Cited by 352Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesSchizophrenia research and treatment

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Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology

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Salamone, John D., Yohn, Samantha E., López-Cruz, Laura, San Miguel, Noemí, Correa, Mercè·2016·Brain

DOI 10.1093/brain/aww050PMC PMC5839596

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Abstract

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As such, motivation is a complex process that is critical for survival, which involves multiple behavioural functions mediated by a number of interacting neural circuits. Classical theories of motivation suggest that there are both directional and activational aspects of motivation, and activational aspects (i.e. speed and vigour of both the instigation and persistence of behaviour) are critical for enabling organisms to overcome work-related obstacles or constraints that separate them from significant stimuli. The present review discusses the role of brain dopamine and related circuits in behavioural activation, exertion of effort in instrumental behaviour, and effort-related decision-making, based upon both animal and human studies. Impairments in behavioural activation and effort-related aspects of motivation are associated with psychiatric symptoms such as anergia, fatigue, lassitude and psychomotor retardation, which cross multiple pathologies, including depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review also attempts to provide an interdisciplinary approach that integrates findings from basic behavioural neuroscience, behavioural economics, clinical neuropsychology, psychiatry, and neurology, to provide a coherent framework for future research and theory in this critical field. Although dopamine systems are a critical part of the brain circuitry regulating behavioural activation, exertion of effort, and effort-related decision-making, mesolimbic dopamine is only one part of a distributed circuitry that includes multiple neurotransmitters and brain areas. Overall, there is a striking similarity between the brain areas involved in behavioural activation and effort-related processes in rodents and in humans. Animal models of effort-related decision-making are highly translatable to humans, and an emerging body of evidence indicates that alterations in effort-based decision-making are evident in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. People with major depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease show evidence of decision-making biases towards a lower exertion of effort. Translational studies linking research with animal models, human volunteers, and clinical populations are greatly expanding our knowledge about the neural basis of effort-related motivational dysfunction, and it is hoped that this research will ultimately lead to improved treatment for motivational and psychomotor symptoms in psychiatry and neurology.

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Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort
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The anatomy of apathy: a neurocognitive framework for amotivated behaviour
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“There is not scope to fully review this literature here, but there is now an overwhelming wealth of behavioural evidence which highlights the crucial role of the ACC-VS loop in motivating the exertion of effort towards a goal, sustaining this effort and in learning whether a behaviour is worthwhile (Salamone et al., 2…”
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Authors: Salamone, J. D., Yohn, S. E., López-Cruz, L., San Miguel, N., & Correa, M.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Universitat Jaume I (ES)
ORCID: Salamone, John D.
Yohn, Samantha E.
Correa, Mercè
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-04-26
Volume: 139
Issue: 5
Pages: 1325-1347
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww050
PMC: PMC5839596
OpenAlex: W2342940951
Cited by: 350
References: 299
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 11
FWCI: 4.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R03MH094966)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: motivation, behavioral activation, dopamine, anergia, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, effort-based decision making, motivational dysfunction
MeSH terms: Animals, Decision Making, Major Depressive Disorder, Dopamine, Physical Exertion, Humans, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia

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Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology

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