The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 58 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
Open accessAbstract
It has been shown that learning a new skill leads to structural changes in the brain. However, it is unclear whether it is the acquisition or continuous practicing of the skill that causes this effect and whether brain connectivity of patients with schizophrenia can benefit from such practice. We examined the effect of 6 months exercise on a stationary bicycle on the brain in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Biking is an endemic skill in the Netherlands and thus offers an ideal situation to disentangle the effects of learning vs practice. The 33 participating patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy individuals were assigned to either one of two conditions, ie, physical exercise or life-as-usual, balanced for diagnosis. Diffusion tensor imaging brain scans were made prior to and after intervention. We demonstrate that irrespective of diagnosis regular physical exercise of an overlearned skill, such as bicycling, significantly increases the integrity, especially of motor functioning related, white matter fiber tracts whereas life-as-usual leads to a decrease in fiber integrity. Our findings imply that exercise of an overlearned physical skill improves brain connectivity in patients and healthy individuals. This has important implications for understanding the effect of fitness programs on the brain in both healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, the outcome may even apply to the nonphysical realm.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a 6-month intervention, regular stationary biking increased white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy) in motor-related tracts in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, whereas life-as-usual decreased FA in the same clusters. Patients and controls benefited similarly, and fitness gains correlated with FA increases.
Key findings
- Exercise versus life-as-usual produced significant FA increases in the exercise group in the left corticospinal tract, left superior longitudinal fascicle, left inferior longitudinal fascicle, left inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, left anterior thalamic radiation, and body/splenium of the corpus callosum (p FWEcorr < 0.05); the life-as-usual group showed FA decreases in these same clusters.
- No significant differences in plasticity between patients and controls were found; both groups benefited equally from exercise.
- JHU-atlas ROI analysis showed time-by-randomization FA increases in the left CST (F = 4.15, P = .045), left SLF (F = 5.092, P = .027), and forceps major (F = 5.687, P = .02), but after correction for 14 ROIs (threshold .0035) these did not reach corrected significance.
- Correlations: change in Wpeak correlated with dFA skeleton (r = .246, P = .028) and dFA picked (r = .374, P = .001); dVO2peak correlated with dFA skeleton (r = 0.270, P = .016); in patients, decrease in positive symptoms correlated with FA improvement (r = -0.455, P = .008).
Methods
- TOPFIT cohort: 33 patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy controls, aged 18–48 years, physically inactive, randomized 1:1 (stratified by gender, recruitment site, BMI) to 6 months of physical exercise or life-as-usual/occupational therapy; exercise was 1 h twice weekly (40 min aerobic, 20 min anaerobic), with biking about 50% of the duration.
- DTI brain scans at 3 Tesla before and after intervention; whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and JHU-ICBM atlas ROI analysis of fractional anisotropy.
- Longitudinal analyses used GLM with time, randomization, group, and compliance as covariate; TBSS used 5000 permutations with threshold-free cluster enhancement; correlations examined FA changes with cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, IQ, PANSS, and chlorpromazine equivalents.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: patient exercise adherence is problematic due to poor motivation, medication side effects, social barriers, and symptoms; no significant baseline FA differences were found between patients and controls, so findings may not extend to patients with more severe white matter abnormalities; antipsychotic medication influence was considered but no significant correlation with FA was found; ongoing exercise may be necessary to maintain FA effects, raising motivation concerns; mechanisms remain unclear.
- Evident from the text: the ROI findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons across 14 ROIs; compliance differed significantly between exercise and nonexercise groups and between patients and controls, although compliance was included as a covariate.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
25 Not checked yet · 23 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas life-as-usual leads to a decrease in fiber integrity.”
- Also stated in: § Following the Intervention · plain
“Decreases in FA in these same clusters were found in the life-as-usual group.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Following the Intervention · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FA increases between baseline and follow-up in exercise group comparing to decreases of FA in nonexercise group.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Local statistical maxima of FA values increases in exercise group comparing to nonexercise group (clusters with P FWEcorr < .05) MNI coordinates showing the location of the maximum intensity voxel of each cluster.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the continuous exercise predominantly affects white matter in the left hemisphere specifically in right-handed individuals (for details see supplementary data).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even though our study has not shown direct evidence of improvement in cognitive functions based on specific psychological tests.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The GLM-repeated measurement design shows significant changes over time between two randomization groups (exercise vs nonexercise), irrespective of diagnosis (schizophrenia, healthy) ( P uncorr < .05).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clusters with significant increases in FA between the first and second measurement were found in the exercise group in the left corticospinal tract (LCST), the left superior longitudinal fascicle (LSLF), the left inferior longitudinal fascicle (LILF), the left inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (LIFOF), left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) and in the body and splenium of the”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increases in fractional anisotropy (FA) occur along the left corticospinal tract (CST), the left superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF), and the forceps major (FM) following the 6-months interval in the exercise as compared to nonexercise group.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another potential limitation is that no significant baseline differences between patients and controls in FA were found.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant correlations between longitudinal differences in Wpeak (dWpeak) and both FA skeleton (dFA skeleton ) ( r = .246, P = .028, two-tailed) and FA picked (dFA picked ) ( r = .374, P = .001) were found irrespective of disease.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“After having acquired proficiency in juggling, the changes in the brain reverted to normal after the students had stopped practicing for 3 months, suggesting it may be practice rather than acquisition that affects the brain.”
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [23] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study reports a four-week period without juggling, not three months. In the passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable), white-matter changes remained elevated relative to baseline and gray-matter changes continued after that period—the opposite of reverting to normal. The authors do suggest that training time may matter more than performance reached, but that does not support the claimed reversal. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We demonstrate that irrespective of diagnosis regular physical exercise of an overlearned skill, such as bicycling, significantly increases the integrity, especially of motor functioning related, white matter fiber tracts whereas life-as-usual leads to a decrease in fiber integrity.”
- Also stated in: § Following the Intervention · plain
“Clusters with significant increases in FA between the first and second measurement were found in the exercise group in the left corticospinal tract (LCST), the left superior longitudinal fascicle (LSLF), the left inferior longitudinal fascicle (LILF), the left inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (LIFOF), left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) and in the body and splenium of the”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Following the Intervention · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant associations of FA or change in FA with BMI, HR rest , HR max , IQ in both groups and with overall PANSS, PANSS neg , PANSS dis , PANSS exc , PANSS emo , or ChE dose in the patients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the differences measured between patients and controls in clinical characteristics, no significant difference in FA was detected using cluster-based and JHU-ICBM-atlasbased approaches, although mean FA value calculated for whole skeleton was lower in patients (mean = 0.420, SD = 0.017) than in controls (mean = 0.422, SD = 0.013).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences in the exercise and nonexercise group from the first to second measurement (time by randomization) were found in the cardiorespiratory fitness parameters (W peak , VO 2peak ), and in PANSS scores decreases in overall PANSS score, positive symptoms, excitement score, and disorganization score in exercise group of patients, contrary to increases in”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeating the analysis with the JHU-atlas-based ROI analysis, significant increases in FA were found over time in the exercise group as compared to the nonexercise group (time by randomization) in the LCST ( F = 4.15, P = .045), the LSLF ( F = 5.092, P = .027) and FM ( F = 5.687, P = 0.02) in both patients and controls (figure 2; table 3), but after the correction for”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“specifically, alleviation of positive symptoms and increasing white matter integrity seemed to go hand-in-hand.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the maximal oxygen uptake measurement (ie, VO 2peak ), a significant correlation was demonstrated only for the difference in overall FA values (dFA skeleton ) ( r = 0.270, P = .016), and not for the FA difference in clusters showing longitudinal FA increase (dFA picked ).”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increases in the volume of the cortex 14-16,18 and hippocampus 17,19 were found after periods of exercise in healthy individuals.”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, others did not find significant effect, eg, on cortical architecture. 20-22”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In healthy students, it has been shown that when a new skill is learned, such as juggling, gray matter volume increases 14 and white matter integrity improves. 23”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, some of the schizophreniarelated changes in gray 8,9 and white matter 10 are progressive in nature.”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On the other hand, after training a complicated balancing act, white matter changes remained present. 23”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The (progressive) brain tissue loss has been associated with genetic factors and with disease-related factors 11,12 as well as effects of antipsychotic medication intake. 13”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical exercise has been reported to affect gray matter structure. 14-19”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In patients with schizophrenia, a period of exercise training resulted in hippocampal volume increase in one study 19 but other studies did not reveal increases in hippocampal volume 20 or cortical density. 18”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant differences in compliance between exercise and nonexercise group and patients vs controls were found.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found between patients and controls in mean age, gender, handedness, and parental level of education.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CST represents the major fiber bundle for motor functioning, transferring information from multiple cortical areas to the brain stem and spinal cord. 51”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant baseline difference between the exercise group and nonexercise group was found in heart rate in rest (HR rest ), peak work rate at the moment of exhaustion (W peak in Watt), highest oxygen uptake during the last 30 s of the test (VO 2 in ml/kg/min), and IQ (table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“higher FA has been associated with better functional connectivity between anatomically distant gray matter regions using resting-state fMRI (functional MRI) 35,47,48”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The SLF is a major association fiber bundle involved in higher aspects of motor behavior such as coding of body parts in the surrounding space and monitoring (competing) motor actions. 54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A research assistant and a sport physician assessed the demographic and clinical baseline and follow-up measurements while being blind to the randomization.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, a higher FA has been related to interhemispheric transition time measured with event-related potentials (ERP) 45 and quantitative electroencephalography (EEG). 46”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, several cross-sectional studies, mainly conducted in musicians, suggest that it is (early) practice that determines changes in the brain 24 : proficiency-expressed as practice time-is generally correlated with the degree of brain change, not with the skill of playing the instrument per se. 25”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results were corrected for Family-wise error (FWEcorr) (for additional information see supplementary data).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these findings may also extend to the nonphysical realm.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“better functional connectivity has been associated with higher cognitive functioning, 49,50”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was performed as a computer-generated procedure, incorporating a concealed allocation (ratio 1:1), with stratification for gender, recruitment site and Body Mass Index.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, 85% of the Dutch owns a bicycle and each year travels 900 km on it. 26”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both rodent and human studies suggest that maturation of the CST is driven by neural activity in cortical motor areas and limb experience, thus reflecting the need to adapt to changing motor demands. 52,53”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All aforementioned tracts are involved in attention, visual processing, verbal processing and language functions, and face recognition 61 as well as executive functioning and memory encoding, 62”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compliance was registered as a percentage of sessions attended and was over 50% in the subjects included in the study (for details see supplementary data).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, a significant difference was found between the patients and the controls, irrespective of intervention condition, in heart rate in rest (HR rest ), maximal heart rate (HR max ), together with difference in peak work rate at the moment of exhaustion (W peak in Watt) as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, although no significant difference in the highest oxygen uptake during”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in patients as compared to healthy subjects.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A positive influence of antipsychotic medication on glia cells and myelination has been demonstrated. 82,83”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, these associations imply that changes are caused by practice of an overlearned aerobic activity rather than anaerobic newly learned exercise.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Biking is an overlearned physical skill.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore we cannot predict how our findings will extend to patients with more severe white matter abnormalities, either through more or less prominent improvements in fiber integrity.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, the effect in white matter may be due to improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, as suggested by positive associations between FA and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters over time.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two randomization groups (exercise vs nonexercise)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In patients implementation and sustainability of regular exercise commitment remains problematic due to poor motivation, 73 side effects of medications, 74,75 social barriers, 76 and symptoms. 73”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Archie, 2003, Pilot study: access to fitness facility and exercise levels in olanzapine-treated patients, Can J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [74] source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Newcomer, 2006, The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications, Can J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A growing body of evidence suggests possibly direct contributions of activation of fiber bundles to changes in white matter. 84”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Mandl, 2013, Functional diffusion tensor imaging at 3 Tesla, Front Hum Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
It is not known whether exercise benefits white matter connectivity in patients with schizophrenia.
“However, it is not known if exercise benefits white matter connectivity in patients with schizophrenia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When a skill is endemic in a population, learning is not involved.
“When the skill is endemic in a population, it is evident that learning is not involved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Biking is an overlearned physical skill.
“practicing an overlearned physical skill (ie, biking)”
The paper relies on this without support.
FA is a valid measure of white matter integrity/brain connectivity.
“improves brain connectivity”
“increasing white matter integrity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“White-matter alterations may also occur in non-healthy individuals as one recent RCT demonstrated a 6-month AE intervention to improve global white-matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia (Svatkova et al., 2015).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Svatkova et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Following the Intervention
“the left inferior longitudinal fascicle (LILF)”
§ FA with Cardiovascular Fitness, Oxygen Uptake, BMI, and IQ
“LIFOF, the left inferior fronto-occipital fascicle; LILF, the left inferior fronto-occipital fascicle”
Citations
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Using Exercise to Treat Patients with Severe Mental Illness: How and Why?
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Hüttlová, J., Kikinis, Z., Keřkovský, M., Sylvain Bouix, A., Vu, M.-A. T., Makris, N., Shenton, M. E., & Kašpárek, T. (2014) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-014-0550-y · Cited by 25
Priebe, S., Savill, M., Reininghaus, U., Wykes, T., Bentall, R. P., Lauber, C., McCrone, P., Röhricht, F., & Eldridge, S. M. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-26 · Cited by 24
Scrascia, F., Curcio, G., Ursini, F., Trotta, L., Quintiliani, L., Migliore, S., Altamura, C., Pitocco, F., Altavilla, R., Melgari, J.-M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130788 · Cited by 22
Functional diffusion tensor imaging at 3 Tesla
Mandl, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00817 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Psychiatric Association, 2000, Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D., Malchow, B., Schuch, F., Elliott, R., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Yung, A. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw115 · Cited by 488
Dauwan, M., Begemann, M. J. H., Heringa, S. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv164 · Cited by 393
Exercise effects on depression: Possible neural mechanisms
Gujral, S., Aizenstein, H., Reynolds, C. F., Butters, M. A., & Erickson, K. I. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.012 · Cited by 334
“They found that regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, the aerobic exercise intervention increased FA in the corpus callosum, SLF, and corticospinal tract (79).”
BackgroundExercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: A Mechanistic Model and Prospects for Promoting Plasticity
El‐Sayes, J., Harasym, D., Turco, C. V., Locke, M. B., & Nelson, A. J. (2018) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858418771538 · Cited by 335
van Tilborg, E., de Theije, C. G. M., van Hal, M., Wagenaar, N., de Vries, L. S., Benders, M. J. N. L., Rowitch, D. H., & Nijboer, C. H. A. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23256 · Cited by 321
“Animal and human studies have shown that neural activity stimulates OPC differentiation and myelination during motor learning (Scholz et al., 2009; Svatkova et al., 2015; Zatorre et al., 2012).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Svatkova, A., Mandl, R. C. W., Scheewe, T. W., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-03-31
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 869-878
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC4466190
- OpenAlex
- W2133556985
- Semantic Scholar
- 95b6b395f1b96b2eca5911b379e5ac4feca243e7
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, cycling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Exercise Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Schizophrenia, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, White Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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