How Shelterin Protects Mammalian Telomeres
Abstract
The genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles are usually circular as are most plasmids and viral genomes. In contrast, the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes are organized on linear chromosomes, which require mechanisms to protect and replicate DNA ends. Eukaryotes navigate these problemswith the advent of telomeres, protective nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes, and telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the DNA in these structures. Mammalian telomeres contain a specific protein complex, shelterin, that functions to protect chromosome ends from all aspects of the DNA damage response and regulates telomere maintenance by telomerase. Recent experiments, discussed here, have revealed how shelterin represses the ATM and ATR kinase signaling pathways and hides chromosome ends from nonhomologous end joining and homology-directed repair.
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Homeostasis of the telomeric ends can be regulated by protein parts of the shelterin complex.
“It has been shown that homeostasis of the telomeric ends can be regulated by protein parts of the shelterin complex [186,187].”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [187]
Telomeres are DNA repeats that protect chromosome ends from recombination, fusion, and degradation that would cause genomic instability.
“Telomeres are DNA repeats that protect chromosome ends from illicit recombination, fusion, and degradation leading to genomic instability (Palm and de Lange, 2008).”
From Short Telomeres and Stem Cell Exhaustion Model Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in mdx/mTR Mice (2010) · cites this paper as Palm and de Lange, 2008
Vertebrate telomeres contain TTAGGG repeats, a long double-stranded region, and a single-stranded 3' overhang of a few hundred nucleotides.
“In vertebrates, telomeres are composed of the sequence TTAGGG and include a double-stranded tract of repeats many kilobases long and an obligate single-stranded 3# overhang, measuring a few hundred nucleotides (1).”
From Telomeres and telomerase in cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
Telomeres consist of double-stranded TTAGGG repeats that end in a single-stranded overhang.
“Telomeres are TTAGGG double-stranded DNA repeats culminating in a single-stranded overhang.”
From Telomeres and telomerase in cancer (2010) · cites this paper as Palm,W. et al. (2008)
Shelterin regulates telomerase's access to telomeres.
“The shelterin protein complex protects telomeres, facilitates replication and controls access of telomerase.”
From Telomeres and telomerase in cancer (2010) · cites this paper as Palm,W. et al. (2008)
The shelterin protein complex shields telomeres.
“The shelterin protein complex protects telomeres, facilitates replication and controls access of telomerase.”
From Telomeres and telomerase in cancer (2010) · cites this paper as Palm,W. et al. (2008)
Telomeres serve to protect the ends of chromosomes.
“Telomeres protect chromosome ends.”
From Telomeres and telomerase in cancer (2010) · cites this paper as Palm,W. et al. (2008)
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- Authors
- Palm, W., & de Lange, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (DE)
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021;
- ORCID
- Palm, Wilhelm
- Venue
- Annual Review of Genetics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2008-12-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 301-334
- ISSN
- 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2948
- OpenAlex
- W2150490516
- Semantic Scholar
- 19bd5f48cebe71a33076be8abe8cb2aa8178dc17
- Cited by
- 1,802
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 124
- FWCI
- 11.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG016642)
- National Cancer Institute (CA076027, R01CA076027)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM049046)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- shelterin, telomeres, telomerase, chromosome end protection, ATM signaling, ATR signaling, DNA damage response, non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair, telomere maintenance
- MeSH terms
- Shelterin Complex, Animals, Base Sequence, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Eukaryotic Cells, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Molecular, Repressor Proteins, Signal Transduction, Telomere, Telomere-Binding Proteins, Multiprotein Complexes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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