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Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020)
Open accessAbstract
China is experiencing significant public health challenges related to social and demographic transitions and lifestyle transformations following unprecedented economic reforms four decades ago. Of particular public health concern is the fourfold increase in overweight and obesity rates in the nation’s youth population, coupled with the low prevalence of adolescents meeting recommended levels of physical activity. Improving the overall health of China’s more than 170 million children and adolescents has become a national priority. However, advancing nationwide health initiatives and physical activity promotion in this population has been hampered by the lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for achieving these ends. To address this deficiency and inform policies to achieve Healthy China 2030 goals, a panel of Chinese experts, complemented by international professionals, developed this consensus statement. The consensus was achieved through an iterative process that began with a literature search from electronic databases; in-depth reviews, conducted by a steering committee, of the resulting articles; and panel group evaluations and discussions in the form of email correspondence, conference calls and written communications. Ultimately, the panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6–17, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activities led to multiple positive health outcomes. Our consensus statement also (1) highlights major challenges in promoting physical activity, (2) identifies future research that addresses current knowledge gaps, and (3) provides recommendations for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers for promoting physical activity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. This consensus statement aligns with international efforts to develop global physical activity guidelines to promote physical activity and health and prevent lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. More importantly, it provides a foundation for developing culturally appropriate and effective physical activity interventions, health promotion strategies and policy initiatives to improve the health of Chinese children and adolescents.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This expert consensus statement synthesizes evidence and provides recommendations on physical activity and health for Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–17, developed by a steering committee and expanded expert panel. It concludes that 60+ min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity yields multiple health benefits and calls for culturally relevant policies and interventions, while noting limited high-quality China-based evidence.
Key findings
- The panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6–17, moderate to vigorous physical activity leads to multiple positive health outcomes; guidelines recommend ≥60 min/day, including aerobic, muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities at least 3 days/week.
- Physical activity levels are low in Chinese youth: less than a quarter (22%) engage in daily physical activity lasting 60 min or more; 85.8% engage in sedentary behaviours longer than 2 hours/day; only 15%–34% meet recommended physical activity guidelines; only 3 in 10 achieve an “excellent” or “good” national physical fitness rating; and only 0.5% have ideal cardiovascular health.
- Overweight and obesity increased fourfold between 1995 and 2014, with around 1 in 5 children and adolescents overweight or obese; 35%–37% reported more than 2 hours/day of screen time in 2016–2017; projected childhood overweight/obesity prevalence is 28% (or 49.5 million children) by 2030.
- The consensus highlights challenges and barriers, research gaps, and messages for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers, including limiting recreational and non-school screen time to no more than 2 hours/day and creating supportive environments for physical activity.
Methods
- A steering committee (n=4) conducted a literature search and review, identified key topic areas and drafted the initial consensus; an expanded panel of experts (n=16) reviewed it, with iterative email exchanges, conference calls and written communications, and the final version incorporated input from all participating members.
- Electronic database searches (EBSCO, CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed and Web of Science; no publication-date restrictions) yielded 17,851 potential articles; 81 articles were included. The main search was conducted on 1 January 2019, and the latest search on 25 February 2020. Studies on children with chronic disease conditions or disabilities were excluded.
- The consensus used an expert consensus development approach involving group decision-making, selecting individual studies, systematic reviews, consensus statements and meta-analyses based on the steering committee’s best judgement.
Limitations
- Stated: there were limited high-quality Chinese-based studies and a paucity of research in certain health areas, so evidence was drawn primarily from international studies predominantly based on Caucasian populations.
- Stated: the consensus is based on the panel’s best judgement rather than a quantitative synthesis such as meta-analysis; future updates should consider the GRADE process. It focuses on Chinese school-aged children and adolescents without disabling conditions and does not offer consensus for those with physical disabilities; limitations in available evidence may restrict absolute conclusions.
- Evident from the text: many themes rely on “some evidence,” “preliminary evidence,” “insufficient evidence” or inconsistent findings (for example, physical activity and overweight/obesity independent of calorie intake, and school/community-based obesity prevention), so the strength of evidence varies across recommendations.
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Claims the paper makes
85 Not checked yet · 8 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“There is evidence that physical activity is associated with better mental health whereas sedentary behaviours (such as screen time) are associated with poorer mental health among children and adolescents.56 91–93”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 6: physical and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
- Supportedcites [91] source
The Overall Conclusions state that physically active young people appear less likely to have mental health problems. The Abstract also concludes that associations between physical activity and mental health in young people are evident, while noting that study designs are often weak and effects small to moderate. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Could not verifycites [92] Asare, 2015, Sedentary behaviour and mental health in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis, J Child Adolesc Behav sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background says physical activity is associated with positive health generally, but does not state that it is associated with better mental health in children and adolescents. The Discussion reports an association between sedentary behaviour and poorer mental health; searches for a physical-activity–mental-health finding did not locate one in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not checked yetcites [93] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is some evidence that intervention strategies based at the school, home/family or community/neighbourhood level can increase physical activity in children and adolescents.115–120”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 9: interventions that promote physical activity in different settings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that school-based interventions can increase physical activity in youth, and the Results describe positive findings for school interventions with family or community components. The paper does not establish that interventions based independently at home or in the community/neighbourhood increase physical activity; its review focuses on school-based strategies. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [116] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Behavioural and social approaches section (page unavailable) reports that school-based interventions increase children’s physical activity. It mentions family-based components of some school programmes, but does not establish that home/family-based interventions independently increase activity. Its community and neighbourhood examples do not establish that effect specifically for children and adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [117] Messing, 2019, How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings, Front Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on School and Family and Home Setting report increased physical activity from some school-based strategies and parental support. The School section also links community involvement to positive outcomes, but only as a component of school interventions, and notes a contrary finding. The Abstract says evidence on community-level intervention efficacy remains limited, so the claim is not fully supported for community/neighbourhood-based strategies. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [118] Verjans-Janssen, 2018, Effectiveness of school-based physical activity and nutrition interventions with direct parental involvement on children"s BMI and energy balance-related behaviors - A systematic review, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Intervention results regarding physical activity behavior; page unavailable) report favorable physical-activity outcomes in nine of eleven studies, supporting the claim for some school-based interventions with parental involvement. But the Methods (Inclusion criteria; page unavailable) restrict the review to primary-school children aged 4–12, not adolescents. The Results (Intervention characteristics; page unavailable) identify four community-based interventions but find no consistent pattern linking the environments targeted to outcomes, so the paper does not establish effectiveness for community/neighbourhood strategies as a category. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [119] source
- Partly supportedcites [120] Jones, 2020, A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children, J Sport Health Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Strength of evidence for PA outcome measure; page unavailable) report moderate evidence that school-based interventions increased physical activity in children during intervention delivery. The Conclusion says there was no evidence of an effect on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity across the whole day. This review does not establish effects of home/family or community/neighbourhood interventions, or effects in adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There is no clear evidence from China to suggest that socioeconomic status (eg, family socioeconomic status, parental education) is associated with levels of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents.106”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 8: socioeconomic status, physical environment, built environment and policy influences
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [106] Lu, 2017, Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
The Results section reports that family socioeconomic status (nine papers) and parental education (seven papers) were not associated with physical activity in Chinese children or adolescents. The Discussion reiterates this finding while cautioning that studies of these factors were often low quality, consistent with the citing sentence’s cautious wording. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with only 3 in 10 students achieving an ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ rating in national physical fitness standards18”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Zhu, 2017, Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children: findings from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China-The youth study, J Sport Health Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with a general downward trend15”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Ao, 2019, Trends in physical fitness among 12-year-old children in urban and rural areas during the social transformation period in China, J Adolesc Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a large proportion of children and youth, including those living in low and middle-income countries, are either sedentary or not achieving recommended levels of physical activity.8–11”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Vancampfort, 2019, Correlates of physical activity among 142,118 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 48 low- and middle-income countries, Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Tremblay, 2016, Global matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries, J Phys Act Health source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Aubert, 2018, Global matrix 3.0 physical activity report card grades for children and youth: results and analysis from 49 countries, J Phys Act Health source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Guthold, 2020, Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“85.8% engage in sedentary behaviours longer than 2 hours per day,16”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Song, 2019, Physical activity and sedentary behavior among Chinese children aged 6-17 years: a cross-sectional analysis of 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and health survey, BMC Public Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, there is an extremely low prevalence (0.5%) of ideal cardiovascular health as reflected by seven health metrics, namely smoking, body mass index (BMI), dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol.21”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Yan, 2019, Cardiovascular health in urban Chinese children and adolescents, Ann Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“leading to a decline in physical fitness,17”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dong, 2019, Trends in physical fitness, growth, and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 1·5 million students from six successive national surveys between 1985 and 2014, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the prevalence globally of children and adolescents performing activities that lead to aerobic conditioning, muscle strengthening, bone building and brain function improvement, as well as the reduction of stress and depression, remains low,6 7”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 6 7
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The overall level of physical activity and fitness among the nation’s school-aged children and adolescents has been shown to be insufficient12 and far from ideal from the perspective of public health and disease prevention.13”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Chen, 2017, Physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index in the Chinese child and adolescent populations: an update from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China-The youth study, J Sport Health Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Li, 2019, Physical activity and prevention of chronic disease in Chinese youth: a public health approach, J Sport Health Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research indicates that those who are physically active show or report better overall physical and mental health, a higher level of fitness and a lower level of obesity than their sedentary or physically inactive counterparts1–4”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee . Physical activity guidelines Advisory Committee scientific report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines/scientific-report
- Not checked yetcites [4] Granger, 2017, A systematic review of the relationship of physical activity and health status in adolescents, Eur J Public Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Muscle-strengthening physical activity: As part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include muscle-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current international guidelines40–44 on physical activity for children and adolescents (age range: 5–17 years) generally recommend an active lifestyle and encourage participation in daily physical activity, including both light-intensity and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities, with the latter intensity being commonly recommended because it is more favourably related to a variety”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
- Not checked yetcites 1 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aerobic physical activity: Most of the 60 min or more per day should be either moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity and should include vigorous-intensity physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and experiences high expectations and pressure in achieving academic excellence33 34 that is both culturally embedded and potentially health debilitating.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 33 34
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“between 1995 and 2014, this youth population saw a fourfold increase in overweight and obesity, with around 1 in 5 children and adolescents being either overweight or obese.23”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Background, significance and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Dong, 2019, Economic development and the nutritional status of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents from 1995 to 2014: an analysis of five successive national surveys, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bone-strengthening physical activity: As part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include bone-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Guidelines recommend that the amount of physical activity be greater than 60 min if additional health benefits are to be gained.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews were used as primary literature sources when available”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Panel of experts and consensus process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The consensus statement was developed using an expert consensus development approach involving group decision-making according to guidelines and other guideline documents51 (eg, expert consensus statements) published by national and international authorities (eg, WHO), as well as peer-reviewed literature.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Sources of evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] World Health Organization . Who Handbook for Guideline development, 2nd ed. 2014, 2014. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714 [Accessed 1 May 2020].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is evidence to suggest that children and adolescents having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have improved cardiovascular risk outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat, as well as a prevalence of metabolic dysregulation in later life.60”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 2: cardiorespiratory fitness and health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consensus was then reviewed by an expanded panel of experts (n=16) who were carefully selected to balance experience and expertise in the areas of public health, physical activity, epidemiology, physical fitness, physical education, paediatrics and exercise physiology, and to ensure diversity in themes and viewpoints in the statement.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Panel of experts and consensus process
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is evidence indicating that children and adolescents with overweight and obesity benefit from exercise interventions because these interventions improve their cardiometabolic and vascular health, cardiorespiratory fitness62 and motor skill development.63”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 2: cardiorespiratory fitness and health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] García-Hermoso, 2019, Exercise, health outcomes, and pædiatric obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Han, 2018, Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental movement skills and motor coordination in overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The collection of these articles, both in English and Chinese, was based on an extensive electronic search of the literature using the following databases: EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SportDISCUS), CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed and Web of Science. No restrictions were imposed with regard to publication date.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Sources of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines42 46 have been proposed that integrate the balance of time spent per day in light to vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep to enhance health outcomes in those aged 5–17 years.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 42 46
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final version of the consensus document was developed based on input and comments from all participating members.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Panel of experts and consensus process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Current guidelines also emphasise the need for creating physical activities that are age appropriate for children and adolescents, enjoyable and varied.45”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Physical activity guidelines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] World Health Organization . What is moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activity? Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical_activity_intensity/en/ [Accessed 1 Jul 2019].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The search from the electronic databases resulted in a total of 17 851 potential articles. On screening for relevance, 81 articles were included in this consensus.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Objectives and process of consensus development > Sources of evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These children demonstrate larger brain volumes in the areas involved with memory and executive function and better memory task performance compared with children with low fitness levels.70”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 4: brain, cognition and academic achievement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent meta-analysis of high-quality intervention studies shows strong evidence for the beneficial effects of physical activity on math performance but inconclusive evidence on the beneficial effects of physical activity interventions on cognition and overall academic performance in children.80”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 4: brain, cognition and academic achievement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is evidence that physical activity interventions, including those of moderate to vigorous intensity, improve brain structure and function as well as cognitive and academic performance.75–79”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 4: brain, cognition and academic achievement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Lind, 2019, Acute high‐intensity football games can improve children"s inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention, Scand J Med Sci Sports source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, evidence indicates no association or weak to modest association between physical activity and obesity,2 82–84 with no clear association reported in reviews of early prospective studies.83”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 5: overweight and obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 2 82–84
- Not checked yetcites [83] Wilks, 2011, Objectively measured physical activity and obesity prevention in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review of prospective studies, Obesity Rev source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is consensus that regular engagement in traditional sports, mainly football, may be as effective as general interventions based on physical activity for improving body composition and decreasing metabolic complications in children with obesity and may be appropriate, as a preventive intervention, for paediatric obesity treatment.86 87”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 5: overweight and obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 86 87
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is a positive association between physical activity (both moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity and vigorous-intensity physical activity) and physical fitness and academic performance in children and adolescents.71–74”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 4: brain, cognition and academic achievement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Lima, 2018, Physical fitness is longitudinally associated with academic performance during childhood and adolescence, and waist circumference mediated the relationship, Pediatr Exerc Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Michael, 2015, Critical connections: health and academics, J School Health source
- Not checked yetcites [73] source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Donnelly, 2016, Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Commonly reported factors influencing physical activity levels include socioeconomic status (income and education), the physical environment (ambient air and water) and the built environment (neighbourhood design, parks and recreational facilities, green space, safety, access to physical activity facilities and street connectivity).”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 8: socioeconomic status, physical environment, built environment and policy influences
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is evidence that elevated physical fitness in children and adolescents is associated with lower central obesity,88 89 an independent risk factor for cardiovascular-related diseases in adulthood.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 5: overweight and obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 88 89
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence from China indicates that built environmental features in the community, such as availability and accessibility of open space, recreational facilities and walkable sidewalks, are likely to facilitate increased physical activity and active commuting, as well as reduced sedentary behaviours among Chinese children and adolescents.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 8: socioeconomic status, physical environment, built environment and policy influences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, features such as the lack of bike lanes and high residential density are likely to be associated with childhood overweight and obesity.109”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 8: socioeconomic status, physical environment, built environment and policy influences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Promoting physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents is both urgent and important because this population continues to engage in activities that contribute to physical inactivity and place them at increased risk for overweight and obesity and related conditions that are detrimental to health.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.
- Rests on an assumption: Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.
- Rests on an assumption: Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.
- Rests on an assumption: Practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consensus statements are based on the panel’s best judgement regarding the current state of the art of research rather than on a quantitative synthesis (eg, a meta-analysis) of empirical data.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Caveats
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, a high prevalence of injuries is also reported by those who participate in team sports, have lower safety awareness, exercise in slippery conditions, overextend their play,127 have excessive workout loads and do not warm up sufficiently.128”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 10: risk of injuries from participating in physical activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Cai, 2018, Physical activity-related injury and its associated factors among middle school students in southern China, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Yin, 2011, Analysis on sports injuries of adolescents in Shanghai, Chin J Sch Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In China, limited data indicate that injury risk is related to physical activity, with a high prevalence of activity-related injuries reported by boys and junior high students.127 128”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 10: risk of injuries from participating in physical activities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Cai, 2018, Physical activity-related injury and its associated factors among middle school students in southern China, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Yin, 2011, Analysis on sports injuries of adolescents in Shanghai, Chin J Sch Health
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The newly developed WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 identifies four strategic objectives to reduce time spent in inactive behaviours by 2030.36”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Joining the global effort to reduce physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] World Health Organisation . Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 - More active people for a healthier world, 2018. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272722/9789241514187-eng.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2020].
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“National physical activity action plans are a ‘call to action’ for proactive initiatives to increase physical activity using strategies and locations that reflect the social, cultural, economic and political contexts of a country.142–146”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Joining the global effort to reduce physical inactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Spence, 2016, Active Canada 20/20: a physical activity plan for Canada, Can J Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [143] The National Physical Activity Plan Alliance. 2016. US National Physical Activity Plan. Available: https://www.physicalactivityplan.org/docs/2016NPAP_Finalforwebsite.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [144] Department of Health and Children, Health Service Executive . National Physical Activity Plan for Ireland, 2016. Available: https://assets.gov.ie/7563/23f51643fd1d4ad7abf529e58c8d8041.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [145] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Choosing health: a physical activity action plan for the UK, 2005. Available: https://www.physicalactivityplan.org/resources/UK.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
- Not checked yetcites [146] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations in the available evidence summarised and included in this consensus may restrict the ability to draw absolute conclusions.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Caveats
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some risk of injuries or overuse injuries among children and adolescents who participate in physical activities and sports,123 as well as organised and unorganised leisure-time physical activity,1 2”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Statements > Theme 10: risk of injuries from participating in physical activities
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These conditions are most attributable to the imbalance between sufficient physical activity and overprioritising academic achievement, which results in an overload of schoolwork, as well as a high prevalence of sedentary behaviours, predominantly characterised by time spent in screen-based activities.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is strong scientific evidence that children and adolescents benefit substantially in multiple health and fitness domains from engaging in 60 min or more of moderate to vigorous daily physical activity, and these benefits continue throughout their lives.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Structured physical activity and/or leisure-time sports and recreational physical activities that are of moderate to vigorous intensity and reduced time spent in sedentary behaviours provide multiple health benefits for child and adolescent populations. Such benefits include, but are not limited to, cardiorespiratory, muscular and cardiometabolic fitness; cognitive functioning; and physical and”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Evidence-based messages for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers on physical activity among school-aged children and adolescents
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing social support and creating conducive playable environments encourages physical activity of various kinds.”
§ Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) > Evidence-based messages for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers on physical activity among school-aged children and adolescents
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents.
“However, advancing nationwide health initiatives and physical activity promotion in this population has been hampered by the lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for achieving these ends.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This consensus statement is the very first of its kind for children and adolescents in China.
“These experts developed and finalised this physical activity and health consensus statement, which is the very first of its kind for children and adolescents in China.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Motivation and compliance for actively engaging in (or changing) health-related behaviours are significantly impacted by sociocultural standards and traditions.
“However, motivation and compliance for actively engaging in (or changing) health-related behaviours are significantly impacted by sociocultural standards and traditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The science underlying current physical activity guidelines has generally been derived from a narrow set of populations (primarily North American and European) and is unlikely to drive wide-scale changes in activity behaviour in other cultures.
“Although the science underlying current guidelines may be compelling, generally it has been derived from a narrow set of populations (primarily North American and European) and it is unlikely to drive wide-scale changes in activity behaviour in other cultures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence from international studies predominantly based on Caucasian populations is applicable to Chinese children and adolescents.
“Due to the limited number of high-quality Chinese-based studies and the paucity of research in certain areas of health, evidence for this consensus was drawn primarily from international studies that were predominantly based on Caucasian populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.
“There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.
“Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
“Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.
“There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.
“There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.
“Despite a wealth of evidence about the health benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents, practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Promoting physical activity requires policies.
“Promoting physical activity requires policies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical inactivity and low levels of physical activity are a global public health problem associated with an array of negative health outcomes for school-aged children and adolescents.
“Physical inactivity and low levels of physical activity are a global public health problem associated with an array of negative health outcomes for school-aged children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
China has not been immune to this global concern as evidenced by inadequate levels of physical activity and energy imbalance among its approximately 170 million children and adolescents.
“China has not been immune to this global concern as evidenced by inadequate levels of physical activity and energy imbalance among its approximately 170 million children and adolescents.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One study showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the exercise program duration and mental health symptom relief in adolescents [100].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
Citations
Cites
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60646-1 · Cited by 5,711
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40 · Cited by 4,829
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, P., Wang, D., Shen, H., Yu, L., Gao, Q., Mao, L., Jiang, F., Luo, Y., Xie, M., Zhang, Y., Feng, L., Gao, F., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, C., Nassis, G. P., Krustrup, P., Ainsworth, B. E., Harmer, P. A., & Li, F.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai University of Sport (CN)
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal People's Government (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- General Administration of Sport of China (CN)
- Tianjin University of Sport (CN)
- China Institute of Sport Science (CN)
- Air Force Medical University (CN)
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control Prevention (CN)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Willamette University (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Peijie
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-05-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 1321-1331
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC7606574
- OpenAlex
- W3028904203
- Semantic Scholar
- 08540a6100daf90bd64c4be4721b2ae4e434b971
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The National Social Science Fund of China (19ZDA352)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Recreational Sport and Physical Activity
- Keywords
- physical activity, children and adolescents, physical activity guidelines, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, childhood obesity, overweight, physical activity promotion, physical activity interventions, health promotion policy, Healthy China 2030, lifestyle-related diseases, Chinese youth
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Lifestyle, Academic Success, Adolescent, Child, China, Cognition, Environment, Health Policy, Humans, Physical Fitness, Social Class, Exercise, Healthy People Programs, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
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