Remotely actuated polymer nanocomposites—stress-recovery of carbon-nanotube-filled thermoplastic elastomers
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive (active) materials undergo large-scale shape or property changes in response to an external stimulus such as stress, temperature, light or pH. Technological uses range from durable, shape-recovery eye-glass frames, to temperature-sensitive switches, to the generation of stress to induce mechanical motion. Here, we demonstrate that the uniform dispersion of 1-5 vol.% of carbon nanotubes in a thermoplastic elastomer yields nanocomposites that can store and subsequently release, through remote means, up to 50% more recovery stress than the pristine resin. The anisotropic nanotubes increase the rubbery modulus by a factor of 2 to 5 (for 1-5 vol.%) and improve shape fixity by enhancing strain-induced crystallization. Non-radiative decay of infrared photons absorbed by the nanotubes raises the internal temperature, melting strain-induced polymer crystallites (which act as physical crosslinks that secure the deformed shape) and remotely trigger the release of the stored strain energy. Comparable effects occur for electrically induced actuation associated with Joule heating of the matrix when a current is passed through the conductive percolative network of the nanotubes within the resin. This unique combination of properties, directly arising from the nanocomposite morphology, demonstrates new opportunities for the design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive polymers, which are otherwise not available in one material system.
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SMPs can be thermally triggered by indirect heating via Joule effect, infra-red irradiation, or magnetically actuated nanocomposites.
“In addition, SMPs can be thermally-triggered by indirect heating via Joule effect (e.g., PURs enriched with carbon nanotubes) [41,42], infra-red (IR) irradiation (e.g., cellulose nanocrystals filled thermoplastics elastomers) [43] or magnetically actuated nanocomposites [44-46].”
From Shape-memory polymers for multiple applications in the materials world (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
Fillers such as indocyanine green and Epolight 4121, gold particles, conductive ceramics, carbon blacks, nanotubes, and even ink may be incorporated in SMPs to improve the heating efficiency.
“Fillers such as indocyanine green and Epolight 4121, gold particles [423,424], conductive ceramics, carbon blacks, nanotubes, and even ink [425] may be incorporated in SMPs to improve the heating efficiency [149,311,416,426,427].”
From A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites (2013) · cites this paper as [311]
Different particles have significantly different healing efficiency.
“Different particles have significantly different healing efficiency [311].”
From A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites (2013) · cites this paper as [311]
Temporal programming utilizes supramolecular interactions as the molecular switches for the shape transformation.
“It utilizes supramolecular interactions as the molecular switches for the shape transformation.”
From Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Temporal programming offers a drastically different alternative.
“Temporal programming 11,12 offers a drastically different alternative.”
From Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Autonomous shape-shifting polymers can operate in a trigger-free manner, but at the cost of losing the ability for active manipulation.
“In contrast, autonomous shape-shifting polymers11,12 can operate in a trigger-free manner, but at the cost of losing the ability for active manipulation.”
From Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Without requiring any physical triggers, temporally programmable SMP shape-shifting can occur autonomously with its kinetics controllable by tuning the time and temperature during the programming.
“Without requiring any physical triggers, its shape-shifting can occur autonomously with its kinetics controllable by tuning the time and temperature during the programming.”
From Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Morthane/MWCNT composites containing 2.9 vol% (5 wt%) MWCNTs exhibited improved shape fixity ratios from 56 to 70% for εm = 250% and increased recovery stresses from 0.6 to 1.4 MPa across the soft segment melting transition.
“polymer carbon nanotube composites containing 2.9 vol% (5 wt%) MWCNTs exhibited improved shape fixity ratios (from 56 to 70% for ε m = 250%) and increased recovery stresses from 0.6 MPa to 1.4 MPa, when passing the soft segmental melting transition.”
From Review on the Functional Determinants and Durability of Shape Memory Polymers (2010) · cites this paper as [196]
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- Authors
- Koerner, H., Price, G., Pearce, N. A., Alexander, M., & Vaia, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Dayton (US)
- Miami University (US)
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vaia, Richard A.
- Venue
- Nature Materials
- Published
- 2004-01-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-120
- ISSN
- 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4660
- OpenAlex
- W2142501561
- Cited by
- 1,034
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 69.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Dielectric materials and actuators
- Keywords
- carbon nanotubes, thermoplastic elastomers, polymer nanocomposites, shape memory effect, stress recovery, stimuli-responsive polymers, Joule heating, strain-induced crystallization, physical crosslinks, infrared absorption, percolation network, shape fixity, remote actuation
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Manufactured Materials, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Polymers, Elastomers, Nanotechnology
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