014; Hooper, Davies, Davies, & McHugh, 2011; Huffziger & Kuehner, 2009; Johnson et al.,…”
Ruscio, A. C., Muench, C., Brede, E., Macintyre, J. M., & Waters, A. J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0538-4 · Cited by 23
Brief Instruction in Mindfulness and Relaxation Reduce Rumination Differently for Men and Women
Villa, C. D., & Hilt, L. M. (2014) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct_2014_07_02 · Cited by 21 · cited 2×
“…2014; Ramos Díaz et al., 2014; Shikatani, Antony, Kuo, & Cassin, 2014; Singer & Dobson, 2007; Ussher, Cropley, Playle, Mohidin, & West, 2009; Villa & Hilt, 2014; Vinci et al., 2014; Wells & Roussis, 2014; Zeidan, Johnson, Gordon, & Goolkasian, 2010), intervention type (Ainsworth, Eddershaw,…”
Responsiveness to a mindfulness manipulation predicts affect regarding an anger-provoking situation.
Ortner, C. N. M., & Zelazo, P. D. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0029664 · Cited by 21 · cited 4×
“6 Four studies did not report the number of female participants (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Droit-Volet, Fanget, & Dambrun, 2015; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Wells & Roussis, 2014).”
InfluentialBrief psycho-education affects circadian variability in nicotine craving during cessation
Nosen, E., & Woody, S. R. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.017 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“Six studies had outcomes coded for no effect: Cropley, Ussher, & Charitou, 2007; Ellett, Freeman, & Garety, 2008; Nosen & Woody, 2013; Ramsey & Jones, 2015; Zabelina, Robinson, Ostafin, & Council, 2011; Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, et al., 2010. p .001.”
“Letting Go” (Implicitly): Priming Mindfulness Mitigates the Effects of a Moderate Social Stressor
Bergeron, C. M., Almgren-Doré, I., & Dandeneau, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00872 · Cited by 11
Adrian Wells, A., & Roussis, P. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.pr0.115c21z9 · Cited by 10 · cited 3×
“6 Four studies did not report the number of female participants (Cavanagh et al., 2013; Droit-Volet, Fanget, & Dambrun, 2015; Ortner & Zelazo, 2014; Wells & Roussis, 2014).”
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 123 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Handbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,160
Kotera, Y., Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00363-4 · Cited by 378
“This may resemble mindfulness, which can be practiced in many ways (Williams and Penman 2011), but its flexibility may make practitioners feel that they were just sitting or sleeping (Bojic and Becerra 2017) and lead to biased reporting (Schumer et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Vonderlin, R., Biermann, M., Bohus, M., & Lyssenko, L. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01328-3 · Cited by 259
“The insignificant results for type of control group and methods for the handling of missing data align with previous reviews (e.g., DonaldsonFeilder et al. 2019; Khoury et al. 2017; Schumer et al. 2018) but deserve further attention.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes
Creswell, J. D., Lindsay, E. K., Villalba, D. K., & Chin, B. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000675 · Cited by 252
“, (91)) and in buffering stimulated pain responses (17), at least 2 weeks of daily mindfulness training may be needed to see biological stress-buffering effects (16).”
Self-citationLindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000134 · Cited by 218
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schumer, M. C., Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schumer, Maya C.
- Creswell, J. David
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 569-583
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC6441958
- OpenAlex
- W2810489028
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 24.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Carnegie Mellon University
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (F32AT009508, R21AT008493, R01AT008685)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- negative affectivity, mindfulness-based interventions, depression, rumination, anxiety, stress, publication bias, community sample, student samples
- MeSH terms
- Rumination, Cognitive, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Meditation, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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