The DOI matches its Crossref record; 239 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet; 110 of the 200 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
Open accessAbstract
Functional neurological disorder reflects impairments in brain networks leading to distressing motor, sensory and/or cognitive symptoms that demonstrate positive clinical signs on examination incongruent with other conditions. A central issue in historical and contemporary formulations of functional neurological disorder has been the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions. However, the debate has mostly omitted fundamental questions about the nature of emotions in the first place. In this perspective article, we first outline a set of relevant working principles of the brain (e.g. allostasis, predictive processing, interoception and affect), followed by a focused review of the theory of constructed emotion to introduce a new understanding of what emotions are. Building on this theoretical framework, we formulate how altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms. In doing so, we address several themes for the functional neurological disorder field including: (i) how energy regulation and the process of emotion category construction relate to symptom generation, including revisiting alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', dissociation, insecure attachment and the influential role of life experiences; (ii) re-interpret select neurobiological research findings in functional neurological disorder cohorts through the lens of the theory of constructed emotion to illustrate its potential mechanistic relevance; and (iii) discuss therapeutic implications. While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Partly supported · 29 Own interpretation · 19 No full text of the sources · 14 No basis given · 7 Supported · 6 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The notion that discrete emotion categories can be reliably identified by specific behavioural patterns and/or physiological features has been seriously called into doubt by the marked variability within instances of the same category as well as similarities across categories.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Durán, 2021, Do emotions result in their predicted facial expressions? A meta-analysis of studies on the link between expression and emotion, Emotion sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Confidence in the Findings section reports heterogeneity within some emotion categories, and Moving Beyond rejects the assumption that basic emotions uniformly produce their predicted facial expressions. Implications for Research also reports other reviews’ findings that classic emotions lack distinct autonomic fingerprints. But this paper does not establish the claimed similarities across categories; it notes that systematic information about unpredicted facial movements is lacking. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [54] Gendron, 2020, Emotion perception in Hadza hunter-gatherers, Sci Rep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion report substantial variation in facial movements within emotion categories and similarities across categories, calling into question whether facial expressions reliably identify discrete emotions. The study examined actors’ facial poses in photographs; it does not establish the same point for physiological features or behavioural patterns beyond facial expressions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [56] Srinivasan, 2021, Cross-cultural and cultural-specific production and perception of facial expressions of emotion in the wild, IEEE Trans Affect Comput sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.6.2 reports multiple facial configurations for the same emotion and widely varying agreement on category labels, supporting the concern about variability in behavioural patterns. The paper also finds substantial cross-cultural consistency in identifying emotion categories; these passages do not establish the claimed similarities across categories or address physiological features. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [57] Barrett, 2019, Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements, Psychol Sci Public Interest source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [60] Hoemann, 2020, Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience, Sci Rep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Khalaf, 2020, Analysis of multimodal physiological signals within and between individuals to predict psychological challenge vs. threat, Expert Syst Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Stemmler, 2007, Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses, Int J Psychophysiol source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, accumulating cognitive-affective neuroscience evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with this classical view of emotion and its implications (Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication).[47][48][49][50][51]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [47] Mobbs, 2019, Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear, Nat Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Q5 (LFB; page unavailable), Barrett challenges simple, dedicated fear circuits and argues that observed actions and physiological changes should not themselves be treated as fear. This supports the narrower point that some evidence and interpretations challenge a classical view. The paper does not establish the claim’s breadth—that accumulating evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with that view—and presents differing perspectives on fear circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [48] Barrett, 2019, Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion, Neurosci Lett source
In “The current state of things” (page not provided), the paper says findings across neural and autonomic measures show variable patterns rather than the consistent emotion-specific patterns required by the classical view. It concludes that these findings call the classical view into doubt. The section on variability also identifies autonomic, behavioral, and facial measures as lacking consistent markers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Barrett, 2012, Emotions are real, Emotion source
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“yet the underlying mechanisms for this condition remain incompletely understood.3,4”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Stone, 2009, Symptoms ‘unexplained by organic disease’ in 1144 new neurology out-patients: How often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?, Brain source
- Could not verifycites [4] Stephen, 2021, Assessment of emergency department and inpatient use and costs in adult and pediatric functional neurological disorders, JAMA Neurol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes FND symptoms as inconsistent with other neurological disorders, and the Conclusions say funding for FND research is scant. Neither passage addresses whether FND’s underlying mechanisms are understood; searches for mechanisms, pathophysiology, and unknown causes found no passage that does. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, precision signals (the third principle) tune the different incoming predictions and prediction errors through engagement of the salience network.[113][114][115]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [113] Shaffer, 2022, Allostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion, Annu Rev Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Hypothesis 3, the paper says precision signals modulate both prediction signals and prediction errors. In “Interoception Gives Rise to Affect,” it hypothesizes that the salience network modulates which prediction errors are learned. It does not establish that the salience network tunes predictions as well, and presents the network’s role as a hypothesis rather than a settled mechanism. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [114] Berntson, 2021, Neural circuits of interoception, Trends Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Autonomic Efferent Pathways section says mice can modify interoceptive predictions in response to contextual changes, and the Integration section discusses feedback, feedforward, and incoming signals. Neither passage says that precision signals tune predictions or prediction errors through the salience network; searches for those terms found no such account in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [115] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Functional significance of the salience and executive-control networks” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that the salience network integrates sensory data with visceral and autonomic information to identify relevant inputs. It does not say that precision signals tune incoming predictions or prediction errors through that network. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, predictions of the future are continually generated within the brain: based on previous life experiences, an array of parallel predictive simulations are computed that all come with a certain probability. 96,[101][102]2][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Sterling, 2012, Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [101] Clark, 2013, Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science, Behav Brain Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 1.1 (p. 1) describes ongoing, multilayered brain predictions based on models that adapt to experience; section 2.4 (p. 10) describes probabilistic generative models. The passages do not establish the more specific claim that the brain computes an array of parallel simulations of possible futures, each with its own probability. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [102] Hohwy, 2020, Predictive processing as a systematic basis for identifying the neural correlates of consciousness, Philosophy Mind Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Core properties of PP” (page not available), describes brain predictions, perceptual learning from new data, Bayesian inference, and the weighing of different models. Section 8 discusses expected future prediction error. Neither passage establishes that the brain continually computes an array of parallel future simulations, each with a probability; the paper also distinguishes stronger from weaker claims about whether the brain literally uses generative models. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Predictive Processing: Some Core Hypotheses” (page unavailable), the paper says the brain continually runs a generative internal model that recombines past experiences to predict expected sensory inputs. It does not say that the brain computes an array of parallel predictive simulations, each assigned a probability; its reference to “parallel trajectories” in the Abstract describes research approaches, not simulations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [104] Ainley, 2016, ‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) describes probabilistic predictions in the brain’s generative models, informed by sensory evidence. Section 2 (page not provided) says predictions and their precision are updated. The paper does not describe an array of parallel simulations of possible futures based on previous life experiences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Allen, 2020, Unravelling the neurobiology of interoceptive inference, Trends Cogn Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Seth, 2015 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] Schulkin, 2019, Allostasis: A brain-centered, predictive mode of physiological regulation, Trends Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Friston, 2010, The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] Smith, 2017, The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Predictive processing to guide the performance of allostasis is rooted in the brain's cortical cytoarchitecture.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The role of energy regulation in mental events” (page not supplied), the paper links cortical anatomy to the proposed flow of prediction signals and links that architecture to anticipatory bodily regulation, or allostasis. It presents this anatomical account as a hypothesis, however, whereas the citing sentence states the connection without that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
The section on predictive coding within the laminar architecture says predictive processing is anatomically implemented in cortical laminar structure. The Concluding remarks (page unavailable in our copy) link that architecture and its predictions to the organism’s allostatic needs. The paper presents this as a proposed model, consistent with the claim’s broad paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [128] Zhang, 2019, Intrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients, Sci Rep source
The Discussion describes a predictive-processing framework that depends on cortical cytoarchitecture and anticipates bodily needs through allostasis. The Figure 5 description in Results further links prediction signals to differences in cortical lamination. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
The section on functional connectivity gradients says that the proposed flow of prediction and prediction-error signals through the cortex is based on cytoarchitectural properties. The Introduction describes predictive regulation of the body—allostasis—as the ultimate function of this processing. The paper presents the architectural link as a supported hypothesis, not a settled mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To perform allostasis efficiently, the system needs to anticipate, sense and integrate signals originating from within the body made available by interoception: the brain's moment-to-moment modelling of the internal physiological state of the body.95,112,[116][117][118]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
The “Allostasis and Homeostasis” section describes allostasis as anticipating resource needs to maximize energy efficiency. The “Affective and emotional experience” section says interoceptive sense data are predicted and used to maintain allostasis, while ascending bodily signals continually update the brain’s model of body status. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol source
The Introduction says viscerosensory signals provide feedback for allostasis and interoceptive modeling supports allostatic control. The Discussion (‘Interoception and capacity curves’) describes interoceptive predictions being corrected by bodily sensory data, supporting the claim’s anticipation and sensing components. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [116] Strigo, 2016, Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2, “The ascending interoceptive pathway” (page unavailable), says interoceptive activity represents bodily conditions and is needed for homeostasis; it also describes interoceptive integration and adaptive responses that balance anticipated outcomes with energy use. The paper supports the sensing, integration and anticipation elements, but frames them as homeostatic processes rather than specifically stating a requirement for efficient allostasis. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [118] Craig, 2002, How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body, Nat Rev Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The process of interoception is mostly outside of awareness, but provides a low-dimensional moment-to-moment characterization of the state of the body that is experienced by the individual as affect.95”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Interoception and the Psychological Sense of Self” (page unavailable), the paper says interoceptive signals are typically in the background of awareness. In “Affective and emotional experience” (page unavailable), it describes affect as lower-dimensional and discusses a continually updated model of bodily state, but treats interoception’s specific role in affect as proposed and experimentally unresolved, rather than establishing that this bodily characterization is experienced as affect. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Lastly, new evidence over the last decade calls into question claims of the universality of emotion categories across cultures.53”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
The Abstract says that studies conducted since 2008 reveal cultural diversity in how people interpret facial movements and call the universality thesis into doubt. It also suggests that emotion concepts such as fear may not be used similarly across cultures. The paper’s evidence concerns emotion categories in the perception of facial expressions. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, brain areas (and sets of brain regions organized into discrete networks) are also domain-general (one to many)-meaning that one brain region/network can be involved in several functions (such as nociception and cognitive control).51,127”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [127] Shackman, 2011, The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex, Nat Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Functional imaging evidence of overlap in aMCC section reports that negative affect, pain, and cognitive control consistently activate the same brain region, supporting the one-region-to-several-functions example. The Limitations of the Available Evidence section says aMCC likely participates in those domains with dissociable networks; it does not establish that the same network serves several functions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Even the supposed prototypic brain 'biomarkers' for a given emotion category vary substantially across studies, 65,[72][73][74][75][76] and across subjects within a given study.34,55,63,65,69,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Wilson-Mendenhall, 2015, Variety in emotional life: Within-category typicality of emotional experiences is associated with neural activity in large-scale brain networks, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports different neural activity for typical versus atypical experiences within emotion categories, supporting variability in emotion-related brain activity. The cited paper does not establish that proposed brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; its analyses report group-level effects. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Disputedcites [72] Horikawa, 2020, The neural representation of visually evoked emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions, iScience sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Inter-Individual Consistency in Brain Regions Representing Distinct Emotions” (page unavailable), concludes that emotion-related brain patterns were consistent across individuals, contrary to the claim of substantial within-study variation. The paper does not establish how biomarkers vary across studies; its Limitations section only raises individual differences as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [73] Kassam, 2013, Identifying emotions on the basis of neural activation, PLoS ONE sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “Search for Neural Correlates of Emotion” section reports that meta-analyses found no brain region consistently and specifically activated by one emotion category, supporting the across-studies point for localized biomarkers. But the Results and Discussion report that emotion-related activation patterns share significant commonality across participants. Although the Results acknowledge individual variability, they do not establish that the patterns vary substantially across subjects within this study. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Kragel, 2015, Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are categorically distinct, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Partly supportedcites [75] Wager, 2015, A Bayesian model of category-specific emotional brain responses, PLoS Comput Biol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says patterns that appear to distinguish emotion categories may vary from study to study, supporting the across-studies portion. The Discussion describes diverse instances within an emotion category, but this meta-analysis does not establish substantial variation across subjects within a given study; it also reports reliable category-level patterns across studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [76] Zhou, 2021, A distributed fMRI-based signature for the subjective experience of fear, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Within-subject trial-wise prediction passage (page unavailable) describes fear experiences as differing between individuals and the population model as summarizing highly variable instances. But it does not establish that brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; the Discussion instead says the fear signature generalized across participants, paradigms, and scanners. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says that proposed neural fingerprints for emotion categories do not replicate across studies, supporting the across-studies part. It discusses variation within individuals in behavior and autonomic responses, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a single study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion describe variation in facial movements and photographed expressions across emotion instances and people. Searches for brain biomarkers and neural variability found no passage about brain biomarkers varying across studies or subjects within a study. The facial-expression findings do not establish the attributed brain-biomarker claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Clark-Polner, 2017, Multivoxel pattern analysis does not provide evidence to support the existence of basic emotions, Cereb Cortex source
- Partly supportedcites [69] Guillory, 2014, Exploring emotions using invasive methods: Review of 60 years of human intracranial electrophysiology, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that fear is represented in multiple brain areas and lists several sites where stimulation evoked it, supporting variation across studies rather than a unique anatomical marker. The Introduction (page unavailable) mentions individual variability in lesion-study behavioral results, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a given study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A central issue in contemporary discussions has revolved around questioning the extent to which emotions play a mechanistic and aetiological role in FND.23,28,30,31”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain source
In “A unified theory for functional motor and sensory symptoms” (page unavailable), the paper explicitly considers whether affective factors are necessary or sufficient to produce symptoms. Its discussion of how symptoms originate also questions the emphasis on emotional traumatic events. These passages support the claim that the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotion is an issue under discussion. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Abstract describes a shift in contemporary explanations of FND and proposes altered emotional processing as a link between psychosocial risk factors and symptoms. The Conclusions explicitly discuss how emotional processing could contribute to symptom generation and arise from biological and psychosocial risk factors. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Kanaan, 2016, Freud’s hysteria and its legacy, Handb Clin Neurol source
- Partly supportedcites [31] Linden, 2013, Shell shock at Queen Square: Lewis Yealland 100 years on, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction section ‘In skilful and determined hands,’ the paper discusses psychological and physiological processes in the aetiology of functional neurological syndromes. ‘The power of suggestion’ contrasts Yealland’s approach with Myers’s search for an ‘emotional origin.’ These passages support discussion of possible psychological and emotional causes, but do not establish that the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions is a central issue in contemporary debate. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Distinct from homeostasis, allostasis is concerned with metabolic efficiency instead of bringing a system back to a set point (or various set-points).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
The “Allostasis and Homeostasis” section describes allostasis as anticipating resource needs to maximize energy efficiency, while homeostasis provides local regulation and error correction. This supports the citing sentence’s contrast, though the paper does not use the term “set point” in the cited passage (page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Sterling, 2012, Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation, Physiol Behav source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“When an experience of emotion is used as a reference for the present constructed category, we are constructing a conceptual category for emotion.58,143”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [58] Hoemann, 2019, Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis, Dev Psychol source
In “The Role of Concepts in Prediction,” the paper proposes that using past emotional events to generate predictions produces an ad hoc emotion concept. In “Caveats and Considerations,” it says a concept helps constitute an emotion category in a given situation. These passages support the citing sentence as a paraphrase of the paper’s constructionist hypothesis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] Xu, 2013, Infants are rational constructivist learners, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, 'supervised category learning' such as word learning is an important source of emotional development and cultural inheritance.58,141,157,158”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] Hoemann, 2019, Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis, Dev Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A Constructionist Proposal for Emotional Development” (page unavailable), the authors propose that caregiver emotion words may guide children’s learning of emotion categories and their cultural inheritance. The claim presents this as an established source of development and calls it “supervised” learning, whereas the paper frames it as a hypothesis and says infants more often observe incidental uses of emotion words than receive explicit labels. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Applying a Developmental Cascades Approach to Emotion Category Learning” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that caregivers’ emotion labels and children’s word learning may shape developing emotion categories. “Implications for Future Research” discusses cultural variation in emotion categories, but does not establish word learning as a mechanism of cultural inheritance. The paper also presents the developmental role of labels as a hypothesis, rather than an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [157] Gelman, 2017, How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not provided) describes category labels and word learning as means of transmitting categories across generations, and the Conclusions say labels and generics enhance cumulative cultural evolution. The paper notes cultural variation in how emotions are classified, but it does not establish that word learning is an important source of emotional development or characterize the process as ‘supervised category learning.’ (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [158] Gendron, 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Hyperarousal is common in FND; this is exemplified by the observation of 'panic attack without panic' in people with functional seizures, as well as increased sympathetic tone and abnormal startle responses in FND populations.21,46,164,165”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Discussion describes symptoms in dissociative seizures as “panic attack without panic” and reports autonomic and somatic symptoms of heightened arousal during attacks without more frequent feelings of panic. This supports the functional-seizure example for which this source is cited; the sympathetic-tone and startle-response examples are not attributed specifically to it. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [46] Paredes-Echeverri, 2022, Autonomic, endocrine, and inflammation profiles in functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased autonomic arousal and more consistent markers of increased sympathetic tone in children and adolescents with FND, but emphasizes heterogeneous findings in adults. Results > Autonomic Findings (page unavailable) reports an increased startle-response probability in one study of functional movement disorder and no group difference in another. The paper does not report the cited observation of a ‘panic attack without panic’ in people with functional seizures, so it does not support that example or the unqualified generalization across FND populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [164] Dreissen, 2017, Startle responses in functional jerky movement disorders are increased but have a normal pattern, Parkinsonism Relat Disord source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [165] Seignourel, 2007, Abnormal affective startle modulation in individuals with psychogenic [corrected] movement disorder, Mov Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we think that other proposed emotion processing mechanisms for FND are not incorrect, but rather incomplete-with a constructionist perspective addressing an important gap.27,28”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] Sojka, 2018, Processing of emotion in functional neurological disorder, Front Psychiatry source
The Introduction says recent cognitive and brain-based models do not address symptoms’ possible meanings or social functions, a gap the review aims to bridge. The section on emotion and motor behavior says the proposed FND models are not mutually exclusive. Together, these passages support treating the other mechanisms as incomplete rather than incorrect; the constructionist framing is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Discussion’s summary of the proposed model and the Conclusions describe emotion-processing mechanisms that may contribute to FND symptoms. The citing authors’ judgment that these mechanisms are incomplete and that a constructionist perspective fills a gap is framed as their own view, not as a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies in FND cohorts using a range of imaging modalities have detected subtle functional and structural alterations compared to healthy controls, as well as correlates of illness severity and predisposing vulnerabilities.8,207,208”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- Supportedcites [207] Bègue, 2019, Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem?, Neuroimage Clin source
The Introduction describes altered activity and connectivity in functional neuroimaging studies of FND. The Results report structural differences from controls in some FND cohorts, correlations with symptom severity, and correlations between brain volume and childhood abuse or adverse-event burden. The Limitations caution that findings are inconsistent and that structural differences cannot yet be established as markers of predisposing vulnerability. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [208] Sasikumar, 2021, The neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in functional movement disorders, Brain source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such 'miscalculations' could predispose to chronic negative affect and altered predictions, which offers an explanatory framework for behavioural and physiological findings of altered responses to 'emotional' stimuli in people with FND.27,28,44”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [27] Sojka, 2018, Processing of emotion in functional neurological disorder, Front Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Affective excitation in FND” (page unavailable), the review proposes inefficient interoceptive predictions and reports heightened cortical and autonomic arousal. “Organization of studies” (page unavailable) describes altered responses to emotional stimuli in FND. The paper does not establish the claimed link from these prediction errors to chronic negative affect. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The citation supports the reported findings, rather than the citing authors’ proposed explanation involving ‘miscalculations.’ In the narrative review’s “Behavioural & psychophysiological findings” section (page unavailable), the source reports altered behavioural and autonomic responses to affective stimuli in people with FND. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Jungilligens, 2020, Impaired emotional and behavioural awareness and control in patients with dissociative seizures, Psychol Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The expansion of the human brain allows for compression and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (i.e.features) in early infancy and later in life.129,141,142”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on functional connectivity gradients describes compression and dimensionality reduction of sensory information and hypothesizes that low-dimensional, multimodal summaries are reassembled as prediction signals (page unavailable). It does not attribute this process to expansion of the human brain or establish that it occurs in early infancy and later life; the Methods describe datasets of young adults. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Learning Abstract Categories via Developmental Cascades” (page unavailable), the paper describes infants learning abstract object features and inferring functional similarities across perceptually different instances. It does not link this ability to expansion of the human brain or describe it as compression or dimensionality reduction; nor does it establish the claimed process later in life. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] Finlay, 2015, Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution, Trends Neurosci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lastly, since FND is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, a range of other mechanisms articulated in the field remain relevant.8,22,23,[26][27][28][29]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [22] Baslet, 2011, Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a model of their pathogenic mechanism, Seizure sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion describes several possible pathogenic mechanisms and different combinations of vulnerabilities in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Section 2.1.4 also says PNES episodes may involve multiple mechanisms and may or may not relate to past trauma. This supports mechanistic and aetiological heterogeneity for PNES, but the paper does not establish the claim for FND as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Influences from outside the somatomotor network” (page unavailable), the paper allows contributions from other brain areas, and its Conclusions describe a range of predisposing factors. But it proposes a single final common pathway for functional motor and sensory symptoms; it does not support the claim that they are mechanistically heterogeneous or that distinct mechanisms remain relevant on that basis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In FND populations, elevated dissociation has been related to anxiety levels, 21 lower interoceptive accuracy, 184,191 maternal disfunction, 192 other psychiatric comorbidities 169 and childhood trauma.169”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes dissociative seizures as a response to acute anxiety and heightened arousal, supporting a link between dissociation and attack-related anxiety. But the study found no raised general anxiety levels in the dissociative-seizure group, so it does not support an unqualified association with anxiety levels. This citation is attached only to the anxiety part of the sentence, not the other listed factors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports both higher dissociation and lower interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures than in controls. But within patients, dissociation was significantly associated with the discrepancy between perceived and measured interoceptive ability, not with accuracy alone. This verdict concerns only the lower-interoceptive-accuracy clause attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [191] Pick, 2020, Dissociation and interoception in functional neurological disorder, Cogn Neuropsychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Additionally, heightened arousal is linked to defensive behaviours driven by the periaqueductal grey, such as tonic immobility and fight or flight responses-behavioural programmes that share overlapping semiological features with functional seizures.45,[171][172][173][174]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] Aybek, 2015, Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: An FMRI study, PLoS ONE sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [171] Roelofs, 2017, Freeze for action: Neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [172] Diez, 2019, Corticolimbic fast-tracking: enhanced multimodal integration in functional neurological disorder, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [173] Zito, 2019, Abnormal postural behavior in patients with functional movement disorders during exposure to stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [174] Schneider, 2022, Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Are they a freeze reaction?, Epilepsy Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While individual differences are important, data indicate that some people with FND show deficits in sensory processing, interoceptive accuracy, biased attention and impairments in motor learning.90,91,[179][180][181][182][183][184]”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [90] Huys, 2021, Misdirected attentional focus in functional tremor, Brain. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Part I) and Discussion report altered attentional focus in people with functional tremor: they attended more to visual feedback of their movement than the control groups. The paper measured detection of movement-related signals, but does not establish a general sensory-processing deficit or report deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Lin, 2020, Dissociated motor learning and de-adaptation in patients with functional gait disorders, Brain source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [179] Pareés, 2012, ‘Jumping to conclusions’ bias in functional movement disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Supportedcites [180] Pick, 2018, Implicit attentional bias for facial emotion in dissociative seizures: Additional evidence, Epilepsy Behav source
The Discussion reports greater attentional-bias scores for facial emotion in patients with dissociative seizures than in controls, after controlling for anxiety and depression. This supports the biased-attention part of the multi-citation sentence; the paper is not being relied on here for the other listed deficits. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites [181] Bakvis, 2009, Trauma, stress, and preconscious threat processing in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures showed an attentional bias toward masked angry faces and describes impaired emotional information processing. This supports the biased-attention part of the claim, but the paper does not establish deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning, or a general sensory-processing deficit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [182] Sojka, 2021, Individual differences in interoceptive accuracy and prediction error in motor functional neurological disorders: A DTI study, Hum Brain Mapp sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports prior evidence of cardiac interoceptive deficits in FND and suggests that impairment may occur only in a subset, consistent with the claim’s 'some people' qualifier. The study itself found no group-level difference in cardiac interoceptive accuracy. The Introduction mentions attentional biases and sensory-related processes, but the passages do not establish the claimed deficits in sensory processing, biased attention, or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [183] Ricciardi, 2021, Exploring three levels of interoception in people with functional motor disorders, Parkinsonism Relat Disord sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional motor disorders than in healthy controls, supporting the interoceptive-accuracy part of the claim. The paper does not establish biased attention or impaired motor learning; its Results report no significant group difference on the attention and executive-function test. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Group comparisons; page not provided) report significantly reduced interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures, supporting that part of the sentence. The passages do not establish the other listed deficits—sensory processing more broadly, biased attention, or impaired motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediction errors, the second principle, are the mismatch between anticipated and actual sensory input, and are used to update and improve subsequent predictions.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affect serves as a subjective barometer of the in-the-moment estimation of the energetic state of the body, and influences the moment-to-moment perception of incoming information.121”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] Wormwood, Emotion and threat detection: The roles of affect and conceptual knowledge, Emotion source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Fatigue is highly prevalent and a chief predictor of quality of life in motor FND, more so than motor symptom severity.6,163”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Butler, 2021, International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder, Eur J Neurol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [163] Gelauff, 2018, Fatigue, not self-rated motor symptom severity, affects quality of life in functional motor disorders, J Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, each constructed conceptual category for an emotion is situation-specific; therefore, the category itself encompasses varying features (i.e.we can construct happiness with the touch of warm water in a winter day or cold water in a summer day) and there are no two identical instances of an emotion (i.e. the happiness felt on the summer day is different from that of the winter day).50”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The theory of constructed emotion offers a constructionist approach to understanding what emotions are by leveraging the brain's primary role in energy regulation and predictive processing.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, ad hoc conceptual categories of emotion are compressed summaries that categorize physical signals, give them emotional meaning and render the experience an instance of that emotion category (Fig. 5).”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Allostasis and the predictive brain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatedly, life experiences, especially those in critical developmental stages, form the basis of concept formation, which might be updated throughout life to enable a more fine-grained repertoire of (emotion) concepts.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High arousal states that are frequently although not exclusively coupled with a negative valence (e.g. during an altercation or in the immediate aftermath of a car crash) are recognized to be associated with paroxysmal motor phenomena (e.g.tremulous movements, stuttering speech), perceptual distortions (e.g.dizziness, derealization)”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to construct abstract categories is determined by the degree of compression in the features that the brain can support.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in this population, insecure attachment has also been linked to increased symptom severity, childhood maltreatment and poor clinical outcomes.206”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [206] Brown, 2013, Emotional dysregulation, alexithymia, and attachment in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsy Behav source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When people with FND state that they are not anxious or depressed, despite externally presenting information seemingly to the contrary, they are correct.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that the altered emotion construction in some individuals is sufficient to mechanistically explain the development and maintenance of FND and related functional somatic symptoms.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the theory of constructed emotion offers a framework for reconceptualizing and integrating the relevance of emotion (and its aberrant construction) in the pathophysiology of FND.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some people with FND, we posit that functional neurological symptoms occur due to deficits in the repertoire of available emotion concepts and/or impairments in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion in a particular instance.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the theory of constructed emotion framework provides insight into potential mechanisms most relevant for people with FND who report alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', comorbid psychopathology, fatigue and/or a high burden of early-life adversity.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Therapeutic implications, future research directions and limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposal 3: There is altered prediction error learning in FND”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By extension, some forms of functional weakness can be conceptualized as either a derivative of tonic immobility occurring during high arousal, or potentially a manifestation of a low arousal (and probably non-conscious low motivational) state.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, we posit that the availability and reliance on non-emotion, bodily/health-focused concepts (and the related pervasive tendency to categorize incoming afferent sensory information as non-emotion instances) is specific to functional disorders.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While dissociation is probably mechanistically heterogeneous, dissociation within the theory of constructed emotion framework could be conceptualized in part as the momentary uncoupling of the brain's higher-level generative models of the internal state of the body (interoception) and of the body in the world.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms such as the tremor, stutter and cognitive difficulties in such situations are both physiological and involuntary.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This uncoupling could then be experienced as a dissociative event, where the conscious feature of interoception, affect, does not 'match' the constructed experience in the service of allostasis.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such instances, individuals may make sense of these physical symptoms by constructing a conceptual category of 'fear' or 'being shocked'.”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If an individual lacks a relevant emotion concept or does not construct a conceptual category for an emotion in that instance, such experiences could be represented as a non-emotion category (e.g.'shaking').”
§ A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder > Proposal 1: There is chronic energy mismanagement in FND
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The ongoing debate about emotions in functional neurological disorder has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.
“Critical in this context, however, is that this ongoing debate has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous.
“While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The respective roles of the proposed mechanisms across individuals with functional neurological disorder may vary.
“Their respective roles across individuals with FND may also vary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.
“This inconsistency may relate in part to the notion that the brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We look at illness-promoting psychological processes that emerge in the minds of children with FND and that function—in a top-down fashion—to activate and modulate the stress system, thereby contributing to the activation or maintenance of the illness process [23,24,25,26,27].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The child’s expectations will thus be reflected in her body, thoughts, and feelings and can potentially, through a range of mind–brain–body pathways, affect the course of her symptoms [24,25,27,38,39].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jungilligens, J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Popkirov, S., Barrett, L. F., & Perez, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum (DE)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jungilligens, Johannes
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-06-02
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2648-2663
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC9905015
- OpenAlex
- W4281736248
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (K23MH111983)
- Ruhr University Bochum Research School
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- conversion disorder, theory of constructed emotion, functional somatic symptoms, allostasis, predictive processing, interoception, affect, energy regulation, alexithymia, dissociation, insecure attachment, life experience, symptom generation, therapeutic implications
- MeSH terms
- Medically Unexplained Symptoms, Affective Symptoms, Brain, Conversion Disorder, Emotions, Humans
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