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The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders and in healthy people

Sahakian, Barbara J., Bruhl, Annette B., Cook, Jennifer, Killikelly, Clare, Savulich, George, Piercy, Thomas, Hafizi, Sepehr, Perez, Jesus, Fernandez-Egea, Emilio, Suckling, John, Jones, Peter B.·2015·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI 10.1098/rstb.2014.0214
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Abstract

In addition to causing distress and disability to the individual, neuropsychiatric disorders are also extremely expensive to society and governments. These disorders are both common and debilitating and impact on cognition, functionality and wellbeing. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and methylphenidate, are used to treat cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respectively. Other cognitive enhancers include specific computerized cognitive training and devices. An example of a novel form of cognitive enhancement using the technological advancement of a game on an iPad that also acts to increase motivation is presented. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as methylphenidate and modafinil, which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by healthy people. Modafinil not only affects ‘cold’ cognition, but also improves ‘hot’ cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The lifestyle use of ‘smart drugs' raises both safety concerns as well as ethical issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. As a society, we need to consider which forms of cognitive enhancement (e.g. pharmacological, exercise, lifelong learning) are acceptable and for which groups (e.g. military, doctors) under what conditions (e.g. war, shift work) and by what methods we would wish to improve and flourish.

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Metadata

Authors
Sahakian, B. J., Bruhl, A. B., Cook, J., Killikelly, C., Savulich, G., Piercy, T., Hafizi, S., Perez, J., Fernandez-Egea, E., Suckling, J., & Jones, P. B.
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2015-09-19
Volume
370
Issue
1677
Pages
20140214
ISSN
  • 0962-8436
  • 1471-2970
DOI
10.1098/rstb.2014.0214
Cited by
85
References
31
Language
en
Licence
royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)

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