The impact of a single administration of intranasal oxytocin on the recognition of basic emotions in humans: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Many studies have highlighted the potential of oxytocin (OT) to enhance facial affect recognition in healthy humans. However, inconsistencies have emerged with regard to the influence of OT on the recognition of specific emotional expressions (happy, angry, fear, surprise, disgust, and sadness). In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of seven studies comprising 381 research participants (71 females) examining responses to the basic emotion types to assess whether OT enhances the recognition of emotion from human faces and whether this was influenced by the emotion expression and exposure time of the face. Results showed that intranasal OT administration enhances emotion recognition of faces overall, with a Hedges g effect size of 0.29. When analysis was restricted to facial expression types, significant effects of OT on recognition accuracy were specifically found for the recognition of happy and fear faces. We also found that effect sizes increased to moderate when exposure time of the photograph was restricted to early phase recognition (< 300 ms) for happy and angry faces, or later phase recognition for fear faces (> 300 ms). The results of the meta-analysis further suggest that OT has potential as a treatment to improve the recognition of emotion in faces, allowing individuals to improve their insight into the intentions, desires, and mental states of others.
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These meta-analyses yielded summarized effect sizes ranging from d=0.21 to d=0.48.
“These studies yielded summarized effect sizes ranging from d=0.21 to d=0.48.”
From Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The Moderation by Emotion Type section reports an effect size of Hedges’ g=0.210 for angry faces, close to the stated lower bound. It does not establish 0.48 as the upper bound: the same section reports g=0.591 for fearful faces, and the paper reports Hedges’ g rather than Cohen’s d (Statistical Analyses). No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThree meta-analyses of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on human behavior have been published to date.
“To date three meta-analyses of the effects of IN-OT on human behavior have been published.”
From Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The title and Criteria for Considering Studies for this Review identify this paper as a meta-analysis of intranasal oxytocin’s effects on human emotion recognition. The Introduction also discusses another oxytocin meta-analysis. Our copy does not establish that exactly three meta-analyses of intranasal oxytocin’s effects on human behavior had been published to date. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredShahrestani et al. conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of oxytocin on recognition of basic emotions.
“Shahrestani et al. conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of OT on recognition of basic emotions (7 effect sizes, total N = 381)(10).”
From Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The Introduction says the meta-analysis examined oxytocin’s effect on recognition of basic facial emotions, and Study Characteristics reports seven independent studies comprising 381 participants. The citing sentence calls these “7 effect sizes,” but the source says seven studies; its Results report a heterogeneity statistic with 13 degrees of freedom, so the effect-size count is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe meta-analyses mentioned in this paper all tested for evidence of publication bias in the intranasal oxytocin literature, with mixed results.
“The meta-analyses mentioned in this paper all tested for evidence of publication bias in the IN-OT literature, with mixed results (9–11).”
From Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
A few previous meta-analytic reviews have found that intranasal oxytocin improves recognition of anger and happiness, and increases ingroup trust among healthy individuals with small effect sizes.
“A few previous meta-analytic reviews have found that intranasal oxytocin improves recognition of anger and happiness, and increases ingroup trust among healthy individuals with small effect sizes (Shahrestani et al., 2013;van Ijzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012).”
From Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions (2017) · cites this paper as Shahrestani et al., 2013
A previous meta-analysis found that intranasal oxytocin improved early recognition of angry faces and late recognition of fearful faces among healthy individuals.
“However, these results are in line with a previous meta-analysis, which also found that intranasal oxytocin improved early recognition of angry faces and late recognition of fearful faces among healthy individuals (Shahrestani et al., 2013).”
From Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions (2017) · cites this paper as Shahrestani et al., 2013
In humans, alterations in amygdala responses to positive and negative emotions have been reported in neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism and schizophrenia, in association with OXTR genetic variants or following intranasal OXT.
“In humans, alterations in amygdala responses to positive and negative emotions have been reported in neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism and schizophrenia [72,73], in association with OXTR genetic variants [41,102] or following intranasal OXT [33,36,38,103].”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Emotion discrimination abilities in mice are dependent on the OXT system.
“we have demonstrated that emotion discrimination abilities in mice are dependent on the OXT system”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
OXT has been associated with social cognitive functions, such as emotion recognition in humans.
“OXT has been associated with social cognitive functions, such as emotion recognition [8-10, 33-36, 38, 39].”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
A previous meta-analysis found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin improved early detection of anger and late detection of fear in healthy humans.
“This interpretation is further supported by findings from a previous meta-analysis that found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin improved early detection of anger and late detection of fear in healthy humans (Shahrestani et al., 2013).”
From Meta-analytic review of the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing in humans (2018) · cites this paper as Shahrestani et al., 2013
OXT has been shown to increase social cognition in the face of both positive and negative stimuli.
“OXT has been shown to increase social cognition in the face of both positive and negative stimuli (Shahrestani et al, 2013).”
From Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males (2016) · cites this paper as Shahrestani et al, 2013
These studies predominantly used emotional faces and were unable to determine whether observed effects were driven by oxytocin's actions on increased attention and attraction to faces per se.
“However, these studies predominantly used emotional faces to investigate OT’s actions on AA behavior and were thus unable to determine whether observed effects were driven by its well-established actions on increased attention and attraction to faces per se (Theodoridou et al., 2009; Domes et al., 2013; Shahrestani et al., 2013; Striepens et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2015).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Shahrestani et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Shahrestani, S., Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kemp, Andrew H
- Guastella, Adam J
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2013-04-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1929-1936
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3746698
- OpenAlex
- W1965231812
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (LP110100513, 571101)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal administration, facial emotion recognition, basic emotions, happy faces, fearful faces, angry faces, exposure time, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Neuropeptides, Oxytocin, Photic Stimulation, Time Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Recognition, Psychology
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