The DOI matches its Crossref record; 239 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet; 110 of the 200 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
Open accessAbstract
Functional neurological disorder reflects impairments in brain networks leading to distressing motor, sensory and/or cognitive symptoms that demonstrate positive clinical signs on examination incongruent with other conditions. A central issue in historical and contemporary formulations of functional neurological disorder has been the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions. However, the debate has mostly omitted fundamental questions about the nature of emotions in the first place. In this perspective article, we first outline a set of relevant working principles of the brain (e.g. allostasis, predictive processing, interoception and affect), followed by a focused review of the theory of constructed emotion to introduce a new understanding of what emotions are. Building on this theoretical framework, we formulate how altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms. In doing so, we address several themes for the functional neurological disorder field including: (i) how energy regulation and the process of emotion category construction relate to symptom generation, including revisiting alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', dissociation, insecure attachment and the influential role of life experiences; (ii) re-interpret select neurobiological research findings in functional neurological disorder cohorts through the lens of the theory of constructed emotion to illustrate its potential mechanistic relevance; and (iii) discuss therapeutic implications. While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.
Verified 2026-10-11 · 2 references not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
32 Partly supported · 29 Own interpretation · 19 No full text of the sources · 14 No basis given · 7 Supported · 6 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The notion that discrete emotion categories can be reliably identified by specific behavioural patterns and/or physiological features has been seriously called into doubt by the marked variability within instances of the same category as well as similarities across categories.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Durán, 2021, Do emotions result in their predicted facial expressions? A meta-analysis of studies on the link between expression and emotion, Emotion sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Confidence in the Findings section reports heterogeneity within some emotion categories, and Moving Beyond rejects the assumption that basic emotions uniformly produce their predicted facial expressions. Implications for Research also reports other reviews’ findings that classic emotions lack distinct autonomic fingerprints. But this paper does not establish the claimed similarities across categories; it notes that systematic information about unpredicted facial movements is lacking. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [54] Gendron, 2020, Emotion perception in Hadza hunter-gatherers, Sci Rep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion report substantial variation in facial movements within emotion categories and similarities across categories, calling into question whether facial expressions reliably identify discrete emotions. The study examined actors’ facial poses in photographs; it does not establish the same point for physiological features or behavioural patterns beyond facial expressions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [56] Srinivasan, 2021, Cross-cultural and cultural-specific production and perception of facial expressions of emotion in the wild, IEEE Trans Affect Comput sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.6.2 reports multiple facial configurations for the same emotion and widely varying agreement on category labels, supporting the concern about variability in behavioural patterns. The paper also finds substantial cross-cultural consistency in identifying emotion categories; these passages do not establish the claimed similarities across categories or address physiological features. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [57] Barrett, 2019, Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements, Psychol Sci Public Interest source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [60] Hoemann, 2020, Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience, Sci Rep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Khalaf, 2020, Analysis of multimodal physiological signals within and between individuals to predict psychological challenge vs. threat, Expert Syst Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Stemmler, 2007, Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses, Int J Psychophysiol source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, accumulating cognitive-affective neuroscience evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with this classical view of emotion and its implications (Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication).[47][48][49][50][51]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [47] Mobbs, 2019, Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear, Nat Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Q5 (LFB; page unavailable), Barrett challenges simple, dedicated fear circuits and argues that observed actions and physiological changes should not themselves be treated as fear. This supports the narrower point that some evidence and interpretations challenge a classical view. The paper does not establish the claim’s breadth—that accumulating evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with that view—and presents differing perspectives on fear circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [48] Barrett, 2019, Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion, Neurosci Lett source
In “The current state of things” (page not provided), the paper says findings across neural and autonomic measures show variable patterns rather than the consistent emotion-specific patterns required by the classical view. It concludes that these findings call the classical view into doubt. The section on variability also identifies autonomic, behavioral, and facial measures as lacking consistent markers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Barrett, 2012, Emotions are real, Emotion source
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“yet the underlying mechanisms for this condition remain incompletely understood.3,4”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Stone, 2009, Symptoms ‘unexplained by organic disease’ in 1144 new neurology out-patients: How often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?, Brain source
- Could not verifycites [4] Stephen, 2021, Assessment of emergency department and inpatient use and costs in adult and pediatric functional neurological disorders, JAMA Neurol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes FND symptoms as inconsistent with other neurological disorders, and the Conclusions say funding for FND research is scant. Neither passage addresses whether FND’s underlying mechanisms are understood; searches for mechanisms, pathophysiology, and unknown causes found no passage that does. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, precision signals (the third principle) tune the different incoming predictions and prediction errors through engagement of the salience network.[113][114][115]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [113] Shaffer, 2022, Allostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion, Annu Rev Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Hypothesis 3, the paper says precision signals modulate both prediction signals and prediction errors. In “Interoception Gives Rise to Affect,” it hypothesizes that the salience network modulates which prediction errors are learned. It does not establish that the salience network tunes predictions as well, and presents the network’s role as a hypothesis rather than a settled mechanism. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [114] Berntson, 2021, Neural circuits of interoception, Trends Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Autonomic Efferent Pathways section says mice can modify interoceptive predictions in response to contextual changes, and the Integration section discusses feedback, feedforward, and incoming signals. Neither passage says that precision signals tune predictions or prediction errors through the salience network; searches for those terms found no such account in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [115] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Functional significance of the salience and executive-control networks” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that the salience network integrates sensory data with visceral and autonomic information to identify relevant inputs. It does not say that precision signals tune incoming predictions or prediction errors through that network. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, predictions of the future are continually generated within the brain: based on previous life experiences, an array of parallel predictive simulations are computed that all come with a certain probability. 96,[101][102]2][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Sterling, 2012, Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [101] Clark, 2013, Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science, Behav Brain Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 1.1 (p. 1) describes ongoing, multilayered brain predictions based on models that adapt to experience; section 2.4 (p. 10) describes probabilistic generative models. The passages do not establish the more specific claim that the brain computes an array of parallel simulations of possible futures, each with its own probability. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [102] Hohwy, 2020, Predictive processing as a systematic basis for identifying the neural correlates of consciousness, Philosophy Mind Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Core properties of PP” (page not available), describes brain predictions, perceptual learning from new data, Bayesian inference, and the weighing of different models. Section 8 discusses expected future prediction error. Neither passage establishes that the brain continually computes an array of parallel future simulations, each with a probability; the paper also distinguishes stronger from weaker claims about whether the brain literally uses generative models. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Predictive Processing: Some Core Hypotheses” (page unavailable), the paper says the brain continually runs a generative internal model that recombines past experiences to predict expected sensory inputs. It does not say that the brain computes an array of parallel predictive simulations, each assigned a probability; its reference to “parallel trajectories” in the Abstract describes research approaches, not simulations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [104] Ainley, 2016, ‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) describes probabilistic predictions in the brain’s generative models, informed by sensory evidence. Section 2 (page not provided) says predictions and their precision are updated. The paper does not describe an array of parallel simulations of possible futures based on previous life experiences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Allen, 2020, Unravelling the neurobiology of interoceptive inference, Trends Cogn Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Seth, 2015 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] Schulkin, 2019, Allostasis: A brain-centered, predictive mode of physiological regulation, Trends Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Friston, 2010, The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] Smith, 2017, The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Predictive processing to guide the performance of allostasis is rooted in the brain's cortical cytoarchitecture.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The role of energy regulation in mental events” (page not supplied), the paper links cortical anatomy to the proposed flow of prediction signals and links that architecture to anticipatory bodily regulation, or allostasis. It presents this anatomical account as a hypothesis, however, whereas the citing sentence states the connection without that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
The section on predictive coding within the laminar architecture says predictive processing is anatomically implemented in cortical laminar structure. The Concluding remarks (page unavailable in our copy) link that architecture and its predictions to the organism’s allostatic needs. The paper presents this as a proposed model, consistent with the claim’s broad paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [128] Zhang, 2019, Intrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients, Sci Rep source
The Discussion describes a predictive-processing framework that depends on cortical cytoarchitecture and anticipates bodily needs through allostasis. The Figure 5 description in Results further links prediction signals to differences in cortical lamination. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
The section on functional connectivity gradients says that the proposed flow of prediction and prediction-error signals through the cortex is based on cytoarchitectural properties. The Introduction describes predictive regulation of the body—allostasis—as the ultimate function of this processing. The paper presents the architectural link as a supported hypothesis, not a settled mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To perform allostasis efficiently, the system needs to anticipate, sense and integrate signals originating from within the body made available by interoception: the brain's moment-to-moment modelling of the internal physiological state of the body.95,112,[116][117][118]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
The “Allostasis and Homeostasis” section describes allostasis as anticipating resource needs to maximize energy efficiency. The “Affective and emotional experience” section says interoceptive sense data are predicted and used to maintain allostasis, while ascending bodily signals continually update the brain’s model of body status. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol source
The Introduction says viscerosensory signals provide feedback for allostasis and interoceptive modeling supports allostatic control. The Discussion (‘Interoception and capacity curves’) describes interoceptive predictions being corrected by bodily sensory data, supporting the claim’s anticipation and sensing components. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [116] Strigo, 2016, Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2, “The ascending interoceptive pathway” (page unavailable), says interoceptive activity represents bodily conditions and is needed for homeostasis; it also describes interoceptive integration and adaptive responses that balance anticipated outcomes with energy use. The paper supports the sensing, integration and anticipation elements, but frames them as homeostatic processes rather than specifically stating a requirement for efficient allostasis. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [118] Craig, 2002, How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body, Nat Rev Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The process of interoception is mostly outside of awareness, but provides a low-dimensional moment-to-moment characterization of the state of the body that is experienced by the individual as affect.95”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Interoception and the Psychological Sense of Self” (page unavailable), the paper says interoceptive signals are typically in the background of awareness. In “Affective and emotional experience” (page unavailable), it describes affect as lower-dimensional and discusses a continually updated model of bodily state, but treats interoception’s specific role in affect as proposed and experimentally unresolved, rather than establishing that this bodily characterization is experienced as affect. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Lastly, new evidence over the last decade calls into question claims of the universality of emotion categories across cultures.53”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The Abstract says that studies conducted since 2008 reveal cultural diversity in how people interpret facial movements and call the universality thesis into doubt. It also suggests that emotion concepts such as fear may not be used similarly across cultures. The paper’s evidence concerns emotion categories in the perception of facial expressions. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, brain areas (and sets of brain regions organized into discrete networks) are also domain-general (one to many)-meaning that one brain region/network can be involved in several functions (such as nociception and cognitive control).51,127”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [127] Shackman, 2011, The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex, Nat Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Functional imaging evidence of overlap in aMCC section reports that negative affect, pain, and cognitive control consistently activate the same brain region, supporting the one-region-to-several-functions example. The Limitations of the Available Evidence section says aMCC likely participates in those domains with dissociable networks; it does not establish that the same network serves several functions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Predictions in the cortex run from less laminated structures (i.e.four-layered agranular tissue referred to as limbic cortices including: ventral anterior insula, cingulate and posterior orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex; and the primary motor cortex with a small granular layer) to higher laminated structures (i.e.six-layered eulaminate areas such as the mid-to-posterior insula as the p”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The role of energy regulation in mental events” (page unavailable), the paper hypothesizes that limbic cortices originate prediction signals that propagate through a cortical hierarchy. It does not specify that this flow runs from less laminated to more laminated cortex or give the cited layer counts, so the claim’s anatomical specificity is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
In “A general organizational framework for predictive coding in the cerebral cortex” (page not provided), the paper states that predictions flow from less to more laminated cortices. The “Predictive coding within the laminar architecture of corticocortical connections” section describes the same direction in terms of where predictions originate and terminate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Supportedcites [128] Zhang, 2019, Intrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients, Sci Rep source
The Results (Dimension interpretation, Fig. 5) state that the structural model has predictions flowing from less to more laminated cortices. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
The section “Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing” describes prediction signals cascading from agranular cortices to highly granular primary sensory areas. It also describes this direction of flow as a hypothesis, which supports the claim’s directional paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Individuals who construct instances of emotion that are lower in granularity represent a range of negatively (or positively) valenced experiences using the same emotion word.[84][85][86]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [84] Hoemann, 2021, Expertise in emotion: A scoping review and unifying framework for individual differences in the mental representation of emotional experience, Psychol Bull sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Synthesizing Constructs Based on Features of Expertise (page unavailable), the review describes granularity as involving nuanced, precise emotion concepts that are specific rather than overlapping. This supports the general contrast with lower granularity, but the passage does not say that people with lower granularity use the same emotion word across a range of experiences of the same valence. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [85] Barrett, 2007, The experience of emotion, Annu Rev Psychol source
In “The Functionality of Perceiving Core Affective Feelings as Emotions,” the paper says people low in emotional granularity represent experiences primarily as pleasure or displeasure and use different negative or positive emotion words interchangeably. This supports the claim’s point that their emotion-word use distinguishes less between experiences of the same valence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Hoemann, 2021, Investigating the relationship between emotional granularity and cardiorespiratory physiological activity in daily life, Psychophysiology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This complexity allows that brain functions are not constrained to distinct sets of neurons but rather have degeneracy (many to one functions) [122][123][124] : engagement of a different set of brain areas (activation patterns) can produce the same outcome.125,126”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [122] Raichle, 2015, The restless brain: How intrinsic activity organizes brain function, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections on the organization of intrinsic activity describe functional networks and changing relationships among them, but do not say that different sets of neurons or brain areas can produce the same outcome. Searches for degeneracy, alternative activation patterns, and different networks accomplishing the same function found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Partly supportedcites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Implications > Integrating different functional domains and disorders” (page unavailable), the paper proposes a shared neural substrate for phenomena whose circuitry is usually assumed to be distinct. That supports the rejection of strictly separate circuitry, but it describes shared circuitry across different phenomena, not degeneracy in which different sets of brain areas produce the same outcome. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [124] Sajid, 2020, Degeneracy and redundancy in active inference, Cereb Cortex source
The Introduction describes degeneracy as multiple pathways available to fulfill the same functional endpoint. The “Degeneracy and Redundancy” section adds that these properties belong to distributed representations rather than a particular neuronal system, supporting the claim that a function is not tied to one distinct set of neurons. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [125] Edelman, 2001, Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
The copy describes neural architecture as highly degenerate: different patterns can be functionally equivalent (Abstract, passage 2). It also says alternative reentrant neural circuits can dynamically yield a similar output (Abstract, passage 3), supporting the many-to-one account attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Kamaleddin, 2022, Degeneracy in the nervous system: From neuronal excitability to neural coding, Bioessays source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Therefore, the interoceptive model works in the service of allostasis.95,112”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
In “Affective and emotional experience” (page not provided), the paper describes an internal model of the body and says predicted interoceptive and exteroceptive data are used to maintain allostasis. That supports the claim about the interoceptive model’s purpose. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol source
The Introduction states that interoceptive internal modeling “subserves allostatic visceromotor control.” The Abstract likewise describes interoception as providing performance feedback for allostasis. These passages support the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The long-term by-product of performing allostasis less efficiently is that the body's budget is in a chronic deficit: a general predisposing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.135,137”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 hypothesizes that inefficient energy regulation lasting weeks to months puts a person at risk for depression. Section 2 says prolonged resource imbalances can make regulation still less efficient. The paper does not establish a chronic ‘body budget’ deficit as the consequence or extend the proposed vulnerability to psychopathology generally; it frames the link as a hypothesis about depression. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [137] Barrett, 2015, Interoceptive predictions in the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Implications for illnesses” (page unavailable), the paper predicts that aberrant interoceptive predictions can create chronic physical burdens leading to various mental illnesses, and describes a long-term metabolic imbalance in its example of depression. It does not establish a chronic body-budget deficit as a general predisposing vulnerability for psychopathology; the cited account is a model prediction, while the claim states it as fact. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on past experiences that share features of equivalence with the present, our brain uses the concepts (i.e.abstract mental representations) that were relevant then, with all the possible futures and associated action plans to deal with and understand the current incoming sensory signals.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [98] Katsumi, Allostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain, Network Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Predictive Processing: Some Core Hypotheses” (page unavailable), the paper says an internal model draws on past experience to predict sensory inputs associated with upcoming actions. It does not say the brain selects concepts from equivalent past experiences or considers all possible futures and associated action plans; those details go beyond the passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] Barsalou, 2003, Situated simulation in the human conceptual system, Lang Cogn Process source
- Partly supportedcites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections “A general organizational framework for predictive coding in the cerebral cortex” and “Limbic cortices in sensory systems” say that past experience shapes predictions used to interpret incoming sensory signals, and that perception and action are coupled. They do not describe selecting concepts from equivalent past experiences or considering all possible futures and associated action plans. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [137] Barrett, 2015, Interoceptive predictions in the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Without direct access to what is causing advent sensory information, meaning is derived from past events that seem similar to the current state of the body and world.136”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [136] Radulescu, 2021, Human representation learning, Annu Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s discussion of partially observable states says that the state of the world is not directly observable and must be inferred from current and past observations. “Learning to Remember” explains that similar experiences are grouped in memory and recalled to help infer the current state. These passages support the claim’s central idea, but they do not specifically address deriving meaning from the current state of the body. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Prediction errors, on the other hand, are weighted for their potential allostatic relevance (i.e. the need to encode the prediction error) by the salience network.51,135”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 proposes that the salience network anticipates which prediction errors are allostatically relevant and modulates their gain accordingly. This supports the mechanism described, but the citing sentence presents as established fact what the source explicitly frames as a hypothesis. No page number is provided in our copy’s passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“If a prediction (i.e. the embodied concept) matches the incoming sensory information and the prediction error is minimized, similar features from the past are pieced together to give meaning to the present: constructing a situated or ad hoc category (Fig. 4).50,51,110,138,139”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] Barsalou, 2003, Situated simulation in the human conceptual system, Lang Cogn Process source
- Partly supportedcites [138] Barsalou, 1983, Ad hoc categories, Memory Cognit sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Constructing Category Concepts for Ad Hoc Categories” (page unavailable), Barsalou says novel categories can be constructed from properties in memory; the Discussion also says relevant contexts and current goals prime ad hoc categories. The paper does not connect that construction to an embodied prediction matching sensory input or to minimized prediction error. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [139] Casasanto, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this way, sociocultural and environmental factors transmit emotion concepts to the new generations as a tool for regulating the body and each other.50,51,[154][155][156]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [154] Theriault, 2021, The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure, Phys Life Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on culture and norms says social expectations propagate across generations, and the biological-foundations section describes the brain as regulating the body and social behavior as making others more predictable. The Introduction also discusses categorization in emotion, but the paper does not say that sociocultural factors transmit emotion concepts to new generations as a tool for regulating bodies and one another. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [155] Boyd, 2011, The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The child-development passage (indexed as Abstract; no page given) says children and adolescents acquire cultural information by learning from older individuals, supporting intergenerational transmission. It does not identify emotion concepts as the transmitted information or describe their use in regulating bodies or other people. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [156] Richerson, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While not always present, insecure attachment is commonly identified in paediatric and adult populations with FND 204,205”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] Asadi-Pooya, 2021, Social aspects of life in patients with functional seizures: Closing the gap in the biopsychosocial formulation, Epilepsy Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [205] Brown, 2016, Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A systematic review, Clin Psychol Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Insecure attachment styles’ section (p. 21) reports elevated attachment insecurity in patients with PNES, although one difference was attributable to a subgroup. The review does not establish the claim for paediatric patients or for FND populations beyond PNES; its summary (p. 38) cautions that PNES and other forms of FND have important differences. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Functional and structural alterations of the insula (found in several FND neuroimaging studies) might lead to imprecise predictive interoceptive signal modelling and error detection, contributing to inefficiencies in performing allostasis.95,104,112,135”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Affective and emotional experience’ section describes an internal model of bodily status updated by interoceptive prediction errors, with predicted sensory data used to maintain allostasis. ‘Allostasis and Homeostasis’ also says imprecise predictive regulation requires error correction. The paper discusses the insula in relation to interoception, but does not say that functional or structural alterations of the insula impair prediction-error detection or make allostasis inefficient; the parenthetical FND finding is attributed to other studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [104] Ainley, 2016, ‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction identifies the insula as a principal region in interoceptive processing, where predictions and prediction errors are reconciled. The clinical-disorders section links functional disorders to atypical precision in interoceptive processing. Neither section says that structural or functional alterations of the insula cause those problems or impair allostasis; a search for “allostasis” found it only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says interoceptive internal modeling supports allostatic control, and the Discussion says interoceptive predictions are corrected by sensory data. Those passages support the proposed link between inaccurate modeling and inefficient allostasis, but the paper does not identify insula alterations as its cause; the Discussion explicitly says the model was not mapped to specific brain anatomy. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“while not all individuals with FND report a history of early-life adversity or antecedent trauma, adverse life experiences are ∼3-fold more common in FND versus controls.196”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [196] Ludwig, 2018, Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, Lancet Psychiatry source
The Results report higher rates of childhood and adult stressors in FND than in controls, with several estimates near threefold, including adulthood sexual abuse (35% versus 12%). The Discussion says most reported odds ratios were between 2 and 4, while noting that the association varies by control group. It also states that some patients report no identifiable stressor. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, interoceptive accuracy deficits are relevant when present, such as interoceptive trait prediction error positively correlating with dissociation severity in individuals with functional seizures.184”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia source
The Results section (‘Relationship to dissociation’; page not supplied) reports positive correlations between interoceptive trait prediction error and two dissociation measures. The analysis was conducted in patients with functional seizures, matching the claimed population. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, interpersonal interactions are foundational to the way that humans learn to efficiently perform allostasis and thus regulate interoception, and therefore affect.159,203”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [159] Atzil, 2018, Growing a social brain, Nat Hum Behav source
- Supportedcites [203] Fotopoulou, 2022, Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms, Curr Opin Behav Sci source
The Conclusion says caregiving touch helps build interoceptive predictions and that humans rely on caregivers in infancy to learn to serve their own allostasis. The ‘Caregiving touch as homeostatic affect regulation’ section also explains that caregivers modulate infants’ physiological states and hence their affect. The source makes the claim through the specific example of caregiving and affective touch. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, cohort studies have identified positive associations between the magnitude of previously experienced adverse life experiences and functional neurological symptom severity, underscoring the aetiological importance of adverse life experiences in this population 169,192,[197][198][199]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [169] Sar, 2004, Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [192] Roelofs, 2002, Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [197] Roelofs, 2005, The impact of early trauma and recent life-events on symptom severity in patients with conversion disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [198] Selkirk, 2008, Clinical differences between patients with nonepileptic seizures who report antecedent sexual abuse and those who do not, Epilepsia source
- Supportedcites [199] Perez, 2017, Cingulo-insular structural alterations associated with psychogenic symptoms, childhood abuse and PTSD in functional neurological disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Introduction states that the magnitude of early-life maltreatment is associated with FND illness severity and that childhood abuse is linked to increased FND severity. It also describes adverse life events, particularly childhood abuse, as predisposing factors for functional neurological symptoms. These passages support the cited sentence as a report of associations found in prior studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“While these findings, particularly those related to the 'stress hormone' cortisol, are commonly framed as markers of 'emotion dysregulation'-the theory of constructed emotion would reframe this as representing inefficient energy management.113”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [113] Shaffer, 2022, Allostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion, Annu Rev Clin Psychol source
In “Hypothesis 3: Predictive Regulation of the Body,” the paper says cortisol has a metabolic role in energy regulation, not just a role in stress, and that persistently high cortisol in depression may reflect disrupted allostasis. This supports the citing sentence’s description of how the theory would reframe cortisol findings. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While findings have not been entirely consistent across studies and FND sub-populations, between-group differences in default mode, salience and sensorimotor network areas have been identified in a range FND populations compared to controls.45,207,[209][210][211][212]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] Aybek, 2015, Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: An FMRI study, PLoS ONE sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Imaging results; page unavailable) report differences between conversion-disorder patients and controls in premotor/supplementary motor and cingulate areas, supporting the claim's motor-related component. The paper does not identify a default-mode-network difference, and its own comparison concerns one conversion-disorder population rather than a range of FND populations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [207] Bègue, 2019, Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem?, Neuroimage Clin source
The Results (White matter analyses; page unavailable) report altered structural connectivity across default mode and sensorimotor networks in patients with PNES compared with controls. The Discussion (Sensorimotor-striatothalamic-limbic-paralimbic circuits; page unavailable) reports salience-network structural changes in several FND populations and describes inconsistent motor-region findings, matching the citing sentence’s qualification. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [209] Wegrzyk, 2018, Identifying motor functional neurological disorder using resting-state functional connectivity, Neuroimage Clin sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Post-hoc analyses; page unavailable) identify connectivity differences involving sensorimotor regions in motor FND patients compared with controls. This paper does not establish differences in default mode or salience network areas, or findings across a range of FND populations; it studies motor FND. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [210] Monsa, 2018, Self-reference, emotion inhibition and somatosensory disturbance: Preliminary investigation of network perturbations in conversion disorder, Eur J Neurol source
- Supportedcites [211] Espay, 2018, Dysfunction in emotion processing underlies functional (psychogenic) dystonia, Mov Disord source
The Results (Emotional faces task; page not available) report reduced precuneus activation in functional dystonia compared with healthy controls. The Results (CPT-END task; page not available) also report reduced insular and motor-cortex activation. These are areas associated with the default mode, salience, and sensorimotor networks, respectively; this paper supplies the functional-dystonia example within the sentence’s multi-citation claim, not evidence across FND populations by itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [212] Maurer, 2018, Gray matter differences in patients with functional movement disorders, Neurology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports gray-matter differences in the left sensorimotor cortex between patients with functional movement disorders and healthy controls. Table 2 also reports a posterior cingulate difference in a nonmedicated subgroup. The paper does not establish differences across all three named networks in a range of FND populations; its own comparison is in patients with functional movement disorders. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Alexithymia, a characteristic described as difficulties identifying/ describing feelings and having externally oriented thinking, is found in many people with FND.18,[185][186][187]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Taylor, 1992, Alexithymia and somatic complaints in psychiatric out-patients, J Psychosom Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [185] Sequeira, 2019, A comparison among the prevalence of alexithymia in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy, and the healthy population: A systematic review of the literature, Psychosomatics source
- Supportedcites [186] Demartini, 2014, The role of alexithymia in the development of functional motor symptoms (conversion disorder), J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Results report alexithymia in 34.5% of patients with functional motor symptoms, a form of FND, compared with 9.1% of patients with organic movement disorders and 5.9% of healthy volunteers. This supports the claim that it is found in many people with FND. The paper defines alexithymia in terms of difficulty identifying and describing feelings; it also measures externally oriented thinking, though that dimension did not differ between groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] Cuoco, 2021, Attachment styles, identification of feelings and psychiatric symptoms in functional neurological disorders, J Psychosom Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (i.e.features) in early infancy and later in life.129,141,142”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on functional connectivity gradients describes dimensionality reduction and hypothesizes that the brain forms low-dimensional, multimodal summaries. It does not establish that this occurs in early infancy; the study examines healthy young adults. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections on emotion-category learning describe infants using varying perceptual features, including facial movements and vocalizations, to infer meaning. The paper also proposes that these ideas could inform research across the lifespan, but it does not establish that people assemble multimodal summaries both in early infancy and later in life. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] Finlay, 2015, Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution, Trends Neurosci source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“individuals who reported a subjective emotional response to certain images had reduced sympathetic responses compared to those who did not endorse intense emotional responses but exhibited large autonomic changes.41”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] Pick, 2018, Autonomic and subjective responsivity to emotional images in people with dissociative seizures, J Neuropsychol source
The Abstract describes two subgroups among people with dissociative seizures: those reporting greater subjective negativity and arousal for some images despite less frequent autonomic reactions, and those with heightened autonomic responses but intact subjective experience. The Discussion (Autonomic measures) likewise contrasts fewer autonomic responses with altered subjective responses against heightened autonomic reactions with intact or possibly blunted subjective responses. These are subgroup findings, not a pattern established for all participants. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, aberrant emotion construction in general might be understood as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.135”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes affective dysregulation and interoceptive difficulties as a transdisorder vulnerability to mental illness. Section 3 explains the theory of constructed emotion, but the paper does not identify aberrant emotion construction in general as that vulnerability; it distinguishes affect from emotion per se. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“High arousal states-that are associated with increased muscle tension and chronic pain disorders-may also activate some of the motor programmes recruited in functional dystonia.175”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [175] Popkirov, 2019, Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders—Time for reconciliation, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The overlaps between CRPS and sensorimotor FND” (page unavailable), the paper says that pain can produce muscle stiffening and that such movement adaptations can become entrenched; it also links functional dystonia with regional pain. It does not say that high-arousal states activate motor programmes recruited in functional dystonia. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we formulate how altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“it is a fact that energy regulation is a core brain function.51”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With allostasis, a model to help prepare the body's next action plan based on past experiences is implemented within the CNS.51”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interoception relies on comparing a predictive model to incoming sensory input arising within the body.119”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [119] Barrett, 2021, Interoception: The secret ingredient, Cerebrum
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Advances in our understanding of fundamental brain structurefunction principles in recent years contributed to the emergence of new formulations of consciousness in general and emotion specifically, including constructionist perspectives such as the theory of constructed emotion.51”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Structured variation has been observed to be an intrinsic, instead of an epiphenomenal, property of emotions.50”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Barrett, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inefficient emotion construction can also lead to hypervigilance and hyperarousal.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We posit that FND symptoms in some people reflect chronic difficulties in allostatic energy management through inefficient use of emotion concepts.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the process of creating and revising emotion concepts occurs across the life span.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurotypical adults regulate their body by continuously updating well-fitting prediction models (including those related to emotion concepts) to efficiently meet the metabolic demands of the body.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the theory of constructed emotion, we propose that functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms can emerge as a result of disruptions occurring across several points of predictive processing in the emotion category construction stream (Fig. 6).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Thus, the high co-morbidity between FND, select psychiatric conditions and functional somatic disorders suggest shared inefficiencies in allostatic energy management.169,170”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [169] Sar, 2004, Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [170] Forejtová, The complex syndrome of functional neurological disorder, Psychol Med. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early-life adversity can also bias concept creation to aid allostasis during hardship.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, since conceptual categories for emotions are constructed based on self-referential events, they are perceiverdependent, indicating that there is variability in the experience of a given emotion both between and within humans.51”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the complete set of neuronal activation patterns and networks involved in constructing each conceptual category for emotion are also unique to that moment, meaning that the neurocircuitry involved in an instance of emotion is not fixed (albeit different instances of the same emotion category in a given individual do at times have some overlapping features).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, a critical function of early-life experiences and development, including interactions with parents, caregivers, educators and peers, is to aid the child to curate relevant information and build concepts related to their bodies' needs and the world that will enable them to perform allostasis more efficiently on their own. 153”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [153] Tenenbaum, 2011, How to grow a mind: Statistics, structure, and abstraction, Science source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the dynamics of predictive processing suggest that action preparation gives rise to experience, not the other way around.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite the clinical heterogeneity of FND, fatigue is the most common shared symptom, reported by 93% of 1048 individuals surveyed across 16 countries.6”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Butler, 2021, International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder, Eur J Neurol source
plainn = 1,048- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By implication, every category implemented in any human brain is an ad hoc event 139,145-147 : its features of equivalence are always constructed in a particular individual for a particular function in a particular situation.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [139] Casasanto, 2015 source
- Not matchedcites [145] Barsalou, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146] Barsalou, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [147] Spivey, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary purpose of the brain's constructed category, whether for an instance of emotion or otherwise, is allostasis.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the wide clinical heterogeneity of FND suggests that any pathomechanistic principle outlined here might not be universally relevant to symptom production across all cases.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within this context, an individual with FND who experienced previous post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may indeed report that such experiences are seemingly no longer consciously relevant, yet the predictive processing consequences of these past experiences can persist.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, insecure attachment is evidence of the inefficient allostatic model a person has been running to regulate their body's budget with others.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, awareness measures only assess one small facet of interoception.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We support the notion that adverse life experiences (particularly childhood abuse and neglect) prime concept formation that can have long-term disadvantages as environmental conditions change, leading to maladaptive predictions.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we theorize that aberrant emotion construction and related factors contributing to inefficient allostatic modelling (e.g.insecure attachment) may mediate correlations between FND symptom severity and adverse life event burden.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“relatedly, abuse is associated with early symptom onset in people with FND.200”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [200] Morsy, 2022, The relationship between types of life events and the onset of functional neurological (conversion) disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychol Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, concepts developed in the face of early-life adversity that were adaptive in that context, might prove inefficient later in life.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While principles of degeneracy and domain-generality suggest that there is probably not one universal neural signature for FND, the propensity to develop and maintain functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms may occur in the setting of inefficient emotion construction driven by perturbations within and across the default mode, salience and/or sensorimotor networks.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, caregivers early in life perform allostasis for newborns by managing their entire energetic state (e.g.their sleep, food, temperature).50”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Barrett, 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cortisol, with a primary role in stimulating gluconeogenesis, might be understood to be a metabolic rather than a 'stress' hormone.228,229”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [228] Khani, 2001, Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis in humans: Its role in the metabolic syndrome, Clin Sci (Lond) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [229] Sharma, 2020, Chronic stress and diabetes mellitus: Interwoven pathologies, Curr Diabetes Rev source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within this formulation, functional motor symptoms are postulated to be experienced along the spectrum of arousal and valence as detailed previously.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also put forward that some individuals with FND might be using inefficient allostatic and/or interoceptive models due in part to altered prediction error learning (including the influence of precision signals originating in the salience network).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Here, we suggest that in alexithymia there is a limited availability of granular emotion concepts, promoting inefficiencies in adaptively contextualizing sensory input.50,51,148,188”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Barrett, 2017
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [148] Turati, 2010, Holistic face processing in newborns, 3-month-old infants, and adults: evidence from the composite face effect, Child Dev source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Indeed, most studies on FND onset have identified highly distressing physical events as triggers.[176][177][178]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [176] Stone, 2012, Functional weakness: Clues to mechanism from the nature of onset, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [177] Pareés, 2014, Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders, J Neurol Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [178] Popkirov, 2018, Scared or scarred: Could ‘dissociogenic’ lesions predispose to nonepileptic seizures after head trauma?, Seizure source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Given that individuals with functional seizures frequently also experience panic attacks 189 (suggesting the potential availability of the 'panic' emotion concept), 'panic attack without panic' can be understood as an instance where a conceptual category for an emotion was not constructed.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [189] Rawlings, 2017, Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope, Seizure source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in addition to themes related to available emotion concepts and potential deficits in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion, chronic deficits in performing allostasis efficiently may be facilitated by a range of neuropsychological constructs that can interfere with prediction error learning.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Given that individuals with functional seizures frequently also experience panic attacks 189”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [189] Rawlings, 2017, Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope, Seizure source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FND ranks fourth among 19 common psychiatric conditions in terms of the highest self-reported dissociation scores.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We would also like to point out that not all forms of aberrant emotion construction are relevant to the development and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Even the supposed prototypic brain 'biomarkers' for a given emotion category vary substantially across studies, 65,[72][73][74][75][76] and across subjects within a given study.34,55,63,65,69,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Wilson-Mendenhall, 2015, Variety in emotional life: Within-category typicality of emotional experiences is associated with neural activity in large-scale brain networks, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports different neural activity for typical versus atypical experiences within emotion categories, supporting variability in emotion-related brain activity. The cited paper does not establish that proposed brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; its analyses report group-level effects. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [72] Horikawa, 2020, The neural representation of visually evoked emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions, iScience sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Inter-Individual Consistency in Brain Regions Representing Distinct Emotions” (page unavailable), concludes that emotion-related brain patterns were consistent across individuals, contrary to the claim of substantial within-study variation. The paper does not establish how biomarkers vary across studies; its Limitations section only raises individual differences as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [73] Kassam, 2013, Identifying emotions on the basis of neural activation, PLoS ONE sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “Search for Neural Correlates of Emotion” section reports that meta-analyses found no brain region consistently and specifically activated by one emotion category, supporting the across-studies point for localized biomarkers. But the Results and Discussion report that emotion-related activation patterns share significant commonality across participants. Although the Results acknowledge individual variability, they do not establish that the patterns vary substantially across subjects within this study. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Kragel, 2015, Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are categorically distinct, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [75] Wager, 2015, A Bayesian model of category-specific emotional brain responses, PLoS Comput Biol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says patterns that appear to distinguish emotion categories may vary from study to study, supporting the across-studies portion. The Discussion describes diverse instances within an emotion category, but this meta-analysis does not establish substantial variation across subjects within a given study; it also reports reliable category-level patterns across studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [76] Zhou, 2021, A distributed fMRI-based signature for the subjective experience of fear, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Within-subject trial-wise prediction passage (page unavailable) describes fear experiences as differing between individuals and the population model as summarizing highly variable instances. But it does not establish that brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; the Discussion instead says the fear signature generalized across participants, paradigms, and scanners. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says that proposed neural fingerprints for emotion categories do not replicate across studies, supporting the across-studies part. It discusses variation within individuals in behavior and autonomic responses, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a single study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion describe variation in facial movements and photographed expressions across emotion instances and people. Searches for brain biomarkers and neural variability found no passage about brain biomarkers varying across studies or subjects within a study. The facial-expression findings do not establish the attributed brain-biomarker claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Clark-Polner, 2017, Multivoxel pattern analysis does not provide evidence to support the existence of basic emotions, Cereb Cortex source
- Partly supportedcites [69] Guillory, 2014, Exploring emotions using invasive methods: Review of 60 years of human intracranial electrophysiology, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that fear is represented in multiple brain areas and lists several sites where stimulation evoked it, supporting variation across studies rather than a unique anatomical marker. The Introduction (page unavailable) mentions individual variability in lesion-study behavioral results, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a given study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A central issue in contemporary discussions has revolved around questioning the extent to which emotions play a mechanistic and aetiological role in FND.23,28,30,31”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain source
In “A unified theory for functional motor and sensory symptoms” (page unavailable), the paper explicitly considers whether affective factors are necessary or sufficient to produce symptoms. Its discussion of how symptoms originate also questions the emphasis on emotional traumatic events. These passages support the claim that the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotion is an issue under discussion. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Abstract describes a shift in contemporary explanations of FND and proposes altered emotional processing as a link between psychosocial risk factors and symptoms. The Conclusions explicitly discuss how emotional processing could contribute to symptom generation and arise from biological and psychosocial risk factors. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Kanaan, 2016, Freud’s hysteria and its legacy, Handb Clin Neurol source
- Partly supportedcites [31] Linden, 2013, Shell shock at Queen Square: Lewis Yealland 100 years on, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction section ‘In skilful and determined hands,’ the paper discusses psychological and physiological processes in the aetiology of functional neurological syndromes. ‘The power of suggestion’ contrasts Yealland’s approach with Myers’s search for an ‘emotional origin.’ These passages support discussion of possible psychological and emotional causes, but do not establish that the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions is a central issue in contemporary debate. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Distinct from homeostasis, allostasis is concerned with metabolic efficiency instead of bringing a system back to a set point (or various set-points).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
The “Allostasis and Homeostasis” section describes allostasis as anticipating resource needs to maximize energy efficiency, while homeostasis provides local regulation and error correction. This supports the citing sentence’s contrast, though the paper does not use the term “set point” in the cited passage (page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Sterling, 2012, Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation, Physiol Behav source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“When an experience of emotion is used as a reference for the present constructed category, we are constructing a conceptual category for emotion.58,143”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [58] Hoemann, 2019, Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis, Dev Psychol source
In “The Role of Concepts in Prediction,” the paper proposes that using past emotional events to generate predictions produces an ad hoc emotion concept. In “Caveats and Considerations,” it says a concept helps constitute an emotion category in a given situation. These passages support the citing sentence as a paraphrase of the paper’s constructionist hypothesis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] Xu, 2013, Infants are rational constructivist learners, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, 'supervised category learning' such as word learning is an important source of emotional development and cultural inheritance.58,141,157,158”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] Hoemann, 2019, Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis, Dev Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A Constructionist Proposal for Emotional Development” (page unavailable), the authors propose that caregiver emotion words may guide children’s learning of emotion categories and their cultural inheritance. The claim presents this as an established source of development and calls it “supervised” learning, whereas the paper frames it as a hypothesis and says infants more often observe incidental uses of emotion words than receive explicit labels. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Applying a Developmental Cascades Approach to Emotion Category Learning” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that caregivers’ emotion labels and children’s word learning may shape developing emotion categories. “Implications for Future Research” discusses cultural variation in emotion categories, but does not establish word learning as a mechanism of cultural inheritance. The paper also presents the developmental role of labels as a hypothesis, rather than an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [157] Gelman, 2017, How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not provided) describes category labels and word learning as means of transmitting categories across generations, and the Conclusions say labels and generics enhance cumulative cultural evolution. The paper notes cultural variation in how emotions are classified, but it does not establish that word learning is an important source of emotional development or characterize the process as ‘supervised category learning.’ (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] Gendron, 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Hyperarousal is common in FND; this is exemplified by the observation of 'panic attack without panic' in people with functional seizures, as well as increased sympathetic tone and abnormal startle responses in FND populations.21,46,164,165”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Discussion describes symptoms in dissociative seizures as “panic attack without panic” and reports autonomic and somatic symptoms of heightened arousal during attacks without more frequent feelings of panic. This supports the functional-seizure example for which this source is cited; the sympathetic-tone and startle-response examples are not attributed specifically to it. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [46] Paredes-Echeverri, 2022, Autonomic, endocrine, and inflammation profiles in functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased autonomic arousal and more consistent markers of increased sympathetic tone in children and adolescents with FND, but emphasizes heterogeneous findings in adults. Results > Autonomic Findings (page unavailable) reports an increased startle-response probability in one study of functional movement disorder and no group difference in another. The paper does not report the cited observation of a ‘panic attack without panic’ in people with functional seizures, so it does not support that example or the unqualified generalization across FND populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [164] Dreissen, 2017, Startle responses in functional jerky movement disorders are increased but have a normal pattern, Parkinsonism Relat Disord source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [165] Seignourel, 2007, Abnormal affective startle modulation in individuals with psychogenic [corrected] movement disorder, Mov Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we think that other proposed emotion processing mechanisms for FND are not incorrect, but rather incomplete-with a constructionist perspective addressing an important gap.27,28”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] Sojka, 2018, Processing of emotion in functional neurological disorder, Front Psychiatry source
The Introduction says recent cognitive and brain-based models do not address symptoms’ possible meanings or social functions, a gap the review aims to bridge. The section on emotion and motor behavior says the proposed FND models are not mutually exclusive. Together, these passages support treating the other mechanisms as incomplete rather than incorrect; the constructionist framing is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Discussion’s summary of the proposed model and the Conclusions describe emotion-processing mechanisms that may contribute to FND symptoms. The citing authors’ judgment that these mechanisms are incomplete and that a constructionist perspective fills a gap is framed as their own view, not as a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies in FND cohorts using a range of imaging modalities have detected subtle functional and structural alterations compared to healthy controls, as well as correlates of illness severity and predisposing vulnerabilities.8,207,208”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- Supportedcites [207] Bègue, 2019, Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem?, Neuroimage Clin source
The Introduction describes altered activity and connectivity in functional neuroimaging studies of FND. The Results report structural differences from controls in some FND cohorts, correlations with symptom severity, and correlations between brain volume and childhood abuse or adverse-event burden. The Limitations caution that findings are inconsistent and that structural differences cannot yet be established as markers of predisposing vulnerability. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [208] Sasikumar, 2021, The neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in functional movement disorders, Brain source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such 'miscalculations' could predispose to chronic negative affect and altered predictions, which offers an explanatory framework for behavioural and physiological findings of altered responses to 'emotional' stimuli in people with FND.27,28,44”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Sojka, 2018, Processing of emotion in functional neurological disorder, Front Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Affective excitation in FND” (page unavailable), the review proposes inefficient interoceptive predictions and reports heightened cortical and autonomic arousal. “Organization of studies” (page unavailable) describes altered responses to emotional stimuli in FND. The paper does not establish the claimed link from these prediction errors to chronic negative affect. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The citation supports the reported findings, rather than the citing authors’ proposed explanation involving ‘miscalculations.’ In the narrative review’s “Behavioural & psychophysiological findings” section (page unavailable), the source reports altered behavioural and autonomic responses to affective stimuli in people with FND. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Jungilligens, 2020, Impaired emotional and behavioural awareness and control in patients with dissociative seizures, Psychol Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The expansion of the human brain allows for compression and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (i.e.features) in early infancy and later in life.129,141,142”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on functional connectivity gradients describes compression and dimensionality reduction of sensory information and hypothesizes that low-dimensional, multimodal summaries are reassembled as prediction signals (page unavailable). It does not attribute this process to expansion of the human brain or establish that it occurs in early infancy and later life; the Methods describe datasets of young adults. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Learning Abstract Categories via Developmental Cascades” (page unavailable), the paper describes infants learning abstract object features and inferring functional similarities across perceptually different instances. It does not link this ability to expansion of the human brain or describe it as compression or dimensionality reduction; nor does it establish the claimed process later in life. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] Finlay, 2015, Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution, Trends Neurosci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lastly, since FND is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, a range of other mechanisms articulated in the field remain relevant.8,22,23,[26][27][28][29]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Baslet, 2011, Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a model of their pathogenic mechanism, Seizure sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion describes several possible pathogenic mechanisms and different combinations of vulnerabilities in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Section 2.1.4 also says PNES episodes may involve multiple mechanisms and may or may not relate to past trauma. This supports mechanistic and aetiological heterogeneity for PNES, but the paper does not establish the claim for FND as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Influences from outside the somatomotor network” (page unavailable), the paper allows contributions from other brain areas, and its Conclusions describe a range of predisposing factors. But it proposes a single final common pathway for functional motor and sensory symptoms; it does not support the claim that they are mechanistically heterogeneous or that distinct mechanisms remain relevant on that basis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In FND populations, elevated dissociation has been related to anxiety levels, 21 lower interoceptive accuracy, 184,191 maternal disfunction, 192 other psychiatric comorbidities 169 and childhood trauma.169”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes dissociative seizures as a response to acute anxiety and heightened arousal, supporting a link between dissociation and attack-related anxiety. But the study found no raised general anxiety levels in the dissociative-seizure group, so it does not support an unqualified association with anxiety levels. This citation is attached only to the anxiety part of the sentence, not the other listed factors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports both higher dissociation and lower interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures than in controls. But within patients, dissociation was significantly associated with the discrepancy between perceived and measured interoceptive ability, not with accuracy alone. This verdict concerns only the lower-interoceptive-accuracy clause attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [191] Pick, 2020, Dissociation and interoception in functional neurological disorder, Cogn Neuropsychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Additionally, heightened arousal is linked to defensive behaviours driven by the periaqueductal grey, such as tonic immobility and fight or flight responses-behavioural programmes that share overlapping semiological features with functional seizures.45,[171][172][173][174]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] Aybek, 2015, Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: An FMRI study, PLoS ONE sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [171] Roelofs, 2017, Freeze for action: Neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [172] Diez, 2019, Corticolimbic fast-tracking: enhanced multimodal integration in functional neurological disorder, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [173] Zito, 2019, Abnormal postural behavior in patients with functional movement disorders during exposure to stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [174] Schneider, 2022, Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Are they a freeze reaction?, Epilepsy Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While individual differences are important, data indicate that some people with FND show deficits in sensory processing, interoceptive accuracy, biased attention and impairments in motor learning.90,91,[179][180][181][182][183][184]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [90] Huys, 2021, Misdirected attentional focus in functional tremor, Brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Part I) and Discussion report altered attentional focus in people with functional tremor: they attended more to visual feedback of their movement than the control groups. The paper measured detection of movement-related signals, but does not establish a general sensory-processing deficit or report deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Lin, 2020, Dissociated motor learning and de-adaptation in patients with functional gait disorders, Brain source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [179] Pareés, 2012, ‘Jumping to conclusions’ bias in functional movement disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Supportedcites [180] Pick, 2018, Implicit attentional bias for facial emotion in dissociative seizures: Additional evidence, Epilepsy Behav source
The Discussion reports greater attentional-bias scores for facial emotion in patients with dissociative seizures than in controls, after controlling for anxiety and depression. This supports the biased-attention part of the multi-citation sentence; the paper is not being relied on here for the other listed deficits. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites [181] Bakvis, 2009, Trauma, stress, and preconscious threat processing in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures showed an attentional bias toward masked angry faces and describes impaired emotional information processing. This supports the biased-attention part of the claim, but the paper does not establish deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning, or a general sensory-processing deficit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [182] Sojka, 2021, Individual differences in interoceptive accuracy and prediction error in motor functional neurological disorders: A DTI study, Hum Brain Mapp sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports prior evidence of cardiac interoceptive deficits in FND and suggests that impairment may occur only in a subset, consistent with the claim’s 'some people' qualifier. The study itself found no group-level difference in cardiac interoceptive accuracy. The Introduction mentions attentional biases and sensory-related processes, but the passages do not establish the claimed deficits in sensory processing, biased attention, or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [183] Ricciardi, 2021, Exploring three levels of interoception in people with functional motor disorders, Parkinsonism Relat Disord sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional motor disorders than in healthy controls, supporting the interoceptive-accuracy part of the claim. The paper does not establish biased attention or impaired motor learning; its Results report no significant group difference on the attention and executive-function test. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Group comparisons; page not provided) report significantly reduced interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures, supporting that part of the sentence. The passages do not establish the other listed deficits—sensory processing more broadly, biased attention, or impaired motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediction errors, the second principle, are the mismatch between anticipated and actual sensory input, and are used to update and improve subsequent predictions.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affect serves as a subjective barometer of the in-the-moment estimation of the energetic state of the body, and influences the moment-to-moment perception of incoming information.121”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] Wormwood, Emotion and threat detection: The roles of affect and conceptual knowledge, Emotion source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Fatigue is highly prevalent and a chief predictor of quality of life in motor FND, more so than motor symptom severity.6,163”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Butler, 2021, International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder, Eur J Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [163] Gelauff, 2018, Fatigue, not self-rated motor symptom severity, affects quality of life in functional motor disorders, J Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, each constructed conceptual category for an emotion is situation-specific; therefore, the category itself encompasses varying features (i.e.we can construct happiness with the touch of warm water in a winter day or cold water in a summer day) and there are no two identical instances of an emotion (i.e. the happiness felt on the summer day is different from that of the winter day).50”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The theory of constructed emotion offers a constructionist approach to understanding what emotions are by leveraging the brain's primary role in energy regulation and predictive processing.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, ad hoc conceptual categories of emotion are compressed summaries that categorize physical signals, give them emotional meaning and render the experience an instance of that emotion category (Fig. 5).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatedly, life experiences, especially those in critical developmental stages, form the basis of concept formation, which might be updated throughout life to enable a more fine-grained repertoire of (emotion) concepts.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High arousal states that are frequently although not exclusively coupled with a negative valence (e.g. during an altercation or in the immediate aftermath of a car crash) are recognized to be associated with paroxysmal motor phenomena (e.g.tremulous movements, stuttering speech), perceptual distortions (e.g.dizziness, derealization)”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to construct abstract categories is determined by the degree of compression in the features that the brain can support.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in this population, insecure attachment has also been linked to increased symptom severity, childhood maltreatment and poor clinical outcomes.206”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [206] Brown, 2013, Emotional dysregulation, alexithymia, and attachment in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsy Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When people with FND state that they are not anxious or depressed, despite externally presenting information seemingly to the contrary, they are correct.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that the altered emotion construction in some individuals is sufficient to mechanistically explain the development and maintenance of FND and related functional somatic symptoms.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the theory of constructed emotion offers a framework for reconceptualizing and integrating the relevance of emotion (and its aberrant construction) in the pathophysiology of FND.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some people with FND, we posit that functional neurological symptoms occur due to deficits in the repertoire of available emotion concepts and/or impairments in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion in a particular instance.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the theory of constructed emotion framework provides insight into potential mechanisms most relevant for people with FND who report alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', comorbid psychopathology, fatigue and/or a high burden of early-life adversity.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposal 3: There is altered prediction error learning in FND”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By extension, some forms of functional weakness can be conceptualized as either a derivative of tonic immobility occurring during high arousal, or potentially a manifestation of a low arousal (and probably non-conscious low motivational) state.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, we posit that the availability and reliance on non-emotion, bodily/health-focused concepts (and the related pervasive tendency to categorize incoming afferent sensory information as non-emotion instances) is specific to functional disorders.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While dissociation is probably mechanistically heterogeneous, dissociation within the theory of constructed emotion framework could be conceptualized in part as the momentary uncoupling of the brain's higher-level generative models of the internal state of the body (interoception) and of the body in the world.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms such as the tremor, stutter and cognitive difficulties in such situations are both physiological and involuntary.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This uncoupling could then be experienced as a dissociative event, where the conscious feature of interoception, affect, does not 'match' the constructed experience in the service of allostasis.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such instances, individuals may make sense of these physical symptoms by constructing a conceptual category of 'fear' or 'being shocked'.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If an individual lacks a relevant emotion concept or does not construct a conceptual category for an emotion in that instance, such experiences could be represented as a non-emotion category (e.g.'shaking').”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The ongoing debate about emotions in functional neurological disorder has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.
“Critical in this context, however, is that this ongoing debate has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous.
“While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The respective roles of the proposed mechanisms across individuals with functional neurological disorder may vary.
“Their respective roles across individuals with FND may also vary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.
“This inconsistency may relate in part to the notion that the brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We look at illness-promoting psychological processes that emerge in the minds of children with FND and that function—in a top-down fashion—to activate and modulate the stress system, thereby contributing to the activation or maintenance of the illness process [23,24,25,26,27].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The child’s expectations will thus be reflected in her body, thoughts, and feelings and can potentially, through a range of mind–brain–body pathways, affect the course of her symptoms [24,25,27,38,39].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?
Friston, K. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2787 · Cited by 8,120
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657
How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body
Craig, A. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn894 · Cited by 6,006
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
Clark, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000477 · Cited by 5,924
Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Levinson, M. H. (2006) · ETC.: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_6303_351 · Cited by 3,581
Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2004) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226712130.001.0001 · Cited by 2,793
The Bayesian brain: The role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation
Knill, D. C., & Pouget, A. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.007 · Cited by 2,588
(2017) · Cited by 2,433
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Briquet, 1859, Traite clinique et terapeutique de l'hystérie
- Charcot, 1887, Leçons du mardi á la Salpêtrière: policliniques, 1887–1888
- Breuer, 1895, Studien über Hysterie
- Sollier, 1897, Genèse et Nature de L´hystérie: Recherches Cliniques et Expérimentales de Psycho-Physiologie
- Oppenheim, 1900, Diseases of the nervous system: A textbook for student and practitioner of medicine
- Babinski, 1918, Hysteria or Pithiatism trans. By Rolleston J
- Seth, 2015, Open mind
- Paquola, 2021, The unique cytoarchitecture and wiring of the human default mode network, bioRxiv
- Barsalou, 2010, The mind in context, 334
- Spivey, 2007, The continuity of the brain
- Mesquita, 2022, Between us: How cultures create emotions
- Noe, 2004, Action in perception, 277
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges
Mavroudis, I. A., Kazis, D. A., Kamal, F. Z., Gurzu, I. L., Ciobica, A. S., Pădurariu, M., Novac, B., & Iordache, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084470 · Cited by 88
“Neuroscientists inspect the neural mechanisms underlying FND [136].”
BackgroundNielsen, G., Stone, J., Lee, T. C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00135-2 · Cited by 65
“A facetoface appointment with a member of the research team was held with consenting individuals, during which a second screening for eligibility was done, informed consent was obtained, and baseline assessments were completed before random assignment (appendix pp 8–15).”
InfluentialOverall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review
Carle, G., Goutte, J., Do-Quang-Cantagrel, N., Mouchabac, S., Joly, C., & Garcin, B. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.004 · Cited by 63
Pain and functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Steinruecke, M., Mason, I., Keen, M., McWhirter, L., Carson, A. J., Stone, J., & Hoeritzauer, I. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332810 · Cited by 57
“2 55–57 Key risk factors are shared between FND and chronic pain, including adverse childhood experiences, gender and physical triggering events.”
Functional neurological disorder and placebo and nocebo effects: shared mechanisms
Fiorio, M., Braga, M., Marotta, A., Villa‐Sánchez, B., Edwards, M. J., Tinazzi, M., & Barbiani, D. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00711-z · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Jungilligens, J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Popkirov, S., Barrett, L. F., & Perez, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum (DE)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jungilligens, Johannes
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-06-02
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2648-2663
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC9905015
- OpenAlex
- W4281736248
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (K23MH111983)
- Ruhr University Bochum Research School
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- conversion disorder, theory of constructed emotion, functional somatic symptoms, allostasis, predictive processing, interoception, affect, energy regulation, alexithymia, dissociation, insecure attachment, life experience, symptom generation, therapeutic implications
- MeSH terms
- Medically Unexplained Symptoms, Affective Symptoms, Brain, Conversion Disorder, Emotions, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
