The DOI matches its Crossref record; 178 of the 181 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
Open accessAbstract
Secondary bile acids, produced solely by intestinal bacteria, can accumulate to high levels in the enterohepatic circulation of some individuals and may contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer, gallstones, and other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Bile salt hydrolysis and hydroxy group dehydrogenation reactions are carried out by a broad spectrum of intestinal anaerobic bacteria, whereas bile acid 7-dehydroxylation appears restricted to a limited number of intestinal anaerobes representing a small fraction of the total colonic flora. Microbial enzymes modifying bile salts differ between species with respect to pH optima, enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, cellular location, and possibly physiological function. Crystallization, site-directed mutagenesis, and comparisons of protein secondary structure have provided insight into the mechanisms of several bile acid-biotransforming enzymatic reactions. Molecular cloning of genes encoding bile salt-modifying enzymes has facilitated the understanding of the genetic organization of these pathways and is a means of developing probes for the detection of bile salt-modifying bacteria. The potential exists for altering the bile acid pool by targeting key enzymes in the 7alpha/beta-dehydroxylation pathway through the development of pharmaceuticals or sequestering bile acids biologically in probiotic bacteria, which may result in their effective removal from the host after excretion.
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“Primary conjugated BAs synthesized in the liver, such as the tauro- and glycoconjugates of cholic acid (TCA, GCA), are deconjugated by BSHs to generate cholic acid (CA)”
From Bile salt hydrolases shape the bile acid landscape and restrict Clostridioides difficile growth in the murine gut (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“This vanguard reaction acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ for subsequent BA transformations that turn primary BAs into secondary BAs”
From Bile salt hydrolases shape the bile acid landscape and restrict Clostridioides difficile growth in the murine gut (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“There is an intensive bidirectional interaction between BAs and intestinal microbiota.51”
From Novel therapeutic targets for cholestatic and fatty liver disease (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Primary bile acids are converted to secondary bile acids by the local microbiota, partly in the small intestine and predominantly in the colon. This involves multiple steps and typically begins with the initial deconjugation of glycine or taurine, followed by dehydroxylation (Ridlon et al., 2006).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Ridlon et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Bile acid activity of commensal bacteria is involved in a complex interplay with host hepatic enzymes, and together they promote digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.42”
From The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D.-J., & Hylemon, P. B.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-259
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071273298
- Cited by
- 2,829
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 202 · 2025: 220 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 245 · 2022: 263 · 2021: 252 · 2020: 238 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P01DK038030, P01 DK 38030)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Keywords
- secondary bile acids, enterohepatic circulation, enzyme kinetics, enzyme structure, gene cloning, probiotics, bile acid sequestration, colon cancer, gallstones
- MeSH terms
- Amidohydrolases, Amino Acid Sequence, Bacteria, Bile Acids and Salts, Biotransformation, Cholic Acids, Colonic Neoplasms, Humans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Taurine, Molecular Structure, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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