An Overview of the Health and Retirement Study

Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Study, T. L. C., Locke, A. E., The ADIPOGen Consortium, The AGEN-BMI Working Group, The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The, G. L. G. C., The, I. C. B. P., The MAGIC Investigators, The MuTHER Consortium, et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14177 · Cited by 4,534

An Expanded View of Complex Traits: From Polygenic to Omnigenic

Boyle, E. A., Li, Y. I., & Pritchard, J. K. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.038 · Cited by 2,851

Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study

Barsky, R. B., Juster, F. T., Kimball, M. S., & Shapiro, M. D. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355397555280 · Cited by 2,400

Cohort Profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)

Sonnega, A., Faul, J. D., Ofstedal, M. B., Langa, K. M., Phillips, J. W., & Weir, D. R. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu067 · Cited by 2,318

Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study

Plassman, B. L., Langa, K. M., Fisher, G. G., Heeringa, S. G., Weir, D. R., Ofstedal, M. B., Burke, J. R., Hurd, M. D., Potter, G. G., Rodgers, W. L., et al. (2007) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000109998 · Cited by 1,932

Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States

Hurd, M. D., Martorell, P., Delavande, A., Mullen, K. J., & Langa, K. M. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1204629 · Cited by 1,484

National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use

Andersen, R. M. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31817a835d · Cited by 1,100

Disease and disadvantage in the United States and in England

Banks, J., Marmot, M., Oldfield, Z., & Smith, J. P. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2037 · Cited by 807

Life-Cycle Variation in the Association between Current and Lifetime Earnings

Haider, S., & Solon, G. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.96.4.1308 · Cited by 744

Trends in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and cognitive impairment in the United States

Rocca, W. A., Petersen, R. C., Knopman, D. S., Hebert, L. E., Evans, D. A., Hall, K. S., Gao, S., Unverzagt, F. W., Langa, K. M., Larson, E. B., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.002 · Cited by 498

The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions

Hayward, M. D., Miles, T. P., Crimmins, E. M., & Yang, Y. (2000) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657519 · Cited by 466

Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults

Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Marshall, G. A., & Glymour, M. M. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4495 · Cited by 465

Body mass index and risk of dementia: analysis of individual-level data from 1·3 million individuals

Kivimäki, M., Luukkonen, R., Batty, G. D., Ferrie, J. E., Pentti, J., Nyberg, S. T., Shipley, M. J., Alfredsson, L., Fransson, E. I., Goldberg, M., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.016 · Cited by 440

Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US Elderly Population

Ertel, K. A., Glymour, M. M., & Berkman, L. F. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.113654 · Cited by 395

Beyond Comorbidity Counts: How Do Comorbidity Type and Severity Influence Diabetes Patients’ Treatment Priorities and Self-Management?

Kerr, E. A., Heisler, M., Krein, S. L., Kabeto, M., Langa, K. M., Weir, D., & Piette, J. D. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0313-2 · Cited by 330

The impact of diabetes on employment and work productivity

Tunceli, K., Bradley, C. J., Nerenz, D., Williams, L. K., Pladevall, M., & Elston Lafata, J. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.11.2662 · Cited by 313

Relationships Matter in Personality Development: Evidence From an 8‐Year Longitudinal Study Across Young Adulthood

Neyer, F. J., & Lehnart, J. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00448.x · Cited by 314

Contribution of Socioeconomic Status at 3 Life-Course Periods to Late-Life Memory Function and Decline: Early and Late Predictors of Dementia Risk

Marden, J. R., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx155 · Cited by 284

Comparing models of frailty: the Health and Retirement Study

Cigolle, C. T., Ofstedal, M. B., Tian, Z., & Blaum, C. S. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02225.x · Cited by 286

Personality traits as risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality: pooled analysis of three cohort studies

Jokela, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Elovainio, M., & Kivimäki, M. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9548-z · Cited by 269

SumHer better estimates the SNP heritability of complex traits from summary statistics

Speed, D., & Balding, D. J. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0279-5 · Cited by 254

Association among socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and all-cause mortality in the United States

Nandi, A., Glymour, M. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000038 · Cited by 237

Unequal Returns to Housing Investments? A Study of Real Housing Appreciation among Black, White, and Hispanic Households

Flippen, C. (2004) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0069 · Cited by 239

Mental work demands, retirement, and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive functioning.

Fisher, G. G., Stachowski, A., Infurna, F. J., Faul, J. D., Grosch, J., & Tetrick, L. E. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035724 · Cited by 236

Cognitive performance and informant reports in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia in African Americans and whites

Potter, G. G., Plassman, B. L., Burke, J. R., Kabeto, M. U., Langa, K. M., Llewellyn, D. J., Rogers, M. A. M., & Steffens, D. C. (2009) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.1234 · Cited by 209

Life-Cycle Variation in the Association between Current and Lifetime Earnings

Haider, S., & Solon, G. (2006) · doi:10.3386/w11943 · Cited by 209

Using the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative to improve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Veitch, D. P., Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., DeCarli, C., Green, R. C., Harvey, D., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W., Landau, S. M., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12422 · Cited by 184

Retirement Patterns and the Macroeconomy, 1992–2010: The Prevalence and Determinants of Bridge Jobs, Phased Retirement, and Reentry Among Three Recent Cohorts of Older Americans

Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2015) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt146 · Cited by 180

Hidden heritability due to heterogeneity across seven populations

Tropf, F. C., Lee, S. H., Verweij, R. M., Stulp, G., van der Most, P. J., de Vlaming, R., Bakshi, A., Briley, D. A., Rahal, C., Hellpap, R., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0195-1 · Cited by 180

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and the risk of institutionalization and death: the aging, demographics, and memory study

Okura, T., Plassman, B. L., Steffens, D. C., Llewellyn, D. J., Potter, G. G., & Langa, K. M. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03314.x · Cited by 174

Association of the Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet With the Risk of Dementia

Chen, H., Dhana, K., Huang, Y., Huang, L., Tao, Y., Liu, X., Melo van Lent, D., Zheng, Y., Ascherio, A., Willett, W., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0800 · Cited by 170

Societal and Family Lifetime Cost of Dementia: Implications for Policy

Jutkowitz, E., Kane, R. L., Gaugler, J. E., MacLehose, R. F., Dowd, B., & Kuntz, K. M. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15043 · Cited by 164

Health Consequences of Marriage for the Retirement Years

PIENTA, A. M., HAYWARD, M. D., & JENKINS, K. R. (2000) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251300021005003 · Cited by 163

Pathways to retirement: patterns of labor force participation andlabor market exit among the pre-retirement population by race, Hispanicorigin, and sex

(2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.1.s14 · Cited by 155

Differential Aging Analysis in Human Cerebral Cortex Identifies Variants in TMEM106B and GRN that Regulate Aging Phenotypes

Rhinn, H., & Abeliovich, A. (2017) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2017.02.009 · Cited by 130

Association of a Genetic Risk Score With Body Mass Index Across Different Birth Cohorts

Walter, S., Mejía-Guevara, I., Estrada, K., Liu, S. Y., & Glymour, M. M. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8729 · Cited by 130

Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Homeownership and Housing Equity

Flippen, C. A. (2001) · The Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2001.tb00028.x · Cited by 129

Physical activity and mortality across cardiovascular disease risk groups

RICHARDSON, C. R., KRISKA, A. M., LANTZ, P. M., & HAYWARD, R. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000145443.02568.7a · Cited by 116

Cross-national comparison of sex differences in health and mortality in Denmark, Japan and the US

Oksuzyan, A., Crimmins, E., Saito, Y., O’Rand, A., Vaupel, J. W., & Christensen, K. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9460-6 · Cited by 114

Prevalence and outcomes of comorbid metabolic and cardiovascular conditions in middle- and older-age adults

Oldridge, N. B., Stump, T. E., Nothwehr, F. K., & Clark, D. O. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00350-x · Cited by 113

Replicability and Robustness of Genome-Wide-Association Studies for Behavioral Traits

Rietveld, C. A., Conley, D., Eriksson, N., Esko, T., Medland, S. E., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Yang, J., Boardman, J. D., Chabris, C. F., Dawes, C. T., et al. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614545132 · Cited by 111

Clinical Complexity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Diabetes: The Health and Retirement Study

Blaum, C. S., Cigolle, C. T., Boyd, C., Wolff, J. L., Tian, Z., Langa, K. M., & Weir, D. R. (2010) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181ca4035 · Cited by 99

Microeconometrics with partial identification

(2020) · Handbook of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/bs.hoe.2020.05.002 · Cited by 99

Documentation of Chronic Disease Measures in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS/AHEAD)

Fisher, G., Faul, J., & Weir, D. (2005) · doi:10.7826/isr-um.06.585031.001.05.0011.2005 · Cited by 88

Internet Use Frequency and Patient-Centered Care: Measuring Patient Preferences for Participation Using the Health Information Wants Questionnaire

Xie, B., Wang, M., Feldman, R., & Zhou, L. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2615 · Cited by 78

Prevalence of Health Conditions and Predictors of Mortality in Oldest Old Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites

Samper-Ternent, R., Kuo, Y. F., Ray, L. A., Ottenbacher, K. J., Markides, K. S., & Al Snih, S. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.07.010 · Cited by 79

Marital Processes around Depression: A Gendered and Relational Perspective

Thomeer, M. B., Umberson, D., & Pudrovska, T. (2013) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869313487224 · Cited by 85

Gender Differences in Functional Limitations in Adults Living with Type 2 Diabetes: Biobehavioral and Psychosocial Mediators

Chiu, C.-J., & Wray, L. A. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9226-0 · Cited by 84

Educational and Gender Differences in Health Behavior Changes After a Gateway Diagnosis

Hernandez, E. M., Margolis, R., & Hummer, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316678756 · Cited by 72

Using skype to beat the blues: Longitudinal data from a national representative sample

Teo, A. R., Markwardt, S., & Hinton, L. (2019) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.10.014 · Cited by 82

Effects of transient and chronic loneliness on major depression in older adults: A longitudinal study

Martín‐María, N., Caballero, F. F., Lara, E., Domènech‐Abella, J., Haro, J. M., Olaya, B., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5397 · Cited by 79

Effects of Retirement and Grandchild Care on Depressive Symptoms

Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2006) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/8q46-gjx4-m2vm-w60v · Cited by 73

Association Between Purpose in Life and Glucose Control Among Older Adults

Hafez, D., Heisler, M., Choi, H., Ankuda, C. K., Winkelman, T., & Kullgren, J. T. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax012 · Cited by 71

Material Resources and Population Health: Disadvantages in Health Care, Housing, and Food Among Adults Over 50 Years of Age

Alley, D. E., Soldo, B. J., Pagán, J. A., McCabe, J., deBlois, M., Field, S. H., Asch, D. A., & Cannuscio, C. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.161877 · Cited by 56

Family caregiving in the community up to 8-years after onset of dementia

Jutkowitz, E., Gaugler, J. E., Trivedi, A. N., Mitchell, L. L., & Gozalo, P. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01613-9 · Cited by 50

Examining rural and racial disparities in the relationship between loneliness and social technology use among older adults

Byrne, K. A., Anaraky, R. G., Dye, C., Ross, L. A., Chalil Madathil, K., Knijnenburg, B., & Levkoff, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.723925 · Cited by 54

Dysphoria and anhedonia as risk factors for disability or death in older persons: implications for the assessment of geriatric depression

Covinsky, K. E., Cenzer, I. S., Yaffe, K., O'Brien, S., & Blazer, D. G. (2014) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.001 · Cited by 43

Clinical complexity and mortality in middle-aged and older adults with diabetes

Cigolle, C. T., Kabeto, M. U., Lee, P. G., & Blaum, C. S. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls095 · Cited by 34

Caregivers dying before care recipients with dementia

Gaugler, J. E., Jutkowitz, E., Peterson, C. M., & Zmora, R. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2018.08.010 · Cited by 32

The Effect of Physical and Cognitive Impairments on Caregiving

Jutkowitz, E., Gozalo, P., Trivedi, A., Mitchell, L., & Gaugler, J. E. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001323 · Cited by 25

Cumulative Genetic Risk and APOE ε4 Are Independently Associated With Dementia Status in a Multiethnic, Population-Based Cohort

Bakulski, K. M., Vadari, H. S., Faul, J. D., Heeringa, S. G., Kardia, S. L. R., Langa, K. M., Smith, J. A., Manly, J. J., Mitchell, C. M., Benke, K. S., et al. (2021) · Neurology Genetics · doi:10.1212/nxg.0000000000000576 · Cited by 20

Something old, something new: when gender matters in the relationship between social support and health

Donato, K. M., León-Pérez, G., Wallston, K. A., & Kripalani, S. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518789362 · Cited by 22

The Sociogenomics of Polygenic Scores of Reproductive Behavior and Their Relationship to Other Fertility Traits

Mills, M. C., Barban, N., & Tropf, F. C. (2018) · RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.07 · Cited by 11

Haplotype architecture of the Alzheimer's risk in the APOE region via co‐skewness

Kulminski, A. M., Philipp, I., Loika, Y., He, L., & Culminskaya, I. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12129 · Cited by 10

Financial perceptions and subjective well-being among older adults

Jafari Bidgoli, M., Gregg, A., Stager, C. G., & Crowther, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1709795 · Cited by 2