Development of Human Brain Structural Networks Through Infancy and Childhood
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During human brain development through infancy and childhood, microstructural and macrostructural changes take place to reshape the brain's structural networks and better adapt them to sophisticated functional and cognitive requirements. However, structural topological configuration of the human brain during this specific development period is not well understood. In this study, diffusion magnetic resonance image (dMRI) of 25 neonates, 13 toddlers, and 25 preadolescents were acquired to characterize network dynamics at these 3 landmark cross-sectional ages during early childhood. dMRI tractography was used to construct human brain structural networks, and the underlying topological properties were quantified by graph-theory approaches. Modular organization and small-world attributes are evident at birth with several important topological metrics increasing monotonically during development. Most significant increases of regional nodes occur in the posterior cingulate cortex, which plays a pivotal role in the functional default mode network. Positive correlations exist between nodal efficiencies and fractional anisotropy of the white matter traced from these nodes, while correlation slopes vary among the brain regions. These results reveal substantial topological reorganization of human brain structural networks through infancy and childhood, which is likely to be the outcome of both heterogeneous strengthening of the major white matter tracts and pruning of other axonal fibers.
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After birth, the left anterior cingulate gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus become hubs in toddler brains.
“After birth, the left anterior cingulate gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus become hubs in toddler brains (Huang et al., 2015).”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Huang et al., 2015
The centrality of the pre-cuneus and cuneus still increases before pre-adolescence.
“The centrality of the pre-cuneus and cuneus still increases before pre-adolescence (Huang et al., 2015; Yap et al., 2011).”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Huang et al., 2015
Network maturation in the first two years after birth generally consists of increased network efficiency and integration, decreased segregation, and some changes in modularity, with most major hubs and modules in place by age two.
“Network maturation in the first 2 years after birth generally consists of increased network efficiency and network integration [G], decreased network segregation [G], and some changes in the modularity48, 51, with most major hubs and modules in place by age 2 years52.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
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Wheelock, M. D., Hect, J. L., Hernandez-Andrade, E., Hassan, S. S., Romero, R., Eggebrecht, A. T., & Thomason, M. E. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100632 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Richmond, S., Johnson, K. A., Seal, M. L., Allen, N. B., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.024 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huang, H., Shu, N., Mishra, V., Jeon, T., Chalak, L., Wang, Z. J., Rollins, N., Gong, G., Cheng, H., Peng, Y., Dong, Q., & He, Y.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Children's Medical Center (US)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-12-11
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1389-1404
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4397575
- OpenAlex
- W2144402393
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (111 Project, 973 Program, 81225012, 31221003, 31000499, 81000633, 81030028)
- Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B07008)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2013CB837300)
- National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (81225012)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH092535-S1, MH092535, R01MH092535)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB009545, R21EB009545)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- brain development, infancy, childhood, network topology, small-world property, modular organization, nodal efficiency, fractional anisotropy, white matter tracts, posterior cingulate cortex, default mode network, axonal pruning, diffusion MRI tractography
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aging, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Anisotropy, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, White Matter
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