The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life-essential activities that are regulated by emotion, reward and energy balance, require vigilance and therefore, by definition, wakefulness. The orexin (hypocretin) system regulates sleep and wakefulness through interactions with systems that regulate emotion, reward and energy homeostasis.
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Orexin maintains wakefulness and arousal and regulates sleep stability.
“orexin maintains wakefulness and arousal, as well as regulates sleep stability.17–21”
From Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The orexin system plays a central role in the interaction between feeding and arousal.
“Evidence has accumulated over the past 13 years to indicate that the orexin system plays a central role in this vital interaction between feeding and arousal.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [139]
An upregulation of the activity of orexin neurons may be a primary mechanism linking sleep deprivation and adverse metabolic effects.
“An upregulation of the activity of orexin neurons may be a primary mechanism linking sleep deprivation and adverse metabolic effects [4, 5].”
From Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Sakurai, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sakurai, Takeshi
- ORCID
- Sakurai, Takeshi
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-02-14
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-181
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2129357751
- Cited by
- 1,276
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Tsukuba
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- orexin, sleep regulation, wakefulness, neural circuits, sustained attention, emotions, reward, energy homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Narcolepsy, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neuropeptides, Sleep, Wakefulness, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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