Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness

Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995

Perceptual symbol systems

Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887

Critical Discourse Analysis

Van Dijk, T. A. (2015) · The Handbook of Discourse Analysis · doi:10.1002/9781118584194.ch22 · Cited by 5,485

Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers

Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022

Long-term working memory.

Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.211 · Cited by 3,498

Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view

Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60041-9 · Cited by 3,456

The Rediscovery of the Mind

Searle, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5834.001.0001 · Cited by 3,595

Situation models in language comprehension and memory

Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877

Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue.

Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000056 · Cited by 2,678

Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!

Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810

Contributing to discourse

Clark, H. H., & Schaefer, E. F. (1989) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1302_7 · Cited by 1,699

The Function of Fiction is the Abstraction and Simulation of Social Experience

Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x · Cited by 1,345

Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty

Cosmides, L. (1996) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00664-8 · Cited by 1,293

Learning in and about complex systems

Sterman, J. D. (1994) · System Dynamics Review · doi:10.1002/sdr.4260100214 · Cited by 1,279

Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain

Anderson, M. L. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000853 · Cited by 1,212

Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory

Baldassano, C., Chen, J., Zadbood, A., Pillow, J. W., Hasson, U., & Norman, K. A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.041 · Cited by 952

Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality

Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008

Speaker-listener neural coupling underlies successful communication

Stephens, G. J., Silbert, L. J., & Hasson, U. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1008662107 · Cited by 970

Interaction Networks for Learning about Objects, Relations and Physics

Battaglia, P. W., Pascanu, R., Lai, M., Rezende, D., & Kavukcuoglu, K. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1612.00222 · Cited by 969

How schema and novelty augment memory formation

van Kesteren, M. T. R., Ruiter, D. J., Fernández, G., & Henson, R. N. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.02.001 · Cited by 860

The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence

Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768 · Cited by 897

A Process Model of the Formation of Spatial Presence Experiences

Wirth, W., Hartmann, T., Böcking, S., Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., Schramm, H., Saari, T., Laarni, J., Ravaja, N., Gouveia, F. R., et al. (2007) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260701283079 · Cited by 893

Human–Robot Interaction: Status and Challenges

Sheridan, T. B. (2016) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816644364 · Cited by 786

Why is conversation so easy?

Garrod, S., & Pickering, M. J. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.016 · Cited by 733

The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic field

Johnson-laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1989) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938908408075 · Cited by 736

Simulation as an engine of physical scene understanding

Battaglia, P. W., Hamrick, J. B., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1306572110 · Cited by 681

Manipulating and Measuring Model Interpretability

Poursabzi-Sangdeh, F., Goldstein, D. G., Hofman, J. M., Wortman Vaughan, J. W., & Wallach, H. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445315 · Cited by 728

Perceptions of perceptual symbols

Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99532147 · Cited by 620

Bookworms versus nerds: Exposure to fiction versus non-fiction, divergent associations with social ability, and the simulation of fictional social worlds

Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Hirsh, J., dela Paz, J., & Peterson, J. B. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.002 · Cited by 614

Coding Choices for Textual Analysis: A Comparison of Content Analysis and Map Analysis

Carley, K. (1993) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271007 · Cited by 589

Principles of Explanatory Debugging to Personalize Interactive Machine Learning

Kulesza, T., Burnett, M., Wong, W.-K., & Stumpf, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/2678025.2701399 · Cited by 576

Why Fiction May be Twice as True as Fact: Fiction as Cognitive and Emotional Simulation

Oatley, K. (1999) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.3.2.101 · Cited by 585

Metrics for explainable AI: challenges and prospects

Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.04608 · Cited by 518

The Elastic Body Image: The Effect of Television Advertising and Programming on Body Image Distortions in Young Women

Myers, P. N., & Biocca, F. A. (1992) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00802.x · Cited by 494

Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval.

Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996) · Memory · doi:10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50010-0 · Cited by 486

A review of verbal and non-verbal human–robot interactive communication

Mavridis, N. (2015) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2014.09.031 · Cited by 453

Information technology and the search for organizational agility: A systematic review with future research possibilities

Tallon, P. P., Queiroz, M., Coltman, T., & Sharma, R. (2019) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2018.12.002 · Cited by 453

An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning

Osman, M. (2004) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196730 · Cited by 444

Discourse structure, topicality and questioning

Kuppevelt, J. V. (1995) · Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s002222670000058x · Cited by 437

Towards a Framework for Attention Cueing in Instructional Animations: Guidelines for Research and Design

de Koning, B. B., Tabbers, H. K., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Paas, F. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-009-9098-7 · Cited by 428

Brain-to-Brain Synchrony during Naturalistic Social Interactions

Kinreich, S., Djalovski, A., Kraus, L., Louzoun, Y., & Feldman, R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17339-5 · Cited by 402

Subjective Construal, Social Inference, and Human Misunderstanding

Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60333-0 · Cited by 404

Too much, too little, or just right? Ways explanations impact end users' mental models

Kulesza, T., Stumpf, S., Burnett, M., Yang, S., Kwan, I., & Wong, W.-K. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human Centric Computing · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2013.6645235 · Cited by 388

The Anterior Frontomedian Cortex and Evaluative Judgment: An fMRI Study

Zysset, S., Huber, O., Ferstl, E., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1008 · Cited by 386

Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression

Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-u · Cited by 366

Key Properties of Expert Movement Systems in Sport: An Ecological Dynamics Perspective

Seifert, L., Button, C., & Davids, K. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0011-z · Cited by 331

Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning

Goel, V., Buchel, C., Frith, C., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0636 · Cited by 325

Rationality

Shafir, E., & LeBoeuf, R. A. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135213 · Cited by 317

Organizational interventions: A research-based framework for the evaluation of both process and effects

Nielsen, K., & Abildgaard, J. S. (2013) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.812358 · Cited by 316

Misuse of automated decision aids: complacency, automation bias and the impact of training experience

Bahner, J. E., Hüper, A.-D., & Manzey, D. (2008) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.06.001 · Cited by 279

Measures for explainable AI: Explanation goodness, user satisfaction, mental models, curiosity, trust, and human-AI performance

Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1096257 · Cited by 272

The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research

Hutchinson, J. B., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419831992 · Cited by 216

Semantic integration in videos of real–world events: An electrophysiological investigation

Sitnikova, T., Kuperberg, G., & Holcomb, P. J. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00016 · Cited by 235

Neural correlate of the construction of sentence meaning

Fedorenko, E., Scott, T. L., Brunner, P., Coon, W. G., Pritchett, B., Schalk, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1612132113 · Cited by 199

A review of human factors principles for the design and implementation of medication safety alerts in clinical information systems

Phansalkar, S., Edworthy, J., Hellier, E., Seger, D. L., Schedlbauer, A., Avery, A. J., & Bates, D. W. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.005264 · Cited by 226

Tell me more?: the effects of mental model soundness on personalizing an intelligent agent

Kulesza, T., Stumpf, S., Burnett, M., & Kwan, I. (2012) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2207678 · Cited by 225

Análisis crítico del discurso

Van Dijk, T. A. (2016) · Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2016.n30-10 · Cited by 224

Metaphor Analysis in Psychology—Method, Theory, and Fields of Application

Moser, K. S. (2000) · Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research · doi:10.17169/fqs-1.2.1090 · Cited by 206

Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model

Hao, S., Gu, Y., Ma, H., Hong, J., Wang, Z., Wang, D., & Hu, Z. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.507 · Cited by 168

The Discourse-Knowledge Interface

van Dijk, T. A. (2003) · Critical Discourse Analysis · doi:10.1057/9780230288423_5 · Cited by 142

Leveraging the affordances of Youtube: The role of pedagogical knowledge and mental models of technology functions for lesson planning with technology

Krauskopf, K., Zahn, C., & Hesse, F. W. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.010 · Cited by 139

Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice in Community Behavioral Health: Agency Director Perspectives

Proctor, E. K., Knudsen, K. J., Fedoravicius, N., Hovmand, P., Rosen, A., & Perron, B. (2007) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-007-0129-8 · Cited by 136

The Psychology of Environmental Decisions

Newell, B. R., McDonald, R. I., Brewer, M., & Hayes, B. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-010713-094623 · Cited by 122

The role of illustrations in children’s inferential comprehension

Pike, M. M., Barnes, M. A., & Barron, R. W. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.10.006 · Cited by 113

Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people's evaluations of a moral robot

Malle, B. F., Scheutz, M., Forlizzi, J., & Voiklis, J. (2016) · 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2016.7451743 · Cited by 107

Why does surprisal from larger transformer-based language models provide a poorer fit to human reading times?

Oh, B.-D., & Schuler, W. (2023) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00548 · Cited by 107

Thinking about data: Exploring the development of mental models for "data use" among teachers and school leaders

Jimerson, J. B. (2014) · Studies in Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.10.010 · Cited by 97

Against Logical Form

Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-193 · Cited by 82

Understanding Uncertainty: How Lay Decision-makers Perceive and Interpret Uncertainty in Human-AI Decision Making

Prabhudesai, S., Yang, L., Asthana, S., Huan, X., Liao, Q. V., & Banovic, N. (2023) · Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3581641.3584033 · Cited by 82

Representing space in language and perception

BRYANT, D. J. (1997) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1997.tb00073.x · Cited by 81

Improving students’ science text comprehension through metacognitive self-regulation when applying learning strategies

Leopold, C., & Leutner, D. (2015) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9130-2 · Cited by 75

Contextual Alignment of Cognitive and Neural Dynamics

Ames, D. L., Honey, C. J., Chow, M. A., Todorov, A., & Hasson, U. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00728 · Cited by 74

Incremental Language Comprehension Difficulty Predicts Activity in the Language Network but Not the Multiple Demand Network

Wehbe, L., Blank, I. A., Shain, C., Futrell, R., Levy, R., von der Malsburg, T., Smith, N., Gibson, E., & Fedorenko, E. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab065 · Cited by 72

Seeing Change in Time: Video Games to Teach about Temporal Change in Scientific Phenomena

Corredor, J., Gaydos, M., & Squire, K. (2014) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-013-9466-4 · Cited by 67

The effects of virtualness on teamwork behavioral components: The role of shared mental models

Schmidtke, J. M., & Cummings, A. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.011 · Cited by 61

Reconsidering the Mind-Wandering Reader: Predictive Processing, Probability Designs, and Enculturation

Fabry, R. E., & Kukkonen, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02648 · Cited by 59

Inference making in young children: The concurrent and longitudinal contributions of verbal working memory and vocabulary.

Language and Reading Research Consortium, Currie, N. K., & Muijselaar, M. M. L. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000342 · Cited by 55

Life and Understanding: The Origins of “Understanding” in Self-Organizing Nervous Systems

Yufik, Y. M., & Friston, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00098 · Cited by 53

Metaphors in Voice User Interfaces: A Slippery Fish

Desai, S., & Twidale, M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3609326 · Cited by 42

Towards Strong AI

Butz, M. V. (2021) · KI - Künstliche Intelligenz · doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00705-x · Cited by 42

Location Coding in Chess

Saariluoma, P. (1994) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749408401130 · Cited by 39

How to improve argumentation comprehension in university students: experimental test of a training approach

von der Mühlen, S., Richter, T., Schmid, S., & Berthold, K. (2019) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-018-9471-3 · Cited by 34

Generative AI in Creative Practice: ML-Artist Folk Theories of T2I Use, Harm, and Harm-Reduction

Shelby, R., Rismani, S., & Rostamzadeh, N. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642461 · Cited by 33

Interface adaptation to novice older adults’ mental models through concrete metaphors

Zhou, J., Chourasia, A., & Vanderheiden, G. (2017) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2016.1265827 · Cited by 32

The Multifaceted Role of Self‐Generated Question Asking in Curiosity‐Driven Learning

Kedrick, K., Schrater, P., & Koutstaal, W. (2023) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13253 · Cited by 29

Untitled work

(2005) · Cited by 26

Children's Mental Models of AI Reasoning: Implications for AI Literacy Education

Dangol, A., Wolfe, R., Zhao, R., Kim, J., Ramanan, T., Davis, K., & Kientz, J. A. (2025) · Proceedings of the 24th Interaction Design and Children · doi:10.1145/3713043.3728856 · Cited by 25

Logiqa 2.0—An improved dataset for logical reasoning in natural language understanding

Liu, H., Liu, J., Cui, L., Teng, Z., Duan, N., Zhou, M., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2023.3293046 · Cited by 26

Play Redux: The Form of Computer Games

Myers, D. (2010) · doi:10.3998/dcbooks.7933339.0001.001 · Cited by 14

Knowledge Based Development of Graphic Display Systems

Woods, D. D. (1985) · Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193128502900402 · Cited by 9

Computing Education Research Today

Fincher, S. A., Tenenberg, J., Dorn, B., Hundhausen, C., McCartney, R., & Murphy, L. (2019) · The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.003 · Cited by 7