Meta-analytic review of the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing in humans
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND Heightened threat sensitivity is a transdiagnostic feature in several psychiatric disorders. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to reduce fear related behaviours and facilitated fear extinction in animals. These findings have led to increasing interest to explore the effects of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing in humans. METHODS The review included 26 studies (N = 1173), nine of which included clinical populations (N = 234). The clinical groups included were people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, anxiety, and alcohol dependence disorder. We examined the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on startle response, attentional responses, and behavioural responses to threat. RESULTS A single dose of intranasal oxytocin significantly increased the physiological startle response to threat in healthy people with a small effect size. However, oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat, fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations, or on threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses. LIMITATIONS No studies investigated the effects of oxytocin on the startle response to threat among clinical populations. Additionally, only one of the reviewed studies had sufficient power to detect at least a moderate effect of oxytocin according to our criterion. DISCUSSION The synthesis of literature suggest that oxytocin may influence the salience of threatening stimuli among healthy individuals, increasing the startle response to threat. It would be of interest to investigate the effects of oxytocin on the startle response to threat among clinical populations.
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TL;DR
This meta-analytic review of 26 studies (N = 1173) found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin significantly increased physiological startle response to threat in healthy individuals, with a small effect size, but did not significantly affect attentional bias, fixation, or threat-related approach/avoidance responses. The authors conclude oxytocin may primarily influence salience/arousal rather than behavioural threat processing in humans.
Key findings
- Across 26 studies (N = 1173; 9 clinical studies, N = 234), oxytocin significantly increased startle response to threat (ES = 0.32, 95% CI [0.13, 0.52], Z = 3.27, p = 0.001); general threat ES = 0.30, 95% CI [0.07, 0.53], p = 0.011; learned threat after conditioning ES = 0.41, 95% CI [−0.01, 0.82], p = 0.058.
- Oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat (ES = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.50, 0.29], p = 0.612), disorder-specific threat in eating disorders (ES = −0.05, 95% CI [−0.28, 0.18], p = 0.670), or fixation towards regions of interest in threatening images (g = −0.08, 95% CI [−0.23, 0.08], p = 0.339).
- Approach/avoidance findings were inconsistent; no full meta-analysis was possible. Some studies suggested oxytocin may increase approach bias to social threat, but the paper states uncertainty and wide confidence intervals.
- No studies investigated startle response to threat among clinical populations; clinical meta-analytic evidence was limited to attentional bias.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analyses of studies testing a single dose of intranasal oxytocin versus placebo on threat processing in healthy adults and/or adult clinical populations; databases searched April 2017.
- Included 26 studies (N = 1173), nine clinical (N = 234; BPD, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence). Outcomes included startle response, attentional bias, fixation, and behavioural approach/avoidance.
- Analyses used Metafor in R; Hedges’ g for between-subjects and SMCC for within-subjects designs, multivariate meta-analyses with autoregressive structure, Cochran’s Q, meta-regressions, Begg’s rank correlation, Rosenthal’s fail-safe N, and G*Power power analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states the main limitation is the small number of studies, especially for approach/avoidance, preventing a full meta-analysis; only one reviewed study met the sample-size requirement for 80% power to detect at least a moderate effect.
- The paper states no studies examined startle response in clinical populations, and clinical evidence was limited to attentional bias; significant heterogeneity in attentional bias meta-analyses was not fully explained, and potential moderators such as anxiety, attachment style, and alexithymia were not reported/explored.
- Evident from the text: many included studies were underpowered, and the two approach/avoidance studies with significant effects had smaller samples than non-significant studies, raising concern about overestimated effects in small studies.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 74 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Oxytocin did not have significant effects on threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.
“However, oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat, fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations, or on threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Oxytocin-induced increase in startle response following conditioning approached significance with a small effect size (ES = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.82], Z = 1.90, p = 0.058).
“Oxytocin-induced increase in startle response following conditioning also approached significance with a small effect size (ES = 0.41, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.82], Z = 1.90, p = 0.058).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A single dose of intranasal oxytocin significantly increased the physiological startle response to threat in healthy people, with a small effect size.
“A single dose of intranasal oxytocin significantly increased the physiological startle response to threat in healthy people with a small effect size.”
- Also stated in: § 4.2 Effects of oxytocin on startle response to threat · plain
“Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that intranasal oxytocin significantly increased startle response to threat with a small effect size (ES = 0.32, 95% CI [0.13, 0.52], Z = 3.27, p = 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4.2 Effects of oxytocin on startle response to threat · plain
- Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin significantly increased startle response to general threat with a small effect size (ES = 0.30, 95% CI [0.07, 0.53], Z = 2.55, p = 0.011).
“Intranasal oxytocin significantly increased startle response to general threat with a small effect size (ES = 0.30, 95% CI [0.07, 0.53], Z = 2.55, p = 0.011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was significant between-study heterogeneity in the attentional bias towards social threat meta-analysis (Q = 24.52, p = 0.017).
“There was significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 24.52,p = 0.017), which was explored further with meta-regressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
There was no significant between-study heterogeneity in the startle response meta-analysis (Q = 11.32, p = 0.297, I2 = 29.00).
“There was no significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 11.32,p = 0.297, I 2 = 29.00),and thus, no meta-regressions were conducted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was significant between-study heterogeneity in the fixation towards regions of interest meta-analysis (Q = 22.65, p = 0.031).
“There was significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 22.65, p = 0.031), which was explored further with meta-regressions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No studies investigated the effects of oxytocin on the startle response to threat among clinical populations.
“No studies investigated the effects of oxytocin on the startle response to threat among clinical populations.”
- Also stated in: § 3.5.1 Startle response · plain
“All studies included only healthy individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3.5.1 Startle response · plain
- Findingown data
Oxytocin did not have significant effects on fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations.
“However, oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat, fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations, or on threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat.
“However, oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat, fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations, or on threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Three studies investigated the effects of oxytocin on startle response to learned threat cues after conditioning and on learned threat following extinction.
“Three studies investigated the effects of oxytocin on startle response to learned threat cues after conditioning and on learned threat following extinction (Acheson et al., 2013;Eckstein et al., 2015;Eckstein et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingnone given
Three studies investigated attentional bias towards disorder-specific threatening stimuli in ED, namely AN and BN, using the dot-probe paradigm.
“Three studies investigated attentional bias towards disorder-specific threatening stimuli in ED, namely AN and BN, using the dot-probe paradigm (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Five studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attention towards regions of interest (ROIs) in threatening images using eye tracking.
“Five studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attention towards regions of interest (ROIs) in threatening images using eye tracking (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Seven studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological response to general threat and learned threat.
“Seven studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological response to general threat and learned threat (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Five studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threatening images including angry faces and general negative stimuli.
“Five studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threatening images including angry faces and general negative stimuli (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Four studies investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological response to generally threatening stimuli, including angry faces, images of threatening scenes, and predictable and unpredictable electric shocks.
“Four studies investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological response to generally threatening stimuli, including angry faces, images of threatening scenes, and predictable and unpredictable electric shocks (Grillon et al., 2013;Leknes et al., 2013;Prehn et al., 2013;Striepens et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Findingnone given
Seven studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias towards social threat, namely images of angry and disgusted faces.
“Seven studies investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias towards social threat, namely images of angry and disgusted faces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The present review did not find evidence of significant overall effects of intranasal oxytocin on attentional or behavioural approach or avoidance responses to threat in humans.
“Conversely, the present review did not find evidence of significant overall effects of intranasal oxytocin on attentional or behavioural approach or avoidance responses to threat in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The findings for effects of a single dose of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses towards threat were inconsistent.
“The findings for effects of a single dose of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses towards threat were inconsistent, calling for further research with large samples.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias to disorder-specific threat among clinical populations.
“Moreover, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias to social or disorder-specific threat among the clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias to social threat among clinical populations.
“Moreover, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias to social or disorder-specific threat among the clinical populations.”
- Also stated in: § 4.4 Effects of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threat · plain
“Regarding clinical populations, the present review found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat among clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4.4 Effects of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threat · plain
- Findingown data
There was a negligible reduction in reaction times when approaching non-social threatening stimuli (ES = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.55], total N = 67).
“There was a negligible reduction in reaction times when approaching non-social threatening stimuli (ES = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.41, 0.55], total N = 67).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin led to a small reduction in reaction times when approaching threatening social stimuli (ES = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.83], total N = 67).
“The study found that intranasal oxytocin led to a small reduction in reaction times when approaching threatening social stimuli (ES = 0.34, 95% CI [-0.14, 0.83], total N = 67).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The two studies that showed significant effect size estimates also had smaller sample sizes (within subjects N = 24; between subjects N = 52) than the other studies reporting no significant effects of oxytocin (within subjects N = 32, between subjects N = 67 -120).
“However, it is of interest that the two studies that showed significant effect size estimates also had smaller sample sizes (within subjects N = 24; between subjects N = 52) than the other studies reporting no significant effects of oxytocin (within subjects N = 32, between subjects N = 67 -120).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin significantly increased the startle response to threatening stimuli in healthy individuals with a small effect size.
“The findings revealed that intranasal oxytocin significantly increased the startle response to threatening stimuli in healthy individuals with a small effect size.”
- Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
“The findings revealed that oxytocin significantly increased the physiological startle response to threat in healthy people with a small effect size.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 6 Conclusions · plain
- Findingcitation
The 95% confidence interval ranges in all studies were very wide.
“Indeed, the 95% confidence interval ranges in all studies were very wide (Higgins and Green 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Higgins and Green 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
There was no convincing evidence that oxytocin significantly influences threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.
“There was also no convincing evidence that oxytocin significantly influences threat related behavioural approach or avoidance responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only one of the studies reviewed met the sample size requirement for adequate statistical power.
“Furthermore, only one of the studies reviewed here met our sample size requirement for adequate statistical power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
There is a relative paucity of research investigating the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing among clinical populations.
“Additionally, there is relative paucity of research investigating the effects a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing among clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among healthy individuals, oxytocin did not significantly impact attentional bias towards social threat (ES = -0.42, 95% CI [-1.07, 0.23], Z = -1.26, p = 0.208).
“Among the healthy individuals, oxytocin did not significantly impact attentional bias towards social threat (ES = -0.42,95% CI [-1.07, 0.23], Z = -1.26,p = 0.208).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The main limitation of this review is the small number of studies investigating the effects of intranasal oxytocin on different aspects of threat processing.
“The main limitation of this review is the small number of studies investigating the effects of intranasal oxytocin on different aspects of threat processing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The dot-probe and spatial cueing tasks used to examine the effects of oxytocin on attention to social threat demonstrated that variation of task parameters, such as stimulus presentation time and inter-trial interval, had an impact on the effects of oxytocin.
“The dot-probe and spatial cueing tasks that were used to examine the effects of oxytocin on attention to social threat demonstrated that variation of task parameters, such as stimulus presentation time and inter-trial interval, had an impact on the effects of oxytocin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the present study there was significant between study heterogeneity in the meta-analysis investigating effects of oxytocin on attentional bias towards threat among clinical populations.
“Indeed, in the present study there was significant between study heterogeneity in the meta-analysis investigating effects of oxytocin on attentional bias towards threat among clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Overall, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat (ES = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.50, 0.29], Z = -0.51, p = 0.612).
“Overall, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat (ES = -0.10,95% CI [-0.50, 0.29], Z = -0.51,p = 0.612).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Despite conducting meta-regressions to investigate moderating effects of age, dose, the type of task used, the type of stimuli used, and study design, we were not able to ascertain the source of the heterogeneity.
“Despite conducting meta-regressions to investigate moderating effects of age, dose, the type of task used, the type of stimuli used, and study design, we were not able to ascertain the source of the heterogeneity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were so few studies investigating the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on behavioural approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli that a full meta-analysis could not be conducted.
“Indeed, there were so few studies investigating the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on behavioural approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli, we were not able to conduct a full meta-analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was significant between study heterogeneity in the meta-analysis investigating the effects of a single dose of oxytocin on attentional bias towards social threat and disorder-specific threat.
“Finally, there was significant between study heterogeneity in the meta-analysis investigating the effects of a single dose of oxytocin on attentional bias towards social threat and disorder-specific threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The meta-analysis showed that a single dose of oxytocin did not significantly influence fixation towards ROIs in threatening images (g = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.08], Z = -0.96, p = 0.339).
“The meta-analysis showed that a single dose of oxytocin did not significantly influence fixation towards ROIs in threatening images (g = -0.08,95% CI [-0.23, 0.08], Z = -0.96,p = 0.339).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards body weight related stimuli (g = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.30], Z = 0.86, p = 0.388).
“Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards negative body shape related stimuli (ES = -0.07,95% CI [-0.66, 0.52], Z = -0.23,p = 0.818), body weight related stimuli (g = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.30], Z = 0.86, p = 0.388), or food related stimuli (ES = -0.10,95% CI [-0.36, 0.15], Z = -0.79,p = 0.429).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
People with AN showed a greater oxytocin-induced increase in attentional avoidance of disorder-specific stimuli (ES = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.33, 0.03], Z = -1.92, p = 0.055).
“induced increase in attentional bias towards disorder-specific stimuli (ES = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33], Z = 1.66, p = 0.096), whereas people with AN showed greater oxytocin-induced increase in attentional avoidance of disorder-specific stimuli (ES = -0.16,95% CI [-0.33, 0.03], Z = -1.92,p = 0.055).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The overall meta-analysis revealed significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 73.53, p < 0.001).
“The overall meta-analysis revealed significant between-study heterogeneity (Q = 73.53,p < 0.001), which was explored further with meta-regressions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Overall a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards disorder-specific stimuli in eating disorders (ES = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.28, 0.18], Z = -0.43, p = 0.670).
“The meta-analysis showed that overall a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards disorder-specific stimuli in eating disorders (ES = -0.05,95% CI [-0.28, 0.18], Z = -0.43,p = 0.670).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant effects of oxytocin among the mixed clinical group (ES = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61], Z = 0.54, p = 0.593).
“There was also no significant effects of oxytocin among the mixed clinical group (ES = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.35, 0.61], Z = 0.54 p = 0.593).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plot asymmetry did not reveal evidence of significant publication bias (τ = 0.09, p = 0.565).
“The Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plot asymmetry did not reveal evidence of significant publication bias (τ = 0.09, p = 0.565; Supplementary figure2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards food related stimuli (ES = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.15], Z = -0.79, p = 0.429).
“Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards negative body shape related stimuli (ES = -0.07,95% CI [-0.66, 0.52], Z = -0.23,p = 0.818), body weight related stimuli (g = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.30], Z = 0.86, p = 0.388), or food related stimuli (ES = -0.10,95% CI [-0.36, 0.15], Z = -0.79,p = 0.429).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards negative body shape related stimuli (ES = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.66, 0.52], Z = -0.23, p = 0.818).
“Intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards negative body shape related stimuli (ES = -0.07,95% CI [-0.66, 0.52], Z = -0.23,p = 0.818), body weight related stimuli (g = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.12, 0.30], Z = 0.86, p = 0.388), or food related stimuli (ES = -0.10,95% CI [-0.36, 0.15], Z = -0.79,p = 0.429).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
People with BN showed an oxytocin-induced increase in attentional bias towards disorder-specific stimuli (ES = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33], Z = 1.66, p = 0.096).
“induced increase in attentional bias towards disorder-specific stimuli (ES = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.33], Z = 1.66, p = 0.096), whereas people with AN showed greater oxytocin-induced increase in attentional avoidance of disorder-specific stimuli (ES = -0.16,95% CI [-0.33, 0.03], Z = -1.92,p = 0.055).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plot asymmetry did not reveal evidence of significant publication bias for disorder-specific attentional bias (τ = -0.15, p = 0.510).
“The Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plot asymmetry did not reveal evidence of significant publication bias (τ = -0.15,p = 0.510; Supplementary figure3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Only one of the reviewed studies had sufficient power to detect at least a moderate effect of oxytocin according to the authors' criterion.
“Additionally, only one of the reviewed studies had sufficient power to detect at least a moderate effect of oxytocin according to our criterion.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1 Study characteristics · plain
“Only one study using within subjects design met the sample size requirement of sufficient power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4.1 Study characteristics · plain
- Study design and conductown data
Begg's rank correlation test did not indicate evidence of significant publication bias for the startle response meta-analysis (τ = 0.24, p = 0.359).
“Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plots did not indicate there was evidence of significant publication bias (τ = 0.24, p = 0.359, Supplementary Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
There is an exaggerated physiological startle response to anticipation and viewing of disorder-specific, potentially threatening stimuli, such as images of trauma, contamination, or food, in people with PTSD, OCD, and ED.
“For example, there is an exaggerated physiological startle response to anticipation and viewing of disorder-specific, potentially threatening stimuli, such as images of trauma, contamination, or food (Altman et al., 2013;Mauler et al., 2006;Pitman et al., 2012;Simon et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductown data
Begg's rank correlation test based on funnel plots did not reveal any significant publication bias for the relevant meta-analysis (τ = -0.17, p = 0.435).
“Begg's rank correlation test based on the funnel plots did not reveal any significant publication bias (τ = -0.17,p = 0.435, Supplementary Figure 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Disorder specific stimuli have been found to elicit negative facial expressions and subjective feelings of fear and disgust.
“Furthermore, disorder specific stimuli have been found to elicit negative facial expressions and subjective feelings of fear and disgust (Broderick et al., 2013;Soussignan et al., 2011;Uher et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
Multivariate meta-analyses with an autoregressive structure were conducted to account for confounding effects arising from the same participants being included in a meta-analysis more than once.
“Because a number of studies used a variety of paradigms to investigate different aspects of threat processing, the same participants were included in a meta-analysis more than once.To account for confounding effects arising from this, we conducted multivariate meta-analyses with an autoregressive structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
It was not possible to conduct a full meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses due to the small number of studies and the variety of different outcome measures used.
“It was not possible to conduct a full meta-analysis of the studies investigating the effects of oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses due to the small number of studies and the variety of different outcome measures used.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Behavioural studies have demonstrated that people with PTSD, OCD, and ED show anomalies in physiological response to threat.
“Behavioural studies have demonstrated that people with PTSD, OCD, and ED show anomalies in physiological response to threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Animal studies have demonstrated that oxytocin plays an important role in lowering the physiological stress and anxiety response by activating a negative feedback loop.
“Animal studies have demonstrated that oxytocin plays an important role in lowering the physiological stress and anxiety response by activating a negative feedback loop (Onaka et al., 2012;Zheng et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A previous meta-analysis found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin improved early detection of anger and late detection of fear in healthy humans.
“This interpretation is further supported by findings from a previous meta-analysis that found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin improved early detection of anger and late detection of fear in healthy humans (Shahrestani et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shahrestani et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Mitchell et al. (2016) found a negligible oxytocin-induced increase in approach bias towards threatening non-social stimuli in people with alcohol dependence disorder (ES = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.51], N = 32), although this did not reach significance.
“Similarly, Mitchell et al. (2016) found a negligible oxytocin-induced increase in approach bias towards threatening non-social stimuli in people with alcohol dependence disorder (ES = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.51], N = 32), although this did not reach significance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mitchell et al. (2016) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Radke et al. (2013) found a significant oxytocin-induced increase in approach bias towards threatening social stimuli with a moderate effect size among healthy individuals (ES = 0.52, 95% CI [0.09, 0.95], N = 24).
“Radke et al. (2013)found a significant oxytocin-induced increase in approach bias towards threatening social stimuli with a moderate effect size among healthy individuals (ES = 0.52, 95% CI [0.09, 0.95], N = 24).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Radke et al. (2013) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
There was some indication that oxytocin may influence approach responses to threatening stimuli, particularly social threat.
“Still, there was some indication that oxytocin may influence approach responses to threatening stimuli, particularly social threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Radke et al. (2017) found that oxytocin led to a non-significant increase in approach reaction times towards social threat with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.51, 95% [-1.07, 0.04], total N = 52).
“Conversely, Radke et al. (2017) found that oxytocin led to a non-significant increase in approach reaction times towards social threat with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.51,95% [-1.07, 0.04], total N = 52), and a significant increase in avoidance reaction times with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.56,95% CI [-1.11, -0.002], total N = 52).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Radke et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Radke et al. (2017) found a significant increase in avoidance reaction times with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.002], total N = 52).
“Conversely, Radke et al. (2017) found that oxytocin led to a non-significant increase in approach reaction times towards social threat with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.51,95% [-1.07, 0.04], total N = 52), and a significant increase in avoidance reaction times with a moderate effect size (ES = -0.56,95% CI [-1.11, -0.002], total N = 52).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Radke et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Theodoridou et al. (2013) reported test statistics that showed no significant effect of intranasal oxytocin on approach or avoidance responses to social threat.
“The authors did not report the relevant data to allow effect sizes to be calculated, but reported test statistics that showed no significant effect of intranasal oxytocin on approach or avoidance responses (Theodoridou et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Theodoridou et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Recent neuroimaging studies have reported oxytocin-induced increases in neural activation in regions, including the amygdala, which are associated with processing of salience and arousal.
“These studies have reported oxytocin-induced increases in neural activation in regions, including the amygdala, which are associated with processing of salience and arousal (Frijling et al., 2016;Gorka et al., 2015;Koch et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Many psychiatric disorders, including ED, PTSD, and anxiety disorders, are characterised by dysregulation of the HPA axis.
“Since many psychiatric disorders, including ED, PTSD, and anxiety disorders, are characterised by dysregulation of the HPA axis (Connan et al., 2007;Ehlert et al., 2001;Lo Sauro et al., 2008), there has been increasing interest in further exploration of the potential anti-stress and anxiolytic effects of intranasal oxytocin in psychiatric disorders characterised by elevated threat sensitivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Taken together these studies indicate that there is uncertainty about the effects of intranasal oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli.
“Taken together these studies indicate that there is uncertainty about the effects of intranasal oxytocin on approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Another study found that intranasal oxytocin did not improve self-reported anxiety among people with social anxiety disorder following exposure therapy.
“Additionally, another study found that intranasal oxytocin did not improve self-reported anxiety among people with social anxiety disorder following exposure therapy (Guastella et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guastella et al., 2009 source
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- Premisecitation
A recent meta-analytic review by our group found that a single dose of oxytocin improved recognition of basic emotions, primarily fear and disgust, among healthy individuals.
“Furthermore, a recent meta-analytic review by our group found that a single dose of oxytocin improved recognition of basic emotions, primarily fear and disgust, among healthy individuals (Leppanen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leppanen et al., 2017
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- Premisecitation
Factors such as anxiety, attachment style, and alexithymia have been found to influence the effects of oxytocin on a number of different tasks.
“Factors such as anxiety, attachment style, and alexithymia have been found to influence the effects of oxytocin on a number of different tasks (Bartz et al., 2011;Bosch et al., 2005;Olff et al., 2013;Zik and Roberts, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
A previous meta-analysis found that a single dose of oxytocin reduced the cortisol response to stressful stimuli among clinical populations.
“Indeed, a previous meta-analysis found that a single dose of oxytocin reduced the cortisol response to stressful stimuli among clinical populations (Cardoso et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cardoso et al., 2014 source
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- Premisecitation
Findings from preclinical and human studies suggest that the effects of oxytocin may be mediated by baseline levels of anxiety and other individual differences, such as attachment difficulties.
“Findings from preclinical and human studies also suggest that the effects of oxytocin may be mediated by baseline levels of anxiety and other individual differences, such as attachment difficulties (Bartz et al., 2011;Bosch et al., 2005;Olff et al., 2013;Zik and Roberts, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The effects of oxytocin on attentional bias were the strongest among highly anxious people and people with BPD when the angry faces were presented for 500ms or less time.
“This suggests that the effects of oxytocin on attentional bias were the strongest among highly anxious people and people with BPD when the angry faces were presented for 500ms or less time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 37
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataDiagnostic group significantly explained the between-study heterogeneity in the attentional bias towards social threat meta-analysis (QM = 6.37, p = 0.012), leaving some unaccounted heterogeneity that approached significance (QR = 18.15, p = 0.078).
“Diagnostic group significantly explained the between-study heterogeneity (QM = 6.37, p = 0.012), still leaving some unaccounted heterogeneity that approached significance (QR = 18.15, p = 0.078).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe review included 26 studies (N = 1173), nine of which included clinical populations (N = 234).
“The review included 26 studies (N = 1173), nine of which included clinical populations (N = 234).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe clinical groups included people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, anxiety, and alcohol dependence disorder.
“The clinical groups included were people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, anxiety, and alcohol dependence disorder.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe majority of the studies included only healthy individuals and no studies investigated the influence of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological startle response among clinical populations.
“The majority of the studies included only healthy individuals and no studies investigated the influence of intranasal oxytocin on the physiological startle response among clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataA single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat or disorder specific threat, or fixation to regions of interest in threatening stimuli.
“However, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat or disorder specific threat, or fixation to regions of interest in threatening stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingreasoningThe present review was only able to investigate the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attentional responses to threat among clinical populations due to lack of studies.
“It is of note, however, that the present review was only able to investigate the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin attentional responses to threat among clinical populations due to lack of studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningIn the present review we were only able to investigate the effects of a single dose of oxytocin on attentional bias towards threat among clinical populations, but not the physiological startle response, approach and avoidance responses, or fixation response due to a lack of studies.
“In the present review we were only able to investigate the effects of a single dose of oxytocin on attentional bias towards threat among clinical populations, but not the physiological startle response, approach and avoidance responses, or fixation response due to a lack of studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingreasoningSince these variables were not explored or reported in the included studies we were unable to explore their moderator effects in the present review.
“However, since these variables were not explored or reported in the included studies we were unable to explore their moderator effects in the present review.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat or on fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations.
“Oxytocin did not have significant effects on attentional bias towards social or disorder-specific threat or on fixation towards threatening stimuli among healthy or clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThese factors added heterogeneity into the meta-analyses and influenced the interpretation of the findings.
“These factors added heterogeneity into the meta-analyses and influenced the interpretation of the findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTogether the stimuli used, the stimulus presentation time, and the diagnostic group significantly moderated some of the between-study heterogeneity (QM = 43.41, p < 0.0001), still leaving significant residual heterogeneity (QR = 24.60, p = 0.004).
“Together the stimuli used, the stimulus presentation time, and the diagnostic group significantly moderated some of the between-study heterogeneity (QM = 43.41,p < 0.0001), still leaving significant residual heterogeneity (QR = 24.60,p = 0.004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe proportion of female participants in the study, the study design, age, the task used, and the dose administered did not significantly moderate the between study heterogeneity.
“The proportion of female participants in the study (QM = 0.03, p = 0.859), the study design (QM = 0.11, p = 0.744), age (QM = 0.295, p = 0.589), the task used (QM = 0.29, p = 0.963), and the dose administered (QM = 0.01, p = 0.929) did not significantly moderate the between study heterogeneity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSelf-reported anxiety, self-reported depression, self-reported eating disorder symptomatology, the stimuli used, age, and variations in the task used did not significantly moderate the between study heterogeneity.
“Self-reported anxiety (QM = 0.20, p = 0.655), self-reported depression (QM = 1.41, p = 0.235), self-reported eating disorder symptomatology (QM = 0.04, p = 0.846), the stimuli used (QM = 1.56, p = 0.458), age (QM = 0.01, p = 0.937), and variations in the task used (QM = 0.08, p = 0.995) did not significantly moderate the between study heterogeneity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe synthesis of literature suggests that oxytocin may influence the salience of threatening stimuli among healthy individuals, increasing the startle response to threat.
“The synthesis of literature suggest that oxytocin may influence the salience of threatening stimuli among healthy individuals, increasing the startle response to threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataRosenthal's fail-safe N analysis revealed that 55 studies with non-significant results would need to be added to reduce the observed startle effect to null, exceeding the Rosenthal criterion (55 > 45), suggesting the effect was robust.
“The Rosenthal's fail-safe N analysis revealed that 55 studies with non-significant results would need to be added to the present meta-analysis to reduce the observed effect to null.This exceeds the Rosenthal criterion (55 > (5x7+10) = 45) suggesting that the effect observed was robust.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFull text articles identified in the initial search and screening were examined for eligibility by two authors in conjunction.
“The full text articles identified in the initial search and screening were examined for eligibility by two authors in conjunction (J.L. and K.W.N.).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationElevated oxytocin secretion from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following a stressful event is believed to lead to increased availability of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which in turn is believed to inhibit the HPA axis and amygdala activation.
“Elevated oxytocin secretion from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following a stressful event is believed to lead to increased availability of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which in turn is believed to inhibit the HPA axis and amygdala activation (Onaka et al., 2012;Zheng et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenIf there was any uncertainty regarding eligibility of a paper it was referred to the rest of team for further discussion.
“If there was any uncertainty regarding eligibility of a paper it was referred to the rest of team for further discussion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationPresence of outliers was investigated by calculating standardised residuals; studies with Z scores exceeding ±1.96 were deemed influential outliers and removed from analyses.
“Presence of outliers was investigated by calculating standardised residuals of each study included in the meta-analyses.If the Z scores of the standardised residuals exceeded ±1.96, the study was deemed an influential outlier and was thus removed from the analyses (Viechtbauer and Cheung, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Viechtbauer and Cheung, 2010
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPreclinical studies demonstrated that exogenous intravenous and intranasal oxytocin can influence fear related responses in rodents and monkeys respectively, reducing hiding behaviour during an open field test and attentional bias towards threatening facial expressions.
“Preclinical studies demonstrated that exogenous intravenous and intranasal oxytocin can influence fear related responses in rodents and monkeys respectively, reducing hiding behaviour during an open field test and attentional bias towards threatening facial expressions (Parr et al., 2013;Rotzinger et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA number of reviews have reported atypical attentional bias towards disorder specific stimuli.
“Additionally, a number of reviews have reported atypical attentional bias towards disorder specific stimuli (Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Brooks et al., 2011;Cisler and Koster, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationA power analysis conducted with G*Power indicated that between subjects studies should have at least 64 participants in each group and within subjects studies should have at least 34 participants to have 80% power to detect a moderate effect.
“According to the power analysis conducted with G*Power (Faul et al., 2007), between subjects studies should have at least 64 participants in each group and within subjects studies should have at least 34 participants, to have 80% power to detect a moderate effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Faul et al., 2007 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationPublication bias based on funnel plot asymmetry was investigated with Begg's rank correlation test.
“Publication bias based on funnel plot asymmetry was investigated with Begg's rank correlation test (Begg and Mazumdar, 1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Begg and Mazumdar, 1994 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMarmoset monkeys treated with an oxytocin receptor antagonist had elevated glucocorticoid levels in response to the stressor and showed a greater tendency to engage in maladaptive fear-related behaviour such as isolation.
“Indeed, a recent study found that marmoset monkeys treated with an oxytocin receptor antagonist had elevated glucocorticoid levels in response to the stressor and showed a greater tendency to engage in maladaptive fear-related behaviour such as isolation (Cavanaugh et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cavanaugh et al., 2016 source
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PremisecitationRecent work found that intranasal oxytocin did not improve anxiety or affiliative behaviour during therapy or clinical interview.
“This interpretation is in line with findings from recent work investigating the effectiveness of intranasal oxytocin as a treatment enhancer in depression and BPD, which found that intranasal oxytocin did not improve anxiety or affiliative behaviour during therapy or clinical interview (Brune et al., 2015;MacDonald et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Brune et al., 2015 source
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- cites MacDonald et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThese contradictory findings may be some way explained by the differences in sample size.
“These contradictory findings may be some way explained by the differences in sample size.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBased on the present findings, in healthy humans, oxytocin appears to primarily influence the salience of threatening stimuli, possibly indicating that oxytocin plays a role in arousal but not behavioural responding in humans.
“Based on the present findings, in healthy humans, oxytocin appears to primarily influence the salience of threatening stimuli, possibly indicating that oxytocin plays a role in arousal but not behavioural responding in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOne possible interpretation of the present findings is that although intranasal oxytocin may be effective in targeting certain symptoms, it may have little effect on threat processing among clinical populations.
“One possible interpretation of the present findings is that although it may be effective in targeting certain symptoms, intranasal oxytocin may have little effect on threat processing among the clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIn both cases the 95% confidence intervals overlapped zero, indicating that neither effect was statistically significant.
“However, in both cases the 95% confidence intervals overlapped zero indicating that neither effect was statistically significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe infralimbic cortex has inhibitory projections to a number of subcortical regions in the rodent brain including the amygdala, and activation of this region has been documented to be associated with fear extinction in rodents and humans.
“The infralimbic cortex has inhibitory projections to a number of subcortical regions in the rodent brain including the amygdala and activation of this region has been documented to be associated with fear extinction in rodents and humans (Quirk and Beer, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Quirk and Beer, 2006 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTaken together these findings suggest that oxytocin may increase approach bias towards threatening stimuli, particularly threatening social stimuli.
“Taken together these findings suggest that oxytocin may increase approach bias towards threatening stimuli, particularly threatening social stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent systematic review found that oxytocin reduced fear related behaviours and facilitated fear extinction in rodents, particularly when the exogenous oxytocin or oxytocin agonists were administered to the infralimbic cortex.
“The findings revealed that oxytocin reduced fear related behaviours and facilitated fear extinction in rodents, particularly when the exogenous oxytocin or oxytocin agonists were administered to the infralimbic cortex (Neumann and Slattery, 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Neumann and Slattery, 2016 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent meta-analysis found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin lowered cortisol in clinical populations characterised by dysregulation of the HPA axis, but did not significantly influence the cortisol response to stressful stimuli in healthy individuals.
“For example a recent meta-analysis found that a single dose of intranasal oxytocin lowered cortisol in clinical populations characterised by dysregulation of the HPA axis, but did not significantly influence the cortisol response to stressful stimuli in healthy individuals (Cardoso et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cardoso et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese findings suggest that rather than having global effects on threat processing, oxytocin may influence specific aspects of threat processing, such as arousal.
“Thus, these findings suggest that rather than having global effects on threat processing, oxytocin may influence specific aspects of threat processing, such as arousal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn preclinical studies, oxytocin has been shown to facilitate extinction and generally inhibit anxiety and fear-related responses and behaviours in rodents.
“In preclinical studies, oxytocin has been shown to facilitate extinction and generally inhibit anxietyand fear-related responses and behaviours in rodents (Calcagnoli et al., 2015;Huber et al., 2005;Neumann and Slattery, 2016;Viviani et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSmaller studies can sometimes overestimate effect sizes even when no true effect is present.
“It is possible that these findings were driven by the fact that smaller studies can sometimes overestimate effect sizes even when no true effect is present (Walum et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationShort stimulus presentation duration is believed to tap into early attentional responses while longer stimulus duration is believed to examine late attention.
“Short stimulus presentation duration is believed to tap into early attentional responses while longer stimulus duration is believed to examine late attention (Bantin et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bantin et al., 2016 source
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PremisecitationA recent experimental study found that a single dose of oxytocin increased heart rate response to trauma related stimuli while reducing self-reported trauma-related imagery among people with PTSD.
“Furthermore, a recent experimental study found that a single dose of oxytocin increased heart rate response to trauma related stimuli while reducing self-reported trauma-related imagery among people with PTSD (Sack et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sack et al., 2017 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThere are still some uncertainties regarding what should be used as the cut-off for early and late attention.
“However, there are still some uncertainties regarding what should be used as the cut-off for early and late attention, with some eye tracking and electroencephalogram (EEG) studies reporting attentional shifts as early as 200ms after stimulus onset (Bantin et al., 2016;Belyusar et al., 2013;Hedge and Leonards, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWorking memory and executive functioning studies have demonstrated that varying the inter-trial interval can impact performance, with shorter inter-trial intervals utilising more automated responding, while longer inter-trial intervals allow for more controlled responding.
“Additionally, working memory and executive functioning studies have demonstrated that varying the inter-trial interval can impact performance, with shorter inter-trial intervals utilising more automated responding, while longer inter-trial intervals allow for more controlled responding (Cermak, 1970;Shipstead and Engle, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cermak, 1970 source
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- cites Shipstead and Engle, 2013
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThese findings suggest that this is still a relatively unexplored field.
“These findings suggest that this is still a relatively unexplored field, and as further research with larger samples is needed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that intranasal oxytocin does not have a significant effect on threat related attentional or behavioural responses, but may modulate other aspects of threat processing among clinical populations.
“Thus, it is possible that intranasal oxytocin does not have a significant effect on threat related attentional or behavioural responses, but may modulate other aspects of threat processing among clinical population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese findings suggest that oxytocin may increase arousal while lowering stress and anxiety responses to threatening stimuli among clinical populations.
“These findings suggest that oxytocin may increase arousal while lowering stress and anxiety responses to threatening stimuli among clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataAnother possible interpretation of the present findings is that there is substantial heterogeneity within and between clinical groups that could dilute the true effects of intranasal oxytocin on social threat processing among clinical populations.
“Another possible interpretation of the present findings is that there is substantial heterogeneity within and between clinical groups that could dilute the true effects of intranasal oxytocin on social threat processing among clinical populations (Lamers et al., 2010;Melartin et al., 2002;Wessman et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEnvironmental differences, such as the conditions under which participants are tested, have also been suggested to influence the effects of oxytocin.
“Environmental differences, such as the conditions under which participants are tested, have also been suggested to influence the effects of oxytocin (Bartz et al., 2011;Olff et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bartz et al., 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Olff et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese findings suggest that oxytocin may primarily influence the salience of threatening stimuli, possibly indicating that oxytocin plays a role in emotional, but not behavioural processing in humans.
“These findings suggest that oxytocin may primarily influence the salience of threatening stimuli possibly indicating that oxytocin plays a role in emotional, but not behavioural processing in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese findings raise some questions about the therapeutic potential and effectiveness of intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
“Although, further research could help gain better understanding of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing among clinical populations, these findings raise some questions about the therapeutic potential and effectiveness of intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOur previous single dose study found that the effects of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias towards food images in people with AN was dependent not only on whether the task was delivered before or after a smoothie challenge, but also on the intertrial interval used in the task.
“This suggestion is in line with findings from our previous single dose study, which found that the effects of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias towards food images in people with AN was dependent not only on whether the task was delivered before or after a smoothie challenge, but also on the intertrial interval used in the task (Leppanen et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leppanen et al., 2017
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent systematic review reported that intranasal oxytocin may be effective in combating anxiety and stress in disorders characterised by dysfunction of the central nervous system.
“Similarly, a recent systematic review reported that intranasal oxytocin may be effective in combating anxiety and stress in disorder characterised by dysfunction of the central nervous system (Chapman et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chapman et al., 2013 source
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May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataNeither of these effects reached significance and only one study investigated the effects of oxytocin in people with BN, so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
“However, neither of these effects reached significance and only one study investigated the effects of oxytocin in people with BN.Therefore, these findings should be interpreted with caution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataOnly one study included people with BPD and only one study included highly anxious people, so these findings should be interpreted with caution.
“However, only one study included people with BPD and only one study included highly anxious people and, thus, these findings should be interpreted with caution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
No systematic reviews have thus far investigated the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on different aspects of threat processing in healthy and clinical populations more broadly.
“To our knowledge, no systematic reviews have thus far investigated the effects of single dose of intranasal oxytocin on different aspects of threat processing in healthy and clinical populations more broadly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect sizes from the included studies are comparable and can be validly pooled in meta-analysis despite differences in tasks, stimuli, and populations.
“Overall, a single dose of intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence attentional bias towards social threat (ES = -0.10,95% CI [-0.50, 0.29], Z = -0.51,p = 0.612).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The dot-probe and spatial cueing tasks used in the included studies measure attentional bias to threat.
“The dot-probe and spatial cueing tasks that were used to examine the effects of oxytocin on attention to social threat demonstrated that variation of task parameters, such as stimulus presentation time and inter-trial interval, had an impact on the effects of oxytocin.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent meta-analyses have shown no meta-analytic effects of OT on theory of mind, expression of negative emotions, and attentional or behavioral responses toward threat in healthy samples.
“Nonetheless, recent meta-analyses have shown no meta-analytic effects of OT on a variety of social outcomes in healthy samples including: theory of mind (Leppanen et al., 2017), the expression of negative emotions (Leppanen et al., 2017), and attentional or behavioral responses toward threat (Leppanen et al., 2018).”
From Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration across a range of social cognitive and behavioral paradigms: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as Leppanen et al., 2018
None of the between-subjects studies in two meta-analyses were sufficiently powered to report the detected effects at 80% statistical power.
“the authors of two of these meta-analyses (Leppanen et al., 2017; 2018) point out that none of the studies using a between-subjects design were sufficiently powered to report the detected effects at 80% statistical power.”
From Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration across a range of social cognitive and behavioral paradigms: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as Leppanen et al., 2018
Recent meta-analyses in healthy samples have found a positive effect of OT on recognition of basic emotions, increased expression of positive emotions, and increased physiological startle responses to threat.
“Recent meta-analyses in healthy samples have found a positive effect of OT on the recognition of basic emotions (Hedge’s g = 13 [0.02, 0.24]), increased expression of positive emotions (Hedge’s g = 0.25 [0.04. 0.47]; Leppanen et al., 2017), and increased physiological startle responses to threat (Hedge’s g = 0.3 [0.07. 0.53]; Leppanen et al., 2018).”
From Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration across a range of social cognitive and behavioral paradigms: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as Leppanen et al., 2018
In clinical samples, no meta-analytic effect of OT was found on physiological, attentional, or behavioral measures relevant to threat, interpretation or expression of emotion, emotion recognition, or empathy.
“In clinical samples, no meta-analytic effect was found in physiological, attentional, or behavioral measures relevant to threat (Leppanen et al., 2018), the interpretation or expression of emotion (Leppanen et al., 2017), emotion recognition or empathy (Keech et al., 2018).”
From Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration across a range of social cognitive and behavioral paradigms: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as Leppanen et al., 2018
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 3.27reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“Z = 3.27, p = .001”
- Consistentz = 2.55reported p = .011 · recomputed p = .011
“Z = 2.55, p = .011”
- Consistentz = 1.9reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .057
“Z = 1.90, p = .058”
- Consistentz = -0.51reported p = .612 · recomputed p = .610
“Z = -0.51,p = .612”
- Consistentz = -1.26reported p = .208 · recomputed p = .208
“Z = -1.26,p = .208”
- Consistentz = -0.43reported p = .67 · recomputed p = .667
“Z = -0.43,p = .670”
- Consistentz = -0.23reported p = .818 · recomputed p = .818
“Z = -0.23,p = .818”
- Consistentz = 0.86reported p = .388 · recomputed p = .390
“Z = 0.86, p = .388”
- Consistentz = -0.79reported p = .429 · recomputed p = .430
“Z = -0.79,p = .429”
- Consistentz = 1.66reported p = .096 · recomputed p = .097
“Z = 1.66, p = .096”
- Consistentz = -1.92reported p = .055 · recomputed p = .055
“Z = -1.92,p = .055”
- Consistentz = -0.96reported p = .339 · recomputed p = .337
“Z = -0.96,p = .339”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Clinical approach and avoidance studies are said to be absent
MinorThe limitations section says clinical approach and avoidance responses could not be investigated for lack of studies, but the review reports an approach-bias study in people with alcohol dependence disorder.
“In the present review we were only able to investigate the effects of a single dose of oxytocin on attentional bias towards threat among clinical populations, but not the physiological startle response, approach and avoidance responses, or fixation response due to a lack of studies.”
“Similarly, Mitchell et al. (2016) found a negligible oxytocin-induced increase in approach bias towards threatening non-social stimuli in people with alcohol dependence disorder (ES = 0.16, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.51], N = 32), although this did not reach significance.”
Fixation-study count disagrees with the studies listed
MinorThe sentence says three studies examined fixation on the eyes and mouth, but names four distinct studies.
“Three of the studies defined the ROIs as the eye and mouth region of angry and disgusted faces (Bertsch et al., 2013;Domes et al., 2013;Hubble et al., 2017;Lischke et al., 2012a).”
“(Bertsch et al., 2013;Domes et al., 2013;Hubble et al., 2017;Lischke et al., 2012a)”
Fixation results cite the wrong figure
MinorThe fixation-results section cites Figure 4, but the fixation forest plot is captioned Figure 5.
“The studies investigating the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on fixation towards ROIs in threatening images are presented in Figure4.”
“Figure: 5 Figure 5 . Figure 5. Forest plot of studies investigating the effects of intranasal oxytocin on fixation towards”
Disorder-specific attentional-bias results cite the wrong figure
MinorThe results direct readers to Figure 3 for disorder-specific threat, whereas the figure caption identifies Figure 4 as that analysis.
“The studies investigating the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias towards disorder-specific threatening stimuli are presented in Figure3.”
“Figure: 4 Figure 4 . Figure 4. Forest plot of studies investigating the effects of intranasal oxytocin on attentional bias”
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“Healthy Acheson et al. 2013 Betw een subje cts 24 IU 45 min Healthy Oxytocin = 22 Placebo = 22 % female = 47.75 Oxytoc in = 28.2 (6.0) Placeb o = 35.5 (21.1) Fear condition ing (late acquisitio n) EMG startle magnitu de Conditio ned stimulus 0.03 [- 0.57 , 0.62 ] No Bertsch et al. 2013 Betw een subje cts 24 IU 45 min…”
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Clark-Elford, R., Nathan, P. J., Auyeung, B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Sule, A., Müller, U., Dudas, R. B., Sahakian, B. J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Brüne, M., Kolb, M., Ebert, A., Roser, P., & Edel, M.-A. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000240 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Oh, S.-M., Corfield, F., Jeong, D.-W., Jang, E.-Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.160 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationSimón, D., Kaufmann, C., Kniesche, R., Kischkel, E., & Kathmann, N. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.08.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Broderick, J., Grisham, J. R., & Weidemann, G. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Decay of interference as a function of the intertrial interval in short-term memory
Cermak, L. S. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029298 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Using eye movements to explore switch costs in working memory
Hedge, C., & Leonards, U. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.4.18 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Altman, S. E., Campbell, M. L., Nelson, B. D., Faust, J. P., & Shankman, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034487 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neural Circuits: Interacting Interneurons Regulate Fear Learning
Ozawa, T., & Johansen, J. P. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
OHMAN, A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373947-6/00156-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Sex differences in fear extinction
Velasco, E. R., Florido, A., Milad, M. R., & Andero, R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.020 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Steinman, M. Q., Duque-Wilckens, N., & Trainor, B. C. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Role of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake
Onaka, T., & Takayanagi, Y. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12700 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Müller, L. E., Bertsch, K., Bülau, K., Herpertz, S. C., & Buchheim, A. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Medication in AN: A Multidisciplinary Overview of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
Blanchet, C., Guillaume, S., Bat‐Pitault, F., Carles, M.-É., Clarke, J., Dodin, V., Duriez, P., Gérardin, P., Hanachi, M., Iceta, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8020278 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tabak, B. A., Teed, A. R., Castle, E., Dutcher, J. M., Meyer, M. L., Bryan, R., Irwin, M. R., Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.019 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hubble, K., Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Oxytocin Enhances the Neural Efficiency of Social Perception
Tillman, R. M., Gordon, I., Naples, A. J., Rolison, M. J., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Pelphrey, K. A., & McPartland, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00071 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
From Oxytocin to Compassion: The Saliency of Distress
Kucerova, B., Levit‐Binnun, N., Gordon, I., & Golland, Y. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12020183 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bray, B., Bray, C., Bradley, R. D., & Zwickey, H. L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106243 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Oxytocin System and Implications for Oxytocin Deficiency in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disease
Aulinas, A., & Lawson, E. A. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Role of Oxytocin in Early-Life-Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Jin, Y., Song, D. F., Yan, Y., Quan, Z., & Qing, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310430 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Annamneedi, A., Gora, C., Dudas, A., Leray, X., Bozon, V., Crépieux, P., & Pellissier, L. P. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16216 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor behavioral effects and cell types in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Luo, P. X., Zakharenkov, H. C., Torres, L. Y., Rios, R. A., Gegenhuber, B., Black, A. M., Xu, C. K., Minie, V. A., Tran, A. M., Tollkuhn, J., et al. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105203 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Leslie, M. R., Leppänen, J., Paloyelis, Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSakamoto, T., Sugimoto, S., & Uekita, T. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112701 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Oxytocin Normalizes Approach–Avoidance Behavior in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder
Schneider, I., Boll, S., Volman, I., Karin Roelofs, A., Spohn, A., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00120 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases the social salience of the outgroup in potential threat contexts
do Egito, J. H. T., Nevat, M., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Osório, A. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104733 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Oxytocin and the stress buffering effect of social company: a genetic study in daily life
Sicorello, M., Dieckmann, L., Moser, D., Lux, V., Luhmann, M., Schlotz, W., & Kumsta, R. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schultebraucks, K., Maslahati, T., Wingenfeld, K., Hellmann‐Regen, J., Kraft, J., Kownatzki, M., Behnia, B., Ripke, S., Otte, C., & Roepke, S. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01247-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Romney, C. E., Hahn‐Holbrook, J., Norman, G. J., Moore, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Voncken, M. J., Dijk, C., Stöhr, F., Niesten, I. J. M., Schruers, K. R. J., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Eom, J., Leppänen, J., Leslie, M. R., & Treasure, J. L. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHohl, C. H., Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Delgadillo, J. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105935 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Augmenting Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co-Occurring Conditions with Oxytocin
Flanagan, J. C., & Mitchell, J. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-019-00171-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lake, A. A., & Trainor, B. C. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105487 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kang, H., Glaser, B. D., Sartorius, A. M., Audunsdottir, K., Kildal, E. S.-M., Nærland, T., Andreassen, O. A., Westlye, L. T., & Quintana, D. S. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02871-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Radke, S., Jankowiak, K., Tops, S., Abel, T. G., Habel, U., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stauffer, C. S., Morrison, T. E., Meinzer, N. K., Leung, D., Buffington, J., Sheh, E. G., Neylan, T. C., O’Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114340 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Osório, F. D. L., Rojas, G. V. E., & AGUIAR-RICZ, L. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.943578 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Longitudinal tracking of human plasma oxytocin suggests complex responses to moral elevation
Parkitny, L., Carter, C. S., Peckins, M. K., Hon, D., Saturn, S. R., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Hurlbut, W. B., Knutson, B. D., Crane, S. M., Harris, X., et al. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100105 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neural Responses to Intranasal Oxytocin in Youths With Severe Irritability
Hwang, S., Suk, J.-W., Meffert, H., Lerdahl, A., Garvey, W. F., Edwards, R. D., DeLizza, A. A., Vaughan, B. S., Cordts, K. M. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230174 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A tutorial for calculating field-specific effect size distributions
Glaser, B. D., Kang, H., Audunsdottir, K., Sartorius, A. M., & Quintana, D. S. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03003-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Memory reconsolidation: a proposed change mechanism for the arts therapies
Hass‐Cohen, N., & Clay, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2025.1518743 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The future is here: Mind control and torture in the digital era
Pérez‐Sales, P. (2022) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v32i1-2.132846 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Hormonal Mechanisms of In-Pair Mating and Maintenance
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The complex role of oxytocin in fear acquisition and generalization
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Oxytocin Modulation of Explicit Pandemic Stigma in Men with Varying Social Anxiety Levels.
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Oxytocin and vasopressin levels in maltreated children: A systematic review
Beyazıt, U., Kuru, A., Ildız, G. İ., Uzun, M., Şirin, H., Ayhan, A. B., & Yılmaz, S. (2023) · Sağlık ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33308/2687248x.202351274
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on fear, pain and aversive memory
Silva, J. U., & Brito, I. (2026) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2026.102618
Atila, C., Leibnitz, S., Nikaj, A., Liechti, M. E., de Quervain, D. J. ‐., & Christ‐Crain, M. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109940
- Authors
- Leppanen, J., Ng, K. W., Kim, Y.-R., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J.
- Affiliations
- Singapore General Hospital (SG)
- Inje University (KR)
- Ilia State University (GE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 225
- Pages
- 167-179
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2747719159
- Semantic Scholar
- 686accf3bfd996f29013bf1191b07c198fead6ba
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Singapore General Hospital
- Mental Health Research UK
- National Institute for Health Research
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King's College London, University of London
- Department of Health
- National Institute on Handicapped Research
- CGD Research Trust
- Swiss Continence Foundation (R1405174, 82905, 58-16)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- intranasal oxytocin, threat processing, threat sensitivity, startle response, attentional bias, borderline personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression, anxiety, alcoholism, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Anorexia Nervosa, Anxiety, Attention, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Fear, Humans, Oxytocics, Oxytocin, Reflex, Startle
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
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