The DOI matches its Crossref record; 217 of the 218 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology
Open accessAbstract
mRNA vaccines represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration. However, their application has until recently been restricted by the instability and inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA. Recent technological advances have now largely overcome these issues, and multiple mRNA vaccine platforms against infectious diseases and several types of cancer have demonstrated encouraging results in both animal models and humans. This Review provides a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines and considers future directions and challenges in advancing this promising vaccine platform to widespread therapeutic use.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“mRNA production and lipid nanoparticle formulation are fast and highly scalable, which renders this technology suitable for the rapid development and supply of vaccines during pandemic scenarios 11,12 .”
From BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“samRNA vaccines can induce potent immune responses at lower doses due to their ability to amplify antigen production within the body, potentially reducing the risk of adverse reactions6,44.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In particular, we focused on ψ and m1ψ, since these substitutions for U have been widely adopted for mRNA therapeutics and vaccines due to improved in-cell translation and to better control of innate immune responses2,3,8,67 through avoidance of recognition by cellular toll-like receptors (TLR7 and TLR8)68, RIG‑I, and PKR69–71.”
From Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The technique can be easily scaled requiring minimum platform changes during mRNA formulation and production (Pardi et al. 2018).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Pardi et al. 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which is widely believed to be critical to the recent success of mRNA vaccines1,2,10,37,38”
From Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The mRNA also does not interact with the genome and only the parts directly required for the encoded protein expression are present in this basic genetic construct (Pardi et al. 2018).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Pardi et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“Both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, as well as the adenoviral-vectored vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, have been shown to induce type I interferon, thus potentially inducing pathogen-agnostic protection75–77.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“Non-replicating mRNA vaccines deliver exclusively genetic information coding for the target antigen, thus containing the 5′-cap, 5′ untranslated region (UTR), 3′ UTR, and 3′-poly(A) tail regions.108”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the upscaling of cell-free vaccine production is relatively straightforward, thereby providing a cutting-edge tool for rapid response in epidemics and pandemics.4, 5, 6, 7”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Unlike some viral vaccines, mRNA does not integrate into the genome, obviating concerns about insertional mutagenesis5.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The use of modified nucleosides, particularly modified uridine, prevents recognition by pattern recognition receptors, enabling sufficient levels of translation to produce prophylactic amounts of protein5.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“although it has been employed for various therapeutic targets, its use as a source of antigen in vaccination approaches is by far the most popular [2]”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“mRNA has shown therapeutic potential in a range of applications, including viral vaccines, protein replacement therapies, cancer immunotherapies, cellular reprogramming and genome editing2,4,7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“mRNA normally contains five structural elements, that is, a 5′ cap, a 3′ poly(A) tail, a protein-coding sequence and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs)2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“mRNA is susceptible to degradation and, thus, formulation buffers should be free of any ribonuclease contaminations2,4.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“These elements can be engineered to improve the stability and translational efficiency of mRNA2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Chromatographic purification can remove double-stranded RNA, an analogue of viral genome, in IVT mRNA preparations, diminishing immune activation and increasing translational efficiency2,4,7,183.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Chemical modifications of specific IVT mRNA nucleotides, such as pseudouridine (ψ) and N1-methylpseudouridine (m1ψ), can reduce innate immune sensing of exogenous mRNA translation2,4,7,182.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Many other lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations are in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorders2,4,8,12–14 (Tables 1,2).”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“These features make lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations a flexible and on-demand vaccine platform to rapidly respond to emerging infectious pathogens4,15,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“To address these concerns, the engineering of mRNA molecules (Box 1) and the design of lipid nanoparticles have been optimized2,4,7–17, which has contributed to the rapid development and clinical assessment15,17 of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-1273 (NCT04470427)19,20 and BNT162b2 (NCT04368728)21.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Since then, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations have emerged as a potent alternative to conventional vaccine platforms, owing to their unique features4,15,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, mRNA-based cellular reprogramming, tissue regeneration and genome editing have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical studies2,4,8,12–14.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“First, mRNA is a non-infective and non-integrating agent with the ability to encode a broad range of antigens4,15,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Finally, GMP-grade lipid nanoparticle-mRNA vaccines can be manufactured for specific antigens in a short period of time, compared with other vaccine platforms, such as recombinant proteins and inactivated vaccines2,4,15,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Neoantigens are often different between individual patients, allowing the development of personalized vaccines4,11.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Neoantigens, generated by somatic mutations in cancer cells, are usually tumour-specific and have high immunogenicity4,11.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The sequences of these elements regulate translation initiation, translation termination and post-transcriptional modification of mRNA molecules2,4.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“To achieve effective translation, mRNA requires five structural elements, including the 5′ cap, 3′ poly(A) tail, protein-coding sequence and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs)2,4.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“the application of RNA vaccines has been limited by their lack of stability and requirement for a cold chain”
From A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
In the citing paper
“RNA vaccines, for example, have exhibited encouraging results in both infection therapy and cancer immunotherapy.[6, 7, 11–15]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“mRNA functions as the bridge between DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells.[8, 12, 119]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo
Wolff, J. A., Malone, R. W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A., & Felgner, P. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1690918 · Cited by 4,173
An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma
Ott, P. A., Hu, Z., Keskin, D. B., Shukla, S. A., Sun, J., Bozym, D. J., Zhang, W., Luoma, A., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Peter, L., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22991 · Cited by 2,936
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H., & Weissman, D. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008 · Cited by 2,728
Self-citationPersonalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer
Sahin, U., Derhovanessian, E., Miller, M., Kloke, B.-P., Simon, P., Löwer, M., Bukur, V., Tadmor, A. D., Luxemburger, U., Schrörs, B., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23003 · Cited by 2,488
mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs
Sahin, U., Karikó, K., & Türeci, Ö. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4278 · Cited by 2,474
Karikó, K., Muramatsu, H., Welsh, F. A., Ludwig, J., Kato, H., Akira, S., & Weissman, D. (2008) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200 · Cited by 1,930
Self-citationSystemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy
Kranz, L. M., Diken, M., Haas, H., Kreiter, S., Loquai, C., Reuter, K. C., Meng, M., Fritz, D., Vascotto, F., Hefesha, H., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18300 · Cited by 1,819
Delivery materials for siRNA therapeutics
Kanasty, R., Dorkin, J. R., Vegas, A., & Anderson, D. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3765 · Cited by 1,800
Johnston, R. J., Poholek, A. C., DiToro, D., Yusuf, I., Eto, D., Barnett, B., Dent, A. L., Craft, J., & Crotty, S. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1175870 · Cited by 1,626
Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells
Nurieva, R. I., Chung, Y., Martinez, G. J., Yang, X. O., Tanaka, S., Matskevitch, T. D., Wang, Y.-H., & Dong, C. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176676 · Cited by 1,506
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery
Hou, X., Zaks, T., Langer, R., & Dong, Y. (2021) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0 · Cited by 4,076
Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy
Riley, R., June, C. H., Langer, R., & Mitchell, M. J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z · Cited by 2,678
Tenchov, R., Bird, R., Curtze, A. E., & Zhou, Q. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c04996 · Cited by 2,221
A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments
Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 · Cited by 1,593
mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: structure and stability
Schoenmaker, L., Witzigmann, D., Kulkarni, J. A., Verbeke, R., Kersten, G., Jiskoot, W., & Crommelin, D. J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120586 · Cited by 1,566
mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation
Chaudhary, N., Weissman, D., & Whitehead, K. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5 · Cited by 1,555
Self-citationImmune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic
(2020) · Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.12932/ap-200220-0772 · Cited by 1,537
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Design Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness
Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0 · Cited by 1,615
CAR T cells produced in vivo to treat cardiac injury
Rurik, J. G., Tombácz, I., Yadegari, A., Méndez Fernández, P. O., Shewale, S. V., Li, L., Kimura, T., Soliman, O. Y., Papp, T. E., Tam, Y. K., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm0594 · Cited by 1,400
Self-citationThe current landscape of nucleic acid therapeutics
Kulkarni, J. A., Witzigmann, D., Thomson, S. B., Chen, S., Leavitt, B. R., Cullis, P. R., & van der Meel, R. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00898-0 · Cited by 1,371
Drug delivery systems for RNA therapeutics
Paunovska, K., Loughrey, D., & Dahlman, J. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00439-4 · Cited by 1,349
Block copolymer micelles in nanomedicine applications
Cabral, H., Miyata, K., Osada, K., & Kataoka, K. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00199 · Cited by 1,309
van der Meel, R., Sulheim, E., Shi, Y., Kiessling, F. M., Mulder, W. J. M., & Lammers, T. (2019) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0567-y · Cited by 1,279
The role of lipid components in lipid nanoparticles for vaccines and gene therapy
Gregersen, C. H., Kulkarni, J. A., Witzigmann, D., Lind, M. L., Petersson, K., & Simonsen, J. B. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114416 · Cited by 1,271
Personalized vaccines for cancer immunotherapy
Şahin, U., & Türeci, Ö. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar7112 · Cited by 1,175
Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery
Kowalski, P. S., Rudra, A., Miao, L., & Anderson, D. G. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012 · Cited by 1,127
Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines
Blass, E., & Ott, P. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-020-00460-2 · Cited by 1,042
Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies
Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F., Miller, M. S., Lichty, B. D., & Xing, Z. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6 · Cited by 1,015
On the mechanism of tissue-specific mRNA delivery by selective organ targeting nanoparticles
Dilliard, S. A., Cheng, Q., & Siegwart, D. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2109256118 · Cited by 1,018
Ahn, D., Shin, H.-J., Kim, M.-H., Lee, S.-H., Kim, H.-S., Myoung, J., Kim, B., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2003.03011 · Cited by 1,033
Neoantigens: promising targets for cancer therapy
Xie, N., Shen, G., Gao, W., Huang, Z., Huang, C., & Fu, L. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01270-x · Cited by 1,020
mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy
Miao, L., Zhang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01335-5 · Cited by 966
CAR T Cells Produced in vivo to Treat Cardiac Injury
Rurik, J. G., Tombácz, I., Yadegari, A., Fernández, P. O. M., Shewale, S. V., Li, L., Kimura, T., Soliman, O. Y., Papp, T. E., Tam, Y. K., et al. (2023) · HAL · Cited by 926
Self-citationProal, A. D., & VanElzakker, M. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169 · Cited by 921
Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical application
Large, D. E., Abdelmessih, R. G., Fink, E. A., & Auguste, D. T. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113851 · Cited by 886
BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Vogler, I., Derhovanessian, E., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Quandt, J., Bidmon, N., Ulges, A., Baum, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6 · Cited by 919
Chemistry, structure and function of approved oligonucleotide therapeutics
Egli, M., & Manoharan, M. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad067 · Cited by 909
The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies
Barbier, A. J., Jiang, A. Y., Zhang, P., Wooster, R., & Anderson, D. G. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01294-2 · Cited by 823
mRNA-based therapeutics: powerful and versatile tools to combat diseases
Qin, S., Tang, X., Chen, Y., Chen, K., Fan, N., Xiao, W., Zheng, Q., Li, G., Teng, Y., Wu, M., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01007-w · Cited by 852
Mucosal vaccines — fortifying the frontiers
Lavelle, E. C., & Ward, R. W. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00583-2 · Cited by 786
Alameh, M.-G., Tombácz, I., Bettini, E., Lederer, K., Ndeupen, S., Sittplangkoon, C., Wilmore, J. R., Gaudette, B. T., Soliman, O. Y., Pine, M., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.001 · Cited by 775
Self-citationRoles and mechanisms of alternative splicing in cancer — implications for care
Bonnal, S., López‐Oreja, I., & Valcárcel, J. (2020) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-020-0350-x · Cited by 760
Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress
Liu, J., Fu, M., Wang, M., Wan, D., Wei, Y., & Wei, X. (2022) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01247-x · Cited by 762
Miao, L., Li, L., Huang, Y., Delcassian, D., Chahal, J., Han, J., Shi, Y., Sadtler, K., Gao, W., Lin, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0247-3 · Cited by 723
Mendes, B. B., Conniot, J., Avital, A., Yao, D., Jiang, X., Zhou, X., Sharf-Pauker, N., Xiao, Y., Adir, O., Liang, H., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00104-y · Cited by 719
COVID-19 vaccines: modes of immune activation and future challenges
Teijaro, J. R., & Färber, D. L. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00526-x · Cited by 714
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates
Kyriakidis, N. C., López‐Cortés, A., Vásconez-González, J., Barreto-Grimaldos, A., & Ortiz‐Prado, E. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w · Cited by 700
Advances in mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases
Zhang, C., Maruggi, G., Shan, H., & Li, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00594 · Cited by 696
COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward
Shin, M. D., Shukla, S., Chung, Y. H., Beiss, V., Chan, S. K., Ortega-Rivera, O. A., Wirth, D. M., Chen, A., Sack, M., Pokorski, J. K., et al. (2020) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y · Cited by 660
Goel, R. R., Apostolidis, S. A., Painter, M. M., Mathew, D., Pattekar, A., Kuthuru, O., Gouma, S., Hicks, P., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abi6950 · Cited by 655
Circular RNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants
Qu, L., Yi, Z., Shen, Y., Lin, L., Chen, F., Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Tian, F., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435594 · Cited by 636
Abbasi, R., Shineh, G., Mobaraki, M., Doughty, S., & Tayebi, L. (2023) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-023-05690-w · Cited by 666
Lipids and Lipid Derivatives for RNA Delivery
Zhang, Y., Sun, C., Wang, C., Jankovic, K. E., & Dong, Y. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00244 · Cited by 649
Improving cancer immunotherapy through nanotechnology
Goldberg, M. S. (2019) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0186-9 · Cited by 628
Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated mRNA Delivery for Human CAR T Cell Engineering
Billingsley, M. M., Singh, N., Ravikumar, P., Zhang, R., June, C. H., & Mitchell, M. J. (2020) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04246 · Cited by 636
Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans
Sadarangani, M., Marchant, A., & Kollmann, T. R. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00578-z · Cited by 560
Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Fang, E., Liu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Zhu, B., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y · Cited by 601
Endosomal escape: A bottleneck for LNP-mediated therapeutics
Chatterjee, S., Kon, E., Sharma, P., & Peer, D. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307800120 · Cited by 628
Therapeutic cancer vaccines: Advancements, challenges, and prospects
Fan, T., Zhang, M., Yang, J., Zhu, Z., Cao, W., & Dong, C. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01674-3 · Cited by 597
Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines
Wadhwa, A., Aljabbari, A., Lokras, A., Foged, C., & Thakur, A. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020102 · Cited by 584
Nanomaterial Delivery Systems for mRNA Vaccines
Buschmann, M. D., Carrasco, M. J., Alishetty, S., Paige, M., Alameh, M. G., & Weissman, D. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9010065 · Cited by 582
Self-citationLipid nanoparticles enabling gene therapies: from concepts to clinical utility
Kulkarni, J. A., Cullis, P. R., & van der Meel, R. (2018) · Nucleic Acid Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/nat.2018.0721 · Cited by 592
Biopharmaceutical benchmarks 2022
Walsh, G., & Walsh, E. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01582-x · Cited by 603
Wang, X., Liu, S., Sun, Y., Yu, X., Lee, S. M., Cheng, Q., Wei, T., Gong, J., Robinson, J. J., Zhang, D., et al. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-022-00755-x · Cited by 581
A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates
Dong, Y., Dai, T., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, M., & Zhou, F. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00352-y · Cited by 555
mRNA vaccines manufacturing: challenges and bottlenecks
Rosa, S. S., Prazeres, D. M. F., Azevedo, A. M., & Marques, M. P. C. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.038 · Cited by 545
Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Naradikian, M. S., Parkhouse, K., Cain, D. W., Jones, L., Moody, M. A., Verkerke, H. P., Myles, A., Willis, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171450 · Cited by 530
Self-citationIL-1 and IL-1ra are key regulators of the inflammatory response to RNA vaccines
Tahtinen, S., Tong, A.-J., Himmels, P., Oh, J., Paler-Martinez, A., Kim, L., Wichner, S., Oei, Y., McCarron, M. J., Freund, E. C., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01160-y · Cited by 535
Addressing the Cold Reality of mRNA Vaccine Stability
Crommelin, D. J. A., Anchordoquy, T. J., Volkin, D. B., Jiskoot, W., & Mastrobattista, E. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006 · Cited by 517
Thi, T. T. H., Suys, E. J. A., Lee, J. S., Nguyen, D. H., Park, K. D., & Truong, N. P. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9040359 · Cited by 551
Clinical advances and ongoing trials of mRNA vaccines for cancer treatment
Lorentzen, C. L., Haanen, J. B. A. G., Met, Ö., & Svane, I. M. (2022) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00372-2 · Cited by 555
Genetic programming of macrophages to perform anti-tumor functions using targeted mRNA nanocarriers
Zhang, F., Parayath, N. N., Ene, C., Stephan, S. B., Koehne, A. L., Coon, M. E., Holland, E. C., & Stephan, M. T. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11911-5 · Cited by 527
New Vaccine Technologies to Combat Outbreak Situations
Rauch, S., Jasny, E., Schmidt, K. E., & Petsch, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963 · Cited by 579
mRNA as a Transformative Technology for Vaccine Development to Control Infectious Diseases
Maruggi, G., Zhang, C., Li, J., Ulmer, J. B., & Yu, D. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.020 · Cited by 507
Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis
Chen, W., Schilperoort, M., Cao, Y., Shi, J., Tabas, I. A., & Tao, W. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00629-x · Cited by 544
Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases
Kirtane, A. R., Verma, M., Karandikar, P., Furin, J., Langer, R., & Traverso, G. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8 · Cited by 520
Kim, J., Eygeris, Y., Gupta, M., & Sahay, G. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.014 · Cited by 514
Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology
Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., & Weissman, D. (2020) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.008 · Cited by 512
Self-citationQiu, M., Tang, Y., Chen, J., Muriph, R. E., Ye, Z., Huang, C., Evans, J. J., Henske, E. P., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116271119 · Cited by 514
The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case
Verbeke, R., Lentacker, I., De Smedt, S. C., & Dewitte, H. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.043 · Cited by 504
The landscape of mRNA nanomedicine
Huang, X., Kong, N., Zhang, X., Cao, Y., Langer, R., & Tao, W. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02061-1 · Cited by 511
Huang, Y., Guo, X., Wu, Y., Chen, X., Feng, L., Xie, N., & Shen, G. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01745-z · Cited by 537
Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity
Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Lin, A., Xu, C., Li, Z., Liu, K., Liu, B., Ma, X., Zhao, F., Jiang, H., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06127-z · Cited by 531
Mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine
Li, C., Lee, A., Grigoryan, L., Arunachalam, P. S., Scott, M. K. D., Trisal, M., Wimmers, F., Sanyal, M., Weidenbacher, P. A., Feng, Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01163-9 · Cited by 505
The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective
Jackson, N. A. C., Kester, K. E., Casimiro, D., Gurunathan, S., & DeRosa, F. (2020) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-020-0159-8 · Cited by 498
“3 SAM differs with the inclusion of genetic replication machinery derived from positive-stranded mRNA viruses, most commonly from alphaviruses such as Sindbis and Semliki-Forest viruses.”
BackgroundMultifunctional biomolecule nanostructures for cancer therapy
Wang, J., Li, Y., & Nie, G. (2021) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00315-x · Cited by 513
mRNA-based cancer therapeutics
Liu, C., Shi, Q., Huang, X., Koo, S., Kong, N., & Tao, W. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-023-00586-2 · Cited by 500
Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases
Bloom, K., van den Berg, F., & Arbuthnot, P. (2021) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y · Cited by 487
Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Enables mRNA Delivery for Cancer Therapy
Zong, Y., Lin, Y., Wei, T., & Cheng, Q. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202303261 · Cited by 506
Evolution of drug delivery systems: From 1950 to 2020 and beyond
Park, H., Otte, A., & Park, K. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.030 · Cited by 507
Clinical translation of nanomedicines: Challenges, opportunities, and keys
Younis, M. A., Tawfeek, H. M., Abdellatif, A. A. H., Abdel-Aleem, J. A., & Harashima, H. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114083 · Cited by 506
Ortiz-Prado, E., Simbaña-Rivera, K., Gómez- Barreno, L., Rubio-Neira, M., Guaman, L. P., Kyriakidis, N. C., Muslin, C., Jaramillo, A. M. G., Barba-Ostria, C., Cevallos-Robalino, D., et al. (2020) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 · Cited by 458
Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19
Li, Y.-D., Chi, W.-Y., Su, J.-H., Ferrall, L., Hung, C., & Wu, T. ‐. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2 · Cited by 486
A Comprehensive Review of mRNA Vaccines
Gote, V., Bolla, P. K., Kommineni, N., Butreddy, A., Nukala, P. K., Palakurthi, S. S., & Khan, W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032700 · Cited by 457
Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines
Fernandes, Q., Inchakalody, V. P., Merhi, M., Mestiri, S., Taib, N., El-Ella, D. M. A., Bedhiafi, T., Raza, A., Al-Zaidan, L., Mohsen, M. O., et al. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2031274 · Cited by 466
The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights
Carvalho, T., Krammer, F., & Iwasaki, A. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00522-1 · Cited by 483
Microfluidic formulation of nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Shepherd, S. J., Issadore, D., & Mitchell, M. J. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120826 · Cited by 465
COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development
Asselah, T., Durantel, D., Pasmant, É., Lau, G. K. K., & Schinazi, R. F. (2020) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.031 · Cited by 478
A Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies
Liu, M. A. (2019) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines7020037 · Cited by 442
Ma, J., Bruce, T. J., Jones, E. M., & Cain, K. D. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7110569 · Cited by 429
Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells
Maugeri, M., Nawaz, M., Papadimitriou, A., Angerfors, A., Camponeschi, A., Na, M., Hölttä, M., Skantze, P., Johansson, S., Sundqvist, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12275-6 · Cited by 428
Chen, J., Ye, Z., Huang, C., Qiu, M., Song, D., Li, Y., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207841119 · Cited by 425
Review of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture
Bondad‐Reantaso, M. G., MacKinnon, B., Karunasagar, I., Fridman, S., Alday‐Sanz, V., Brun, E., Groumellec, M. L., Li, A., Surachetpong, W., Karunasagar, I., et al. (2023) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12786 · Cited by 445
The challenge and prospect of mRNA therapeutics landscape
Weng, Y., Li, C., Yang, T., Hu, B., Zhang, M., Guo, S., Xiao, H., Liang, X.-J., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107534 · Cited by 417
Lederer, K., Castaño, D., Gómez Atria, D., Oguin, T. H., Wang, S., Manzoni, T. B., Muramatsu, H., Hogan, M. J., Amanat, F., Cherubin, P., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.009 · Cited by 383
“First, mRNA-encoding SARS-CoV-2 antigens are translated into proteins directly in the host cells (Pardi et al., 2018b), and it was shown for the LucmRNA control vaccine that Luciferase expression is detectable for at least 10 days after injection (Pardi et al.”
InfluentialSelf-citationRNA Drugs and RNA Targets for Small Molecules: Principles, Progress, and Challenges
Yu, A., Choi, Y. H., & Tu, M. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.120.019554 · Cited by 421
Analytical characterization of liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery
Fan, Y., Marioli, M., & Zhang, K. (2020) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113642 · Cited by 427
Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics
Leppek, K., Byeon, G. W., Kladwang, W., Wayment-Steele, H. K., Kerr, C. H., Xu, A. F., Kim, D. S., Topkar, V. V., Choe, C., Rothschild, D., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28776-w · Cited by 399
Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics
Leppek, K., Byeon, G. W., Kladwang, W., Wayment-Steele, H. K., Kerr, C. H., Xu, A. F., Kim, D. S., Topkar, V. V., Choe, C., Rothschild, D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.437587 · Cited by 399
Maintaining safety with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
Castells, M. C., & Phillips, E. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2035343 · Cited by 395
Metadata
- Authors
- Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., & Weissman, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weissman, Drew
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2018-01-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 261-279
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- PMC
- PMC5906799
- OpenAlex
- W2782708334
- Cited by
- 4,667
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 640 · 2025: 683 · 2024: 630 · 2023: 662 · 2022: 801 · 2021: 808 · 2020: 303 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 49
- FWCI
- 30.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1066832, OPP1033102)
- National Institutes of Health (AI084860, AI-100645)
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011‐17‐2‐0069)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-100645, UM1AI100645, R01-AI084860, R01AI050484, R01AI124429, AI124429, U01AI067854, R01AI090788)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, mRNA stability, mRNA delivery, vaccine platforms, cancer vaccines, infectious disease vaccines, vaccine development
- MeSH terms
- Vaccinology, Animals, Humans, Neoplasms, RNA, Messenger, Vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
