The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Decentering and Related Constructs: A Critical Review and Metacognitive Processes Model
Open accessAbstract
The capacity to shift experiential perspective—from within one’s subjective experience onto that experience—is fundamental to being human. Scholars have long theorized that this metacognitive capacity—which we refer to as decentering—may play an important role in mental health. To help illuminate this mental phenomenon and its links to mental health, we critically examine decentering-related constructs and their respective literatures (e.g., self-distanced perspective, cognitive distancing, cognitive defusion). First, we introduce a novel metacognitive processes model of decentering. Specifically, we propose that, to varying degrees, decentering-related constructs reflect a common mental phenomenon subserved by three interrelated metacognitive processes: meta-awareness, disidentification from internal experience, and reduced reactivity to thought content. Second, we examine extant research linking decentering-related constructs and their underlying metacognitive processes to mental health. We conclude by proposing future directions for research that transcends decentering-related constructs in an effort to advance the field’s understanding of this facet of human experience and its role in (mal)adaptation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Second, items in the (non)reactivity to internal experience factor reflect (non)reactivity to thoughts, feelings, and emotions, and therefore reflect reactivity to internal experience beyond thought content per se (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hadash et al., 2017).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“whereas immersion may amplify emotional and behavioral reactivity to internal experience”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It may be that meta-awareness, alone, is not directly associated with psychological well-being, and confers psychological benefit only through, or in combination with, non-reactivity and dis-identification with internal experience (Bernstein et al., 2015; Desrosiers, Vine, Curtiss, Klemanski, 2014).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“First, EFA and B-ESEM results from Studies 1 and 2 indicated that the MPoD-t was multidimensional and could be used to assess a global, higher-order decentering factor and three independent yet related lower-order metacognitive processes: meta-awareness (e.g., “I can watch my thoughts and emotions drift by like leaves on a stream.”), (dis)identification with internal experience (e.g., “My sense of”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“a recent empirical study showing that greater practice of regulatory skills following mindfulness treatment was associated with increases in decentering”
From Moderators and mediators of emotion regulation therapy for psychologically distressed caregivers of cancer patients: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“it has been theoretically argued and empirically documented, that attention regulation change precedes metacognitive regulation change because decentering, for instance, inherently relies on the individual paying attention to and being mindfully aware of their experience [22,46].”
From Moderators and mediators of emotion regulation therapy for psychologically distressed caregivers of cancer patients: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based decentering has been linked to greater acceptance, reduced avoidance-oriented responding, and less rigid self-focused appraisal (34, 36, 63).”
From The therapeutic role of self-transcendence in moral injury recovery: theory, mechanisms, and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [63]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“One of the core principles of mindfulness is an increased ability to attend to one's thoughts with an attitude of openness and non-judgement, and it has been suggested that one of the key ways in which mindfulness transforms the relation with one's inner experiences (thoughts, emotions, feelings) is through a cognitive shift in perspective (see Bernstein et al., 2015; Shapiro et al., 2006), which”
From Mindfulness-based programs sustainably increase mental health: The role of cognitive fusion and mindfulness practice (2024) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In short, in line with previous research (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015), the current study provided supporting evidence for the effectiveness of this mindfulness component compared to a sham intervention.”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These include (1) affective cognitive control and (2) self-perspective processing, both of which have been posited as theoretical components of decentering.6 29”
From Protocol for a randomised controlled trial investigating an intervention to boost decentering in response to distressing mental experiences during adolescence: the decentering in adolescence study (DECADES) (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with metacognitive process models, cognitive fusion can be associated with a deficit in metacognitive goal setting and strategies leading to the increased reactivity to dysfunctional thought content (102).”
From Developing a mechanism-based therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms: an Intervention Mapping approach (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive defusion has been found to generally improve functioning, reduce dysfunctional attitudes, anxiety, negative affect (102) and also post-traumatic-like symptoms (129) and sleep difficulties (130).”
From Developing a mechanism-based therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms: an Intervention Mapping approach (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive defusion for example shares significant variance with constructs such as deliteralization, decentering, distancing and detached mindfulness (102).”
From Developing a mechanism-based therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms: an Intervention Mapping approach (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Bernstein et al. (2015) posit that decentering helps individuals reduce time spent engaging in negative self-referentiality and allowing them to better attend to cues associated with goal directed behavior;”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al. (2015)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The process of decentering has been highlighted as a core “active ingredient” underpinning effective interventions for youth depression and anxiety [22,23]”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“variables considered in this study are close and may overlap conceptually, which could potentially affect the robustness of multiple linear regression.”
From Acceptance Is a Better Predictor of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, and Well-Being Compared to Other Emotional Competences. (2025) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“2) train meta-cognitive skills such as decentering (commonly used synonymously with defusion, reperceiving, distancing (Bernstein et al., 2015)), where the individual is invited to adopt a healthy distance both in time and space to their experience, e.g., Fresco et al., 2007”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For instance, according to Bernstein et al., 2015, decentering relies on a preceding attentional capacity.”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Of note, decentering also shares some conceptual overlap (i.e., reduced emotional reactivity) with the related construct of defusion (see Bernstein et al., 2015); however, they”
From Changes in Decentering Across Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to the metacognitive processes model of decentering (Bernstein et al., 2015), decentering involves meta-awareness, disidentification from internal experiences, and reduced reactivity to thought content.”
From Changes in Decentering Across Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decentering has been associated with a range of positive mental health outcomes, including lower levels of anxiety and depression symptoms (for an overview see Bernstein et al., 2015).”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As decentering is a mechanism of action identified in models of mindfulness (Bernstein et al., 2015; Dahl, Lutz, & Davidson, 2015; Lau et al., 2006; Shapiro et al., 2006)”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ability to decenter from internal experiences is important for mental health.”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Bernstein et al. (2015) proposed that meta-awareness involves awareness of internal experience or the processes unfolding in consciousness.”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Synthesizing these literatures, Bernstein et al. (2015) proposed the metacognitive processes model of decentering. Decentering is conceptualized in this model as an emergent, multidimensional construct, comprised of three core metacognitive processes: meta-awareness, (dis)identification with internal experience, and (non)reactivity to thought content.”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Findings from Hadash et al. (2017) and Naragon-Gainey and DeMarree (2017) are, in part, consistent with Bernstein et al.’s (2015) proposed metacognitive processes model of decentering.”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“decentering may facilitate equanimity and behavioral choice (Ayduk & Kross, 2010; Bernstein et al., 2015; Kross & Ayduk, 2017; Kross & Grossmann, 2012; Shoham, Hadash, & Bernstein, 2018; Verduyn, Mechelen, Kross, Chezzi, & Bever, 2012).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As mindfulness-based practices have been shown to increase the ability to observe one's thoughts and feelings as temporary events in the mind rather than as representing the truth (Bernstein et al., 2015), they appear to be a relevant means of reducing cognitive fusion, and related anxiety, and increasing well-being, although to date only preliminary data have been reported on such links (see the”
From Mindfulness-based programs sustainably increase mental health: The role of cognitive fusion and mindfulness practice (2024) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One practice that has been found to effectively lower anxiety and distress is mindfulness (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hofmann et al., 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, conceptually, decentering is a more complex construct and relies on other processes, such as meta-awareness and deidentification from inner experience (Bernstein et al., 2015).”
From Measuring Decentering – Development and Validation of the French Version of the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ-F) (2024) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“significant associations between decentering and positive emotional regulation and positive appraisals in these caregivers, support reports of emotional detachment, a decentering-related metacognitive process [64] and separating the person from their condition as a coping strategy while providing end stage dementia care [65].”
From Mindfulness and Care Experience in Family Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decentring capacity has been crucially linked to psychopathology in various psychiatric disorders and shown to mediate treatment effects of mindfulness-based interventions (96).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [96]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One possibility is that an ability to decenter actively protects individuals against, and promotes recovery from, anxiety and depression symptoms7,52–54.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Psychological models have identified decentering as a metacognitive process that occurs naturally in individuals but can be cultivated by psychosocial interventions, especially interventions that include training in mindfulness meditation (e.g., Bernstein et al., 2015).”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decentering is a broader concept that includes cognitive defusion and refers to the process of mentally separating oneself from one’s thoughts and emotions, becoming aware of underlying thinking processes, and reducing emotional reactivity to mental events [22,23].”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, a review found that decentering was associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression (Bernstein et al., 2015).”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Bernstein et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Entraining this flexible, pliant, and sustained quality of attention across various contexts and modalities of practice helps individuals develop meta-awareness (i.e., healthy self-awareness) [47, 48].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Construal-level theory of psychological distance.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018963 · Cited by 6,618
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649
The growth of logical thinking: From childhood to adolescence.
Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958) · Basic Books · doi:10.1037/10034-000 · Cited by 4,607
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20237 · Cited by 4,002
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950
Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2018) · doi:10.4324/9780429471643 · Cited by 3,886
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846
Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076760 · Cited by 3,728
(2001) · Cited by 3,666
Delay of gratification in children.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2658056 · Cited by 3,397
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419671 · Cited by 3,024 · cited 3×
“…from internal experience because the act of observing subjective experience creates a distinction (i.e., disidentification) between the observing self or consciousness and the observed subjective experience (Deikman, 1982; Goleman, 1980; Hölzel et al., 2011; Shapiro et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTrope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.403 · Cited by 3,006
Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science.
Gallagher, S. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01417-5 · Cited by 2,881 · cited 2×
“…not a happy person”), which are forms of narrative self-referential processing (i.e., thinking about the self across time; Dor-Ziderman, Berkovich-Ohana, Glicksohn, & Goldstein, 2013; Esslen et al., 2008; Farb et al., 2007; Gallagher, 2000; Tagini & Raffone, 2010; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002 · Cited by 2,792
Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies
Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006 · Cited by 2,687
Greicius, M. D., Flores, B. H., Menon, V., Glover, G. H., Solvason, H. B., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.020 · Cited by 2,214
Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946 · Cited by 2,067
Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition
Barnes‐Holmes, Y., Hayes, S. C., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Roche, B. T. (2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-2482 · Cited by 1,975
Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900234106 · Cited by 1,769
The Science of Mind Wandering: Empirically Navigating the Stream of Consciousness
Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331 · Cited by 1,685
Acceptance and commitment therapy.
Hayes, S. C., & Lillis, J. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/17335-000 · Cited by 1,543
Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity in Psychopathology
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Ford, J. M. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143049 · Cited by 1,465
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456
Cortical midline structures and the self
Northoff, G., & Bermpohl, F. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.004 · Cited by 1,446
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611418350 · Cited by 1,435
Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108 · Cited by 1,409
A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00147-5 · Cited by 1,396
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0011-7 · Cited by 1,349
The Psychology of Transcending the Here and Now
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1161958 · Cited by 1,331
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296 · Cited by 1,310
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse
Morgan, D. (2003) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/713869628 · Cited by 1,307
Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · cited 4×
“, “I am generally not a happy person”), which are forms of narrative self-referential processing (i.e., thinking about the self across time; Dor-Ziderman, Berkovich-Ohana, Glicksohn, & Goldstein, 2013; Esslen et al., 2008; Farb et al., 2007; Gallagher, 2000; Tagini & Raffone, 2010; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialRelational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human Language and Cognition
(2001) · doi:10.1007/b108413 · Cited by 1,296
Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.003 · Cited by 1,295
Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.2.275 · Cited by 1,221
(1994) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,205
Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression
Veeraraghavan, V. (2009) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800902833770 · Cited by 1,165
(2002) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/m.1365-2850.2002.00006.x · Cited by 1,143
Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model
Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00050-2 · Cited by 1,067
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion
Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-j0001.2001 · Cited by 1,033
Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic
Ressler, K. J., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1944 · Cited by 1,007
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression
Kumari, D., & Satyapal, N. (2024) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_127_24 · Cited by 1,005
(2008) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 988
Beliefs about Worry and Intrusions: The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire and its Correlates
Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00011-x · Cited by 977
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948
A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale
Beck, A. T. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00189-0 · Cited by 871
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 842
The development and initial validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire
Gillanders, D. T., Bolderston, H., Bond, F. W., Dempster, M., Flaxman, P. E., Campbell, L., Kerr, S., Tansey, L., Noel, P., Ferenbach, C., et al. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.001 · Cited by 837
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810
Self-citationTHE SELF-REFLECTION AND INSIGHT SCALE: A NEW MEASURE OF PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821 · Cited by 772
Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.008 · Cited by 643
Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x · Cited by 603
State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): Development and initial validation.
Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034044 · Cited by 561
Self-citationAn empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program.
Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., L. B. Lykins, E., & Olendzki, N. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20579 · Cited by 526
The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9 · Cited by 506
When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology?
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023598 · Cited by 505
Re-representing consciousness: dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness
Schooler, J. W. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01949-6 · Cited by 485
(2013) · Cited by 481
Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitive approach
Ehlers, A., & Steil, R. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580001585x · Cited by 478 · cited 1×
“…feel anxious”), reduced reactivity to thought content may also promote the capacity to maintain metaawareness of this experience by reducing the reactive tendency to orient attention away from it (Ehlers & Steil, 1995; Grabovac, Lau, & Willett, 2011; Starr & Moulds, 2006; Williams & Moulds, 2008).”
BackgroundAssessment of Mindfulness: Review on State of the Art
Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A., & Kohls, N. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0122-5 · Cited by 464
Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411408883 · Cited by 460
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.006 · Cited by 455
Mechanisms of mindfulness: a buddhist psychological model
Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5 · Cited by 402
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315938 · Cited by 390
The Impact of Acceptance Versus Control Rationales on Pain Tolerance
Hayes, S. C., Bissett, R. T., Korn, Z., Zettle, R. D., Rosenfarb, I. S., Cooper, L. D., & Grundt, A. M. (1999) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395305 · Cited by 388
Self‐Awareness Part 1: Definition, Measures, Effects, Functions, and Antecedents
Morin, A. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00387.x · Cited by 374
Park, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8 · Cited by 370
Acceptance and commitment therapy: altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance
Hayes, S. C., & Wilson, K. G. (1994) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392677 · Cited by 354
Dysfunctional control by client verbal behavior: The context of reason-giving
Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1986) · The Analysis of Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf03392813 · Cited by 326
Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Sackett, C. F., & Twohig, M. P. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008 · Cited by 317
Kross, E., Davidson, M., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.019 · Cited by 295 · cited 2×
“, 2006) and regions subserving emotion (dys)regulation more broadly (i.e., subgenual cingulate cortex; Kross et al., 2009; Ressler & Mayberg, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodDetached Mindfulness In Cognitive Therapy: A Metacognitive Analysis And Ten Techniques
Wells, A. (2005) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-005-0018-6 · Cited by 291
Information Processing Approaches to Clinical Psychology
Ingram, R. E., & Dryden, W. (1988) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.2.1.68 · Cited by 279
Metacognitive model of mindfulness
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.005 · Cited by 276 · cited 2×
“As meta-awareness is an integral component of mindfulness (Carmody, 2009; Holas & Jankowski, 2013; Jankowski & Holas, 2014; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012), these mindfulness-decentering studies are well-suited to begin to test the relations we theorize between meta-awareness and disidentification from…”
BackgroundHow does cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence from a controlled trial.
Teasdale, J. D., Scott, J. L., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., & Paykel, E. S. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.347 · Cited by 269
How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence from a controlled trial.
Teasdale, J. D., Scott, J., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., & Paykel, E. S. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.3.347 · Cited by 269
Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression
Fresco, D. M., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., & Kennedy, S. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.447 · Cited by 256
Self-citationPositron emission tomography imaging in depression: a neural systems perspective
Mayberg, H. S. (2003) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1052-5149(03)00104-7 · Cited by 255
Bieling, P. J., Hawley, L. L., Bloch, R. T., Corcoran, K. M., Levitan, R. D., Young, L. T., MacQueen, G. M., & Segal, Z. V. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027483 · Cited by 241
Comparison between an acceptance-based and a cognitive- control-based protocol for coping with pain
Gutiérrez, O., Luciano, C., Rodríguez, M., & Fink, B. C. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80019-4 · Cited by 217
Hargus, E., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0016825 · Cited by 212
Mindfulness-induced selflessness: a MEG neurophenomenological study
Dor-Ziderman, Y., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00582 · Cited by 205
Enhancing the Pace of Recovery
Ayduk, Ö. N., & Kross, E. F. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02073.x · Cited by 200
Wicksell, R. K., Renöfält, J., Olsson, G. L., Bond, F. W., & Melin, L. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.08.003 · Cited by 193
Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Goetter, E., Robinaugh, D. J., Ojserkis, R. A., Fresco, D. M., & Simon, N. M. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9646-4 · Cited by 188
Self-citationZettle, R. D., Rains, J. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511398344 · Cited by 177
Gayner, B., Esplen, M. J., DeRoche, P., Wong, J., Bishop, S., Kavanagh, L., & Butler, K. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9350-8 · Cited by 171
Evolving Conceptions of Mindfulness in Clinical Settings
Carmody, J. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.270 · Cited by 162
A cognitive perspective on mindfulness
Holas, P., & Jankowski, T. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.658056 · Cited by 149
Kross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, O. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028808 · Cited by 140
Blackledge, J. T. (2007) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395595 · Cited by 136
Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience
Orzech, K. M., Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & McKay, M. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902819394 · Cited by 129
The Observing Self: Mysticism and Psychotherapy
Simon, J. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.8.1084 · Cited by 123
Ayduk, Ö. N., & Kross, E. F. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00301.x · Cited by 123
The Drexel defusion scale: a new measure of experiential distancing
Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Juarascio, A. S., Yeomans, P. D., Zebell, J. A., Goetter, E. M., & Moitra, E. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.001 · Cited by 117
Being a self: considerations from functional imaging
Gusnard, D. A. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.04.004 · Cited by 116
Masuda, A., Twohig, M. P., Stormo, A. R., Feinstein, A. B., Chou, Y.-Y., & Wendell, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.08.006 · Cited by 116
The observing self : mysticism and psychotherapy
Deikman, A. J. (1982) · Beacon Press eBooks · Cited by 113
The role of negative interpretations of intrusive memories in depression
Starr, S., & Moulds, M. L. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.001 · Cited by 111
Páez-Blarrina, M., Luciano, C., Gutiérrez-Martínez, O., Valdivia, S., Ortega, J., & Rodríguez-Valverde, M. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.008 · Cited by 106
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Bernstein, A., & Keough, M. E. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.001 · Cited by 103
Self-citationMcMullen, J., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., Luciano, C., & Cochrane, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.002 · Cited by 99
Hesser, H., Westin, V., Hayes, S. C., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.002 · Cited by 92
The effect of self-distancing on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in children.
Kross, E., Duckworth, A., Ayduk, O., Tsukayama, E., & Mischel, W. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021787 · Cited by 91
Healy, H.-A., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., Keogh, C., Luciano, C., & Wilson, K. (2008) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395641 · Cited by 87
McCracken, L. M., Gutiérrez-Martínez, O., & Smyth, C. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028093 · Cited by 87
Kross, E., & Ayduk, Ö. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.004 · Cited by 86
Pre-reflective and reflective self-reference: A spatiotemporal EEG analysis
Esslen, M., Metzler, S., Pascual-Marqui, R. D., & Jäncke, L. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.060 · Cited by 82
(1986) · Cited by 82
Tanay, G., Lotan, G., & Bernstein, A. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.06.003 · Cited by 78 · cited 3×
“, 2012), and other mental-healthrelated treatment outcomes (Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007; Hoge et al., 2014; Lau et al., 2006; Orzech et al, 2009; Tanay et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation(2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 73
Kross, E. F. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04545.x · Cited by 68
(2013) · Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) · Cited by 67
Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20409 · Cited by 65
Emergence of self and other in perception and action: An event-control approach
Jordan, J. S. (2003) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00075-8 · Cited by 61
The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’ in self-referential awareness: a neurocognitive hypothesis
Tagini, A., & Raffone, A. (2010) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0336-1 · Cited by 56
Páez-Blarrina, M., Luciano, C., Gutiérrez-Martínez, O., Valdivia, S., Rodríguez-Valverde, M., & Ortega, J. (2008) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507309029 · Cited by 55
Masuda, A., Feinstein, A. B., Wendell, J. W., & Sheehan, S. T. (2010) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445510379632 · Cited by 53
Experimental effects of rumination styles on salivary cortisol responses
Denson, T. F., Fabiansson, E. C., Creswell, J. D., & Pedersen, W. C. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9114-0 · Cited by 51
Detached mindfulness and worry: a meta-cognitive analysis
Sugiura, Y. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.009 · Cited by 46
On the Lapse of Verbal Meaning with Repetition
Bassett, M. F., & Warne, C. J. (1919) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1413679 · Cited by 38
From a linear to a contextual model of the ABCs of RET
Grieger, R. M. (1985) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf01075206 · Cited by 19
Verbal repetition in the reappraisal of contamination-related thoughts
Watson, C., Burley, M. C., & Purdon, C. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000196 · Cited by 16
A controlled comparison of the word repeating technique with a word association task
Young, K. P. D., Lavender, J. M., Washington, L. A., Looby, A. R., & Anderson, D. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.006 · Cited by 15
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Anālayo B., 2003, Satipatthāna: The direct path to realization
- Foody M., 2013, International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 13, 373
- Goleman D., 1980, Beyond ego, 141
- Luciano C., 2011, International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11, 165
- Moore R. G., Hayhurst H., Teasdale J. D. (1996). Measure of Awareness and Coping in Autobiographical Memory: Instructions for administering and coding. Unpublished manuscript. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- Sakairi Y., 2004, The relevance of the wisdom traditions in contemporary society: The challenge to psychology, 199
- Thanissaro B., 1996, The wings to awakening
- Wells A., 2000, Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702
Mindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T. R. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423 · Cited by 435
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435
Executive Function and Psychopathology: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Zelazo, P. D. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242 · Cited by 529
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness
Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475 · Cited by 390
Metadata
- Authors
- Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bernstein, Amit
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 599-617
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC5103165
- OpenAlex
- W2337549616
- Cited by
- 539
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 38.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL119977)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- decentering, metacognition, cognitive distancing, cognitive defusion, meta-awareness, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Metacognition, Humans, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Self Concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
