The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial
Open accessAbstract
The current study is the first randomized-controlled trial evaluating the feasibility and initial efficacy of an 8-week outpatient Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) program as compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Participants were 168 adults with substance use disorders who had recently completed intensive inpatient or outpatient treatment. Assessments were administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 2 and 4 months post-intervention. Feasibility of MBRP was demonstrated by consistent homework compliance, attendance, and participant satisfaction. Initial efficacy was supported by significantly lower rates of substance use in those who received MBRP as compared to those in TAU over the 4-month post-intervention period. Additionally, MBRP participants demonstrated greater decreases in craving, and increases in acceptance and acting with awareness as compared to TAU. Results from this initial trial support the feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP as an aftercare approach for individuals who have recently completed an intensive treatment for substance use disorders.
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18 Own method · 17 Own result · 14 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The omnibus model for substance-use problems (Wald χ2 (7, N = 163) = 135.14, P <.001) was significant.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plainn = 163- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant main effects for t were qualified by a significant t × Treatment interaction, which indicated that AOD use decreased to a greater extent among MBRP versus TAU participants.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AOD use model was statistically significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 163) = 97.72,P <.001).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plainn = 163- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two months post-intervention, MBRP participants reported an average of 2.1 days of use, and TAU participants reported an average of 5.4 days (see Table 2).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant main effects for t were qualified by a significant t × Treatment interaction, suggesting that acting with awareness increased to a greater extent among MBRP versus TAU participants, for whom it decreased.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Models for the other subscales of the FFMQ evinced nonsignificant treatment effects or omnibus model tests (P > .05).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The craving (PACS) model was statistically significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 166) = 37.60, P < .001).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plainn = 166 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant t × Treatment interaction such that, over time, acceptance increased more among MBRP participants than among TAU participants (see Table 2).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the MBRP group showed an average 86% decrease in AOD use for each 2-month increase in linear time.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acting with awareness (FFMQ-ACT) model was marginally significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 165) = 13.03, P = .07).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plainn = 165 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant treatment interactions or main effects of treatment on substance use problems (P > .68).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant t2 × Treatment interaction also indicated a curvilinear effect of treatment on AOD use, which suggested that the treatment gains made by MBRP participants, compared to TAU participants, decayed by 4 months post-intervention.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many therapeutic orientations, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) (23) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression (MBCT) (24), use mindfulness techniques and practices, leading to growing evidence of its benefits (24–30).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most commonly available treatments in many developed countries are 12-step or mutual support groups (4).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“however, these approaches may not be clinically indicated for individuals adverse to the disease model of addiction (6) or whose spiritual beliefs and/or lifestyle are in conflict with the 12-step philosophy.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Integration of further efficacious treatment components may enhance RP treatment effects (18).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Participation in 12-step programs is associated with greater abstinence (5)”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“substance use disorders are often described as “chronic relapsing conditions” (2,3).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“RP has been disseminated for treatment of several types of substance abuse (8–12) with considerable empirical support (13–20).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“relapse remains a significant problem for 44% to 70% of clients (21).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other sociodemographic variables, including gender, ethnicity, and severity of initial substance use, were examined in primary analyses as potential covariates and moderators of the treatment effects. None were significant (all P > .05), and they were not included in final models.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 61%, 57%, and 73% of the sample (N = 168) completed post-intervention and 2-month and 4-month follow-up assessments, respectively.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
hedgedn = 168- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBRP participants reported attending 5.2 (2.4) or 65% of treatment sessions.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its internal consistency in the current study was .68.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“recent simulation studies have shown that the estimation method employed in this study (i.e., maximum likelihood estimation) is less biased and more precise in dealing with missing data than traditional data imputation methods, such as assuming use for missing observations (intent-to-treat methods) or carrying the last observation forward (56).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The TLFB has demonstrated good reliability and validity with both online and in-person administration (42).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“54% reported continued practice at 4 months post-intervention for an average of 4.7 ± 4.0 days/week and 29.9 ± 19.5 minutes per session.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“internal consistency in the current study was .96.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency in the current study was .91, with subscale alphas ranging from .80 to .87.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of the current study provide evidence for the feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP, offering empirical support for MBRP as an alternative to standard-of-care 12-step-based or related aftercare programs.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SCID-I has demonstrated reliability and validity in such settings.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attrition did not significantly differ between groups at any time point and the predictors in each model were not significantly associated with missing data on dependent variables.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, this RCT demonstrates empirical promise for feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP as an aftercare treatment for substance use disorders, and provides preliminary support for the theoretical framework behind mindfulness meditation as a therapy for addictive behaviors.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > DISCUSSION
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of screened participants (N = 260), 187 met eligibility criteria. Nine declined participation, 9 failed to complete the baseline assessment, and 1 refused randomization, reducing the overall sample to 168.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS
plainn = 260- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants rated the MBRP course as highly important (8.3 ± 1.4) and reported a high likelihood of continuing formal (8.9 ± 1.2) and informal (8.9 ± 1.7) meditation practices.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its internal consistency in the current sample was .87.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were randomly assigned, using a computerized random number generator, to either 8 weeks of MBRP or continuation of their existing TAU.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Design and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total number of treatment hours was therefore used as a covariate in all primary analyses.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for this baseline difference, race was used as a covariate in all analyses.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The current trial is the first randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for substance use disorders and relapse prevention.
“To our knowledge, this is the first RCT evaluating the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for substance use disorders and the prevention of relapse.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“An obstacle in MBRP is low adherence rates, with outpatient therapy having a compliance rate of 50%–60% compared to 70% for relapse prevention. 27”
From Enhancing Emotion Regulation and Overcoming Craving in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome Through Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pilot trials comparing an 8-week Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention Program (MBRP) to TAU have found significant decreases in stress, craving, and substance use, with similar effects after cultural adaptation for ethnically and racially diverse populations 20,21.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The length of treatment in the current protocol corresponds well to the mean number of sessions [5.2] attended by smokers in treatment, even when eight sessions are offered (Bowen et al., 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The length of treatment in the current protocol corresponds well to the mean number of sessions [5.2] attended by smokers in treatment, even when eight sessions are offered (Bowen et al., 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over the course of treatment, MBRP evinced fewer days of use compared to TAU (MBRP: M = .06 days, TAU: M = 2.57 days).”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials have shown the benefits of this protocol in respect of reducing the number of days of use, the amounts of alcohol or other drugs consumed, the risk of relapse compared with standard Relapse Prevention or usual treatment (psychoeducational or twelve-step) (11–13).”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based meditation (MBM) or mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) is increasingly being employed in western psychology to alleviate a variety of mental and physical conditions including obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety and in the prevention of relapse in depression and drug addiction [6–10].”
From State and training effects of mindfulness meditation on brain networks reflect neuronal mechanisms of its antidepressant effect (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the retention rate of the MBRP group was slightly lower than the TAU group, it was comparable to, or even better than, some of the previous MBRP studies [17, 49, 52, 53].”
From The feasibility of mindfulness‐based relapse prevention for adults with substance use disorders (illicit drugs) in a Chinese population: A pilot randomized controlled trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total retention rate was 88.9%, which was above the 61% cut‐off, and was comparable to the original trial [17].”
From The feasibility of mindfulness‐based relapse prevention for adults with substance use disorders (illicit drugs) in a Chinese population: A pilot randomized controlled trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two randomized controlled trials of MBRP as aftercare for patients who had completed treatment in the community showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual (Bowen et al., 2009) and with cognitive behavioral treatment (Bowen et al., 2014).”
From Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention in a Jail Drug Treatment Program. (2019) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These differences persisted at 2-month follow-up (2.08 days for MBRP vs. 5.43 days for TAU).”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Compared to TAU, MBRP participants reported significantly reduced craving, and increased acceptance and mindful awareness over the 4-month follow-up period, consistent with the core goals of MBRP.”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have demonstrated promise for supporting recovery and improving mental health for persons with substance use conditions (e.g. Refs. [11–21]).”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The foundation content of the meditations was based on Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention [11].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The total retention rate was 88.9%, which was above the 61% cut‐off, and was comparable to the original trial [17].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MBRP average attendance in this study (4.59 sessions) was comparable to other studies (4.2–6.45 sessions) [17, 52, 53].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The trial that this study aimed to replicate had a retention rate of 61% at post‐intervention and 73% at 4‐month follow‐up [17].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“some authors have suggested that it is important to understand models of psychopathology by assessing the role of experiential avoidance as a mediator and/or moderator [31,32].”
From Cognitive fusion mediates the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and negative affects: A study in a sample of spanish children and adolescent school students (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have some success in treating SUD (Bowen et al., 2009, Witkiewitz et al., 2005, Zgierska et al., 2009)”
From Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence (2017) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other health outcomes, the health-promoting effects of meditation are most pronounced for pain and pain-related comorbidities, including opioid addiction and misuse,155–158 stress,37, 138 depression,159–161 and anxiety.31, 162, 163”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [157]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other health outcomes, the health-promoting effects of meditation are most pronounced for pain and pain-related comorbidities, including opioid addiction and misuse,155–158 stress,37, 138 depression,159–161 and anxiety.31, 162, 163”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“trait mindfulness can be increased through mindfulness meditation training (Bowen et al., 2009; Carmody & Baer, 2008)”
From Five Facets of Mindfulness and Psychological Health: Evaluating a Psychological Model of the Mechanisms of Mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is a novel approach to relapse prevention (a cognitive behavioral group therapy) (137).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
In the citing paper
“MBRP has been shown to reduce substance use compared with treatment as usual in patients with substance use disorders in both outpatient and residential settings (137–139).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.51reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“χ2 (1, N = 168) = 5.51, p = .02”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.631reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .427
“χ2 (1, N = 93) = .631, p = .43”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 97.72reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 163) = 97.72,p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 135.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 163) = 135.14, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 37.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 166) = 37.60, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 16.25reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .023
“χ2 (7,N = 163) = 16.25, p = .02”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 13.03reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .071
“χ2 (7, N = 165) = 13.03, p = .07”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS
“Approximately half identified as Caucasian (51.8%), followed by African American (28.6%), Multiracial (15.3%), and Native American (7.7%).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
“the MBRP group consisted of a higher proportion of White participants (63%) than TAU (45%).”
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MethodUsing Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
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“Suicidality was assessed using the suicide section of the Hamilton Depression Inventory (39), and a single item from the Brief Symptom Inventory (40) (“How much were you distressed by thoughts of ending your life?”).”
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“Lower scores have been associated with increased levels of psychopathology and decreased quality of life (48).”
BackgroundPrevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 714
Wupperman, P., Marlatt, G. A., Cunningham, A., Bowen, S., Berking, M., Mulvihill‐Rivera, N., & Easton, C. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20830 · Cited by 81
Self-citationHow effective is continuing care for substance use disorders? A meta-analytic review
Blodgett, J., Maisel, N., Fuh, I. L., Wilbourne, P., & Finney, J. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2013.08.022 · Cited by 77
The role of craving in emotional and uncontrolled eating
Verzijl, C. L., Ahlich, E., Schlauch, R. C., & Rancourt, D. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.014 · Cited by 79
“Similar to work in the addictions field showing the utility of mindfulness to decrease alcohol cravings (Bowen et al., 2009), mindfulness-based interventions show some promise of reducing food craving, which is associated with reduced loss of control eating following exposure to food cues (Alberts et al.”
ResultCarrico, A. W., Neilands, T. B., Dilworth, S. E., Evans, J. L., Gόmez, W., Jain, J. P., Gandhi, M., Shoptaw, S., Horvath, K. J., Coffin, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25436 · Cited by 79
Trait mindfulness predicts attentional and autonomic regulation of alcohol cue-reactivity
Garland, E. L. (2011) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000060 · Cited by 78
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., Wilson, A. D., & Witkiewitz, K. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0763-5 · Cited by 93
Self-citationHester, R. K., Lenberg, K. L., Campbell, W., & Delaney, H. D. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2565 · Cited by 77
“The interactive exercises in OA include tasks that focus on the 4-point program of SMART Recovery as well as additional activities to enhance motivation for change; track urges over time (with feedback); practice mindfulness exercises for preventing relapse [14], set goals, and make Change Plans [15].”
Goldenhersch, E., Thrul, J., Ungaretti, J., Rosencovich, N., Waitman, C., & Ceberio, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17571 · Cited by 76
“Taken together, these findings suggest that craving is a critical target in the development of novel therapeutics for tobacco use disorder treatment [27,28].”
BackgroundMindfulness and Emotion Regulation
Heppner, W. L., Spears, C. A., Vidrine, J. I., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_9 · Cited by 78
Sampedro‐Piquero, P., de Guevara‐Miranda, D. L., Pavón, F. J., Serrano, A., Suárez, J., de Fonseca, F. R., Santín, L. J., & Castilla‐Ortega, E. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015 · Cited by 85
A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions
Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00090-8 · Cited by 75
Bunjak, A., Černe, M., & Schölly, E. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.792599 · Cited by 74
Davis, J. P., Berry, D., Dumas, T. M., Ritter, E., Smith, D. C., Menard, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2018) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.05.002 · Cited by 71
“Other mindfulness based interventions such as mindfulness based relapse prevention (MBRP), a particular form of mindfulness training designed for drug and alcohol use patients (Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz, Marlatt, & Walker, 2005), has been shown to reduce perceived stress (Brewer, Bowen, Smith, Marlatt, & Potenza,…”
BackgroundInfluentialByrne, S. P., Haber, P., Baillie, A., Costa, D. S. J., Fogliati, V., & Morley, K. (2019) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agy089 · Cited by 71
Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-013-9679-0 · Cited by 72
“More recently, mindfulness-based relapse prevention (Bowen et al. 2009) has been developed as a group programme for preventing relapse following rehabilitation for substance use disorders.”
BackgroundA contextual model of self-regulation change mechanisms among individuals with addictive disorders
Roos, C. R., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.008 · Cited by 77
“A follow-up analysis of the Bowen et al. (2009) study did find that changes in mindfulness, as measured by the acting with awareness and non-judgment facets of mindfulness as well as acceptance, significantly mediated the effects of MBRP on substance craving (Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, & Hsu,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention with racial and ethnic minority women
Witkiewitz, K., Greenfield, B. L., & Bowen, S. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.018 · Cited by 71
“…in numerous areas, including prevention of substance use relapse (e.g., Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention [MBRP]; Bowen, Chawla, & Marlatt, 2010; Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz, Marlatt, & Walker, 2005) Some evidence suggests that mindfulness-based approaches may be particularly suited for…”
Self-citationMiller, A. E., & Racine, S. E. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1799804 · Cited by 71
“Moreover, mindfulness as a skill on its own, outside of the full DBT package, has also shown promise for treating conditions such as substance use and binge eating.(65,66) While mindfulness skills can be beneficial to all students, it is especially important that universities screen for 1392 A.”
BackgroundEdwards, E. R., & Wupperman, P. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1241066 · Cited by 82
“…Scale Total; Neg ED: Difficulty differentiating negative emotions; Pos ED: Difficulty differentiating positive emotions; Global ED: Overall difficulty in differentiating emotions *p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001 awareness and emotion regulation (Bowen et al. 2009; Teasdale et al. 2002).”
BackgroundCarim-Todd, L., Mitchell, S. H., & Oken, B. S. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.014 · Cited by 82
“Mindfulness involves self-regulation of attention to immediate experience, adopting a particular orientation toward one’s experiences in the present moment characterized by curiosity, openness, and acceptance (Bishop et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaffei, C., Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., Cavallaro, R., & Fossati, A. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1480035 · Cited by 76
“In particular, researchers have postulated that mindfulness improves cravings and triggers awareness and acceptance attitudes toward such experiences without reacting to them (e.g., Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, & Hsu, 2013; Witkiewitz, Lustyk, & Bowen, 2013).”
BackgroundSubstance Use Disorders and Anxiety: A Treatment Challenge for Social Workers
Brady, K. T., Haynes, L. F., Hartwell, K. J., & Killeen, T. K. (2013) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.774675 · Cited by 76
“Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP), developed as an aftercare treatment for individuals with SUD, has shown promising preliminary results in reducing cravings and drug use (S. Bowen et al., 2009).”
MethodMindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Smoking: A Systematic Literature Review
de Souza, I. C. W., de Barros, V. V., Gomide, H. P., Miranda, T. C. M., de Paula Menezes, V., Kozasa, E. H., & Noto, A. R. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2013.0471 · Cited by 66
Maddock, A., & Blair, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02082-y · Cited by 68
“The authors also felt that because MBRP is over ten years old (Bowen et al., 2009) and that in the same way that MBSR was adapted from its initial focus, of reducing the stress of people with chronic health conditions to focus on depression and anxiety, that MBRP may also have developed an evidence…”
BackgroundYoga as an adjunct treatment for alcohol dependence: a pilot study
Hallgren, M., Romberg, K., Bakshi, A.-S., & Andréasson, S. (2014) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2014.03.003 · Cited by 67
Ketamine and psychotherapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review
Kew, B. M., Porter, R. J., Douglas, K. M., Glue, P., Mentzel, C. L., & Beaglehole, B. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.53 · Cited by 69
The Turkish Version of Mindful Attention Awareness Scale: Preliminary Findings
Catak, P. D. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0072-3 · Cited by 71
“Results of these interventions indicate the benefits of mindfulness in reducing impulsive behaviors (Bowen et al. 2009; Van den Bosch et al. 2005) and the present findings also add further support to the contributing role of mindfulness training in the alleviation of impulsivity.”
ResultGlasner, S., Mooney, L. J., Ang, A., Garneau, H. C., Hartwell, E., Brecht, M.-L., & Rawson, R. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0586-9 · Cited by 66
“Subsequently, preliminary data accumulated suggesting that mindfulness based therapies hold promise in reducing negative affect, substance use, and cravings (Brewer et al. 2009; Bowen et al. 2006; Bowen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMindful Awareness and Non-judging in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Wahbeh, H., Lu, M. W., & Oken, B. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0064-3 · Cited by 76
“Since the introduction of MBSR, many adapted mindfulnessbased programs have been created specifically for various clinical populations such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (Teasdale et al. 2000) (major depression disorder relapse prevention), Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (Witkiewitz and Bowen 2010) (sub…”
BackgroundInfluentialShorey, R. C., Gawrysiak, M. J., Elmquist, J., Brem, M., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2017) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2017.1302661 · Cited by 64
“Consistent with prior research (21), the PACS was modified to also measure drug craving.”
MethodWitkiewitz, K. A., Stein, E., Votaw, V. R., Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Gallegos, S. J., Clark, V. P., & Claus, E. D. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14053 · Cited by 69
Self-citationThe Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591 · Cited by 64
PTSD and comorbid AUD: a review of pharmacological and alternative treatment options
Petrakis, I. L., Ralevski, E., & Olivera-Figueroa, L. A. (2014) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s37399 · Cited by 66
Amaro, H., Spear, S., Vallejo, Z., Conron, K., & Black, D. S. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.852587 · Cited by 62
“A dose of five or more sessions was hypothesized to be clinically meaningful based on outcomes from the MBRP study by Bowen et al. (2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBowen, S., & Kurz, A. S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20855 · Cited by 61
“(See Bowen et al., 2009, for full report.)”
InfluentialSelf-citationBiobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 65
Carrico, A. W., Gómez, W., Siever, M. D., Discepola, M. V., Dilworth, S. E., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0505-5 · Cited by 61
“Informed by prior research examining the efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (Bowen et al., 2009, 2014; Witkiewitz, Bowen, Douglas, & Hsu, 2013), participants also completed meditation exercises during ARTEMIS intervention sessions to further enhance metacognitive awareness and assist…”
Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.850309 · Cited by 59
“…indicate that mindfulness training interventions can reduce craving (Alberts, Mulkens, Smeets, & Thewissen, 2010; Alberts, Thewissen, & Raes, 2012; Bowen et al., 2009; Ussher, Cropley, Playle, Mohidin, & West, 2009; Westbrook et al., 2013), though other studies have failed to replicate this…”
ResultComputational models of drug use and addiction: A review.
Mollick, J., & Hedy Kober, A. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000503 · Cited by 64
“Additionally, recent evidence suggests that mindfulness-based treatments reduce drug-use (Bowen et al., 2009, 2014); they may do so by reducing the likelihood of maintaining a craving state after seeing drug cues, which reduces substance use behavior (e.g., Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill, &…”
BackgroundSpirituality Development for Homeless Youth: A Mindfulness Meditation Feasibility Pilot
Grabbe, L., Nguy, S. T., & Higgins, M. K. (2011) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9552-2 · Cited by 70
Survival Analysis of Drug Abuse Relapse in Addiction Treatment Centers
Kassani, A., Niazi, M., Hassanzadeh, J., & Menati, R. (2015) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.23402 · Cited by 61
“Furthermore, suitable medical and psychological interventions can be efficient to reduce relapse simultaneously (18, 30).”
BackgroundAdolescent brain development, substance use, and psychotherapeutic change.
Wetherill, R. R., & Tapert, S. F. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0029111 · Cited by 64
“As such, mindfulness-based approaches have been hypothesized to increase awareness, selfregulation, and tolerance of craving and relapse (Bowen et al., 2009; Brewer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLees, B., Garcia, A. M., Debenham, J., Kirkland, A. E., Bryant, B. E., Mewton, L. R., & Squeglia, L. M. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108500 · Cited by 64
Brewer, J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.014 · Cited by 58
Mindful moments: A review of brief, low‐intensity mindfulness meditation and induced mindful states
Heppner, W. L., & Shirk, S. D. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12424 · Cited by 67
Victorson, D., Kentor, M., Maletich, C., Lawton, R. C., Kaufman, V. H., Borrero, M., Languido, L., Lewett, K., Pancoe, H., & Berkowitz, C. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827614537789 · Cited by 68
Randomized controlled trial of a positive affect intervention for methamphetamine users
Carrico, A. W., Gόmez, W., Jain, J., Shoptaw, S., Discepola, M. V., Olem, D., Lagana-Jackson, J., Andrews, R., Neilands, T. B., Dilworth, S. E., et al. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.029 · Cited by 56
“Mindfulness components are hypothesized to increase acknowledgment, awareness, and tolerance of strong emotions (Bowen et al., 2009; Bowen et al., 2014; Brown et al., 2007; Witkiewitz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodMeditation-induced changes in high-frequency heart rate variability predict smoking outcomes
Libby, D. J., Worhunsky, P. D., Pilver, C. E., & Brewer, J. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00054 · Cited by 56
“…www.frontiersin.org March 2012 | Volume 6 | Article 54 | 1 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE treatment outcome; for example, depressed persons who exhibited a greater degree of HF-HRV reactivity to a sad film were more likely to recover from depression than those with blunted reactivity (Rottenberg et al., 2005).”
BackgroundImmune treatments for alcohol use disorder: A translational framework
Meredith, L. R., Burnette, E. M., Grodin, E. N., Irwin, M. R., & Ray, L. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.023 · Cited by 63
Lee, K.-H., Bowen, S., & An-Fu, B. (2011) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.3109/14659891.2010.505999 · Cited by 55
“Results from a recently pilot efficacy trial offer preliminary support for MBRP with individuals who have undergone initial treatment for substance use disorders (Bowen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRoos, C. R., Pearson, M. R., & Brown, D. B. (2015) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0038529 · Cited by 55
Thekiso, T. B., Murphy, P., Milnes, J., Lambe, K., Curtin, A., & Farren, C. K. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.05.005 · Cited by 60
Ngô, T.-L. (2014) · Sante Mentale au Quebec · doi:10.7202/1023988ar · Cited by 54
Ramadas, E., de Lima, M. P., Caetano, T., Lopes, J., & Dixe, M. D. A. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11100133 · Cited by 63
“The sessions include mindfulness practices and exercises that aim to increase the individual’s awareness of internal (emotional and cognitive) and external (situational) cues related to substance use and help in the development of appropriate coping strategies [21].”
Black, D. S., & Amaro, H. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103437 · Cited by 54
Petit, G., Luminet, O., Uva, M. C. D. S., Monhonval, P., Leclercq, S., Quentin, S., Zammit, F., Maurage, P., & de Timary, P. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13292 · Cited by 58
Brett, E. I., Espeleta, H. C., Lopez, S. V., Leavens, E. L. S., & Leffingwell, T. R. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.002 · Cited by 59
Impact of Mindfulness-Based Parenting on Women in Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder
Gannon, M., Mackenzie, M., Kaltenbach, K., & Abatemarco, D. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000336 · Cited by 53
Wupperman, P., Fickling, M. J., Klemanski, D. H., Berking, M., & Whitman, J. B. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21969 · Cited by 57
Verplaetse, T. L., Moore, K. E., Pittman, B. P., Roberts, W., Oberleitner, L., Smith, P. H., Cosgrove, K., & McKee, S. A. (2018) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017752637 · Cited by 58
Low dispositional mindfulness predicts self-medication of negative emotion with prescription opioids
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Thomas, E. A., Knoll, P., & Ferraro, J. (2015) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000090 · Cited by 52
“This dispositionality may be strengthened through participation in mindfulness-based interventions (Carmody & Baer, 2008), and studies (eg, Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz et al., 2012) have demonstrated the effects of mindfulness training on facets of dispositional mindfulness among persons with…”
BackgroundPrison Meditation Movements and Mass Incarceration
Lyons, T. P., & Cantrell, W. D. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15583807 · Cited by 51
“controlled trials of MBRP as aftercare for patients who had completed substance abuse treatment in the community showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual (Bowen et al., 2009) and cognitive behavioral treatment (Bowen et al.”
MethodWhen you see it, let it be: Urgency, mindfulness and adolescent substance use
Robinson, J. M., Ladd, B. O., & Anderson, K. G. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.011 · Cited by 51
“, 2009) and relapse prevention (Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz, Marlatt, & Walker, 2005), but less is known about the relation between baseline mindfulness and alcohol and other drug use in youth.”
InfluentialMindfulness:A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50
“, 2012), substance use (Bowen et al., 2009; Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010), and chronic pain conditions (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011; Rosenzweig et al.”
BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders
Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Griskaitis, M., Willutzki, R., Skoetz, N., Thönes, S., Zgierska, A. E., & Rösner, S. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011723.pub2 · Cited by 57
de Timary, P., Uva, M. C. D. S., Denoël, C., Hebborn, L. F., Derely, M., Desseilles, M., & Luminet, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071560 · Cited by 50
“At the end of the treatment, these patients exhibited a decrease in craving and increases in acceptance as compared to a control group [46].”
ResultMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention in a Jail Drug Treatment Program.
Lyons, T., Womack, V. Y., Cantrell, W. D., & Kenemore, T. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1491054 · Cited by 49
“…controlled trials of MBRP as aftercare for patients who had completed substance abuse treatment in the community showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual (Bowen et al., 2009) and cognitive behavioral treatment (Bowen et al., 2014).”
MethodSingh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Myers, R. E., Karazsia, B. T., Winton, A. S. W., & Singh, J. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9471-0 · Cited by 49
“The mindfulness training was adapted from mindfulness-based manuals used in drug relapse prevention (Bowen et al. 2009; Brewer et al. 2009).”
Blycker, G. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.127 · Cited by 49
“While the mechanisms are still incompletely understood, mindfulness approaches may instruct individuals that urges and cravings are transient events that are dynamic in which they change over time, and through this understanding and a calm acceptance, they may alter maladaptive patterns of behavior (Bowen et al., 2009…”
BackgroundBulzacka, E., Lavault, S., Pélissolo, A., & Bagnis, C. I. (2017) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2017.03.006 · Cited by 54
Reed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
Garland, E. L., Schwarz, N. R., Kelly, A., Whitt, A., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2012.702638 · Cited by 51
“Recent quantitative research indicates that participation in mindfulness interventions for addiction leads to reductions in substance use (Bowen et al., 2009) and craving (Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2011).”
BackgroundVowles, K. E., Witkiewitz, K., Cusack, K. J., Gilliam, W. P., Cardon, K. E., Bowen, S., Edwards, K. A., McEntee, M. L., & Bailey, R. W. (2020) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.007 · Cited by 49
Self-citationKetamine-facilitated behavioral treatment for cannabis use disorder: A proof of concept study
Azhari, N., Hu, H., O’Malley, K. Y., Blocker, M. E., Levin, F. R., & Dakwar, E. (2021) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1808982 · Cited by 48
Mindfulness Research in Social Work: Conceptual and Methodological Recommendations
Garland, E. L. (2013) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svt038 · Cited by 59
Evolutionary Mismatch and Chronic Psychological Stress
Brenner, S. L., Jones, J. P., Whaley, R. R., Parker, W., Flinn, M. V., & Muehlenbein, M. P. (2015) · Journal of Evolutionary Medicine · doi:10.4303/jem/235885 · Cited by 51
Andreu, C. I., Cosmelli, D., Slagter, H. A., & Franken, I. H. A. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191661 · Cited by 47
Overview of Outcome Data of Potential Meditation Training for Soldier Resilience
Rees, B. M. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00067 · Cited by 50
Zemestani, M., & Ottaviani, C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0576-y · Cited by 46
“Indeed, there is growing empirical support for mindfulness interventions in SUDs.”
ResultInfluentialAdams, C. E., Cano, M. A., Heppner, W. L., Stewart, D. W., Correa-Fernández, V., Vidrine, J. I., Li, Y., Cinciripini, P. M., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Wetter, D. W. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0263-1 · Cited by 45
“These results are consistent with extant studies suggesting that mindfulness is associated with reduced at-risk drinking (e.g., Mindfulness (MAAS) PHQ psychosocial stressors Bowen et al. 2009; Fernandez et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2011; Witkiewitz and Bowen 2010; Witkiewitz et al. 2005).”
Roos, C. R., Kirouac, M., Stein, E., Wilson, A. D., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1054-5 · Cited by 45
Self-citationThe Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Embodied Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation
Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Sadowski, I., & Spinelli, C. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211059856 · Cited by 55
“…most of the current Western MBPs, for example, MBSR (Kabat-Zinn, 1982, 1990), MBCT (Segal et al., 2013), Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP, Bowen et al., 2009), and MindfulnessBased Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT, Kristeller et al., 2014; Kristeller & Hallett, 1999), emphasize…”
BackgroundOne-on-One Mindfulness Meditation Trainings in a Research Setting
Wahbeh, H., Lane, J. B., Goodrich, E., Miller, M., & Oken, B. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0155-9 · Cited by 50
“2002), Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (Kristeller and Wolever 2011), Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (Bowen et al. 2009), and MindfulnessBased Childbirth and Parenting (Duncan and Bardacke 2010).”
BackgroundMethodMindfulness-Based Substance Abuse Treatment for Incarcerated Youth: A Mixed Method Pilot Study
Himelstein, S. (2011) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2011.30.1-2.1 · Cited by 46
“This study supports previous research (e.g., Biegel et al., 2009; Bowen et al., 2009; Himelstein et al., in press) demonstrating that mindfulness-based interventions are feasible treatments for adolescent and substance using populations.”
New Developments in Behavioral Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
Kiluk, B. D., & Carroll, K. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0420-1 · Cited by 45
“As stress-induced craving has been predictive of relapse [71], MBRP is thought to work, in part, by reducing stress reactions and the subjective experience of craving [70, 72].”
InfluentialConsidering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Murphy, C. M., & MacKillop, J. (2014) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12322 · Cited by 45
“…quantity and frequency of drinking and drug use (Bowen et al., 2006), increased acceptance and acting with awareness and decreasing craving and alcohol use (Bowen et al., 2009), and decreased dysregulated behavioral tendencies such as drinking and acting aggressively (Wupperman et al., 2012).”
BackgroundReview of Mindfulness-Related Interventions to Modify Eating Behaviors in Adolescents
Omiwole, M., Richardson, C., Huniewicz, P., Dettmer, E. L., & Paslakis, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122917 · Cited by 49
“Mindfulness-based approaches, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [22], mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) [23], or mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) [24], promote mindfulness through formal meditation practice.”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43
Harper, S. K., Webb, T. L., & Rayner, K. (2013) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445513476085 · Cited by 44
“…has been used to support people with a range of clinical issues, including managing anger (Wright, Day, & Howells, 2009), reducing substance misuse (Bowen et al., 2009), stress, depression, and anxiety (Speca, Carlson, Goodey, & Angen, 2000) and improving psychological well-being (Chambers &…”
MethodKopera, M., Jakubczyk, A., Suszek, H., Glass, J. M., Klimkiewicz, A., Wnorowska, A., Brower, K. J., & Wojnar, M. (2014) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu099 · Cited by 47
“based training might be effective in treating substance use disorders (Witkiewitz et al., 2005; Bowen et al., 2009).”
InfluentialDelgado-Pastor, L. C., Ciria, L. F., Blanca, B., Mata, J. L., Vera, M. N., & Vila, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.001 · Cited by 43
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Clifasefi, S., Garner, M., Douglass, A., Larimer, M. E., & Marlatt, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Washington Tacoma (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bowen, Sarah
- Venue
- Substance Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-305
- ISSN
- 0889-7077 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-0164
- PMC
- PMC3280682
- OpenAlex
- W2091260500
- Cited by
- 715
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 16.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Substance Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA010562, R21DA019562)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based relapse prevention, substance use disorders, follow-up care, relapse prevention, craving, acceptance, acting with awareness, usual care, outpatient care, feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Patient Dropouts, Pilot Projects, Psychotherapy, Behavior, Addictive, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Meditation, Substance-Related Disorders, Secondary Prevention
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