Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives

In the paper

“Assis et al. (2014) added 1 × 10 6 cfu of Lb. hilgardii per gram of corn forage, and this resulted in improved aerobic stability when compared with untreated silage after 90 but not 30 d of ensiling.”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Results (page unavailable) state that neither inoculant nor dose significantly changed aerobic stability; stability was greater at 90 than at 30 days because of ensiling period. Thus the paper does not report the claimed improvement from L. hilgardii compared with untreated silage at 90 days, although it did test the stated inoculation rate. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites Assis et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“although a meta-analysis indicated no reduction in pH in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane silages relative to untreated silages.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Silage Quality results (page not supplied) report no pH effect for corn and sorghum silages, supporting that part of the claim. They also report that inoculation significantly reduced pH in sugarcane silage, contrary to the claim for sugarcane. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“These additives resulted in higher milk production according to the meta-analysis by mechanisms that are still unclear.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Performance of Dairy Cows section reports that silage LAB inoculation increased milk yield by 0.37 kg/day (P < 0.01). The Conclusions specify homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB and call for further study of how the inoculants increase dairy-cow performance, consistent with the citing sentence’s uncertainty about the mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“In contrast, the reduction in butyric acid and ammonia-N and the increase in lactic acid from inoculation were unaffected by forage type.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Silage Quality (page unavailable), the paper reports that inoculation increased lactate and reduced butyrate and NH₃-N. Its meta-regression identifies outcomes whose responses varied with forage type; these three are not among them, supporting the claim that their responses were unaffected by forage type. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Trends were observed for increased milk fat and milk protein concentrations for cows fed inoculated silage.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Performance of Dairy Cows section reports that inoculation tended to increase milk fat concentration (P = 0.08) and milk protein concentration (P = 0.06). The Conclusions likewise describe a tendency toward higher concentrations of both. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“The reduction in acetic acid by inoculation was significant for all crops except for alfalfa and other legumes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Silage Quality section states that LAB inoculation reduced acetate (acetic acid) concentrations in all forages except legume silages, with P < 0.05 for the reductions. This supports the stated exception for alfalfa and other legumes; no page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A recent metaanalysis of 31 lactating dairy cattle studies indicated that inoculation with homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB increased raw milk production (0.37 kg/d; P < 0.01)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Performance of Dairy Cows section reports that silage LAB inoculation increased milk yield by 0.37 kg/d (P < 0.01). The paper also identifies the inoculants as homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB and states that 31 articles investigated dairy cow performance responses. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A recent meta-analysis of 130 articles revealed that the effects of these inoculants varied by crop”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract states that the meta-analysis included 130 articles on silage quality. The Silage Quality section identifies forage type as the most consistent factor affecting the response to inoculation and reports improved fermentation in grasses and legumes but not in corn, sorghum, or sugarcane. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Several organisms, including Lb. diolivorans (Krooneman et al., 2002) and Lb.reuteri (Sriramulu et al., 2008), have this capability”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krooneman et al., 2002 source
• Supported

  The Introduction reports that L. reuteri DSM 20016 utilizes 1,2-propanediol and converts it to propionate and propanol. The Discussion also reports the observed conversion. The cited paper therefore supports the part of the sentence attributed to Sriramulu et al.; page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Sriramulu et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“recently, Zielinska et al. (2017) reported that the novel strain Lb. buchneri A KKP 2047p was also able to metabolize 1,2-propanediol to propionic acid, and that this was facilitated in the presence of glucose and cobalamin.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract identifies L. buchneri A KKP 2047p as able to metabolize 1,2-propanediol and says glucose facilitated its use for propionic acid synthesis. It also reports that cobalamin promoted the reaction yield in all tested strains; Section 3.2 reports that efficient propionic acid synthesis depended on cobalamin. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Zielinska et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“In some studies, changes in common silage characteristics due to silage inoculant use cannot explain the magnitude of improvements in milk production observed”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction explicitly states that the milk-production improvement expected from changes in silage composition is much smaller than the observed average improvement from feeding inoculated silage. It concludes that changes in common silage characteristics cannot explain the magnitude of the observed improvement. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Muck et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“have shown that Lb. buchneri successfully improves the aerobic stability of a variety of silages”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that L. buchneri maintained the aerobic stability of both wheat and sorghum silages, including when combined with L. plantarum and yeasts. The Introduction also reports improved aerobic stability in maize silage. The paper’s own experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Weinberg et al., 1999 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 1999 source
• Partly supported

  The Conclusions report that L. buchneri improved the aerobic stability of corn silage, markedly so at the high application rate. This paper studies corn silage, not a variety of silage types, so it does not support that broader part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Ranjit and Kung, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, yeast count was higher in inoculated silages than in untreated silages.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Silage Quality section reports that LAB inoculation increased yeast counts compared with uninoculated treatments (P < 0.01). Its discussion also refers to increased yeast counts in response to inoculation. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Later, Broberg et al. (2007) reported elevated concentrations of antifungal compounds in grass silage treated with LAB inoculants including benzoic acid, catechol, hydrocinnamic acid, salicylic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract lists all seven named compounds among metabolites found at elevated concentrations in LAB-inoculated silos. The Results and Discussion also report increased concentrations in inoculated silage and examine the antifungal activity of the identified metabolites. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Broberg et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Lactobacillus hilgardii has also been shown to produce phenyllactic and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acids that have antifungal activity”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 3.1 identifies L. hilgardii among strains that produced both phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. The antifungal comparisons in that section concern other strains, not L. hilgardii; the Introduction identifies phenyllactic acid, rather than both acids, as the major antifungal factor. The paper therefore supports production of the two acids but does not establish the claimed antifungal activity for L. hilgardii. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Valerio et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The inoculant did not produce silage that was more heterofermentative than the corresponding untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Forage Production and Ensiling section (page unavailable) identifies the five-organism PRO inoculant, and the study examines four sorghum cultivars. Table 3 (page unavailable) shows that, for each cultivar, PRO-treated silage had no higher acetate concentration than its untreated control and had equal or higher lactate concentration, supporting the stated comparison. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Thomas et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“The most common pairing in the literature has been with Pediococcus pentosaceus”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says this study tested Lactobacillus buchneri paired with Pediococcus pentosaceus, so the paper provides an example of the pairing. It does not say that this is the most common pairing in the literature. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Sousa et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes an earlier study pairing L. buchneri with P. pentosaceus, and the present study tests the same combination. Neither the Introduction nor the Discussion compares how frequently different pairings appear in the literature, so the claim that this pairing is the most common is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Schmidt and Kung, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arriola et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Additionally, both inoculant treatments improved in vitro apparent OM digestibility by 50 g/kg.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 1 in the Discussion reports in vitro apparent organic matter digestibility of 659 g/kg for untreated silage, 713 g/kg for the Bacillus subtilis treatment, and 710 g/kg for the combined treatment. The increases of 54 and 51 g/kg support the stated approximate improvement of 50 g/kg for both treatments. No page number is provided in our copy's passage. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Lara et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“In only 1 of the 4 cultivars was in vitro true digestibility increased by the inoculant over that of untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Chemical Composition of Ensiled Sorghum section reports that PRO increased in vitro true digestibility compared with control for DBMR, one of the four cultivars studied. The Abstract identifies PRO as an inoculant containing Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Thomas et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“Shao et al. (2007) documented improved fermentation of perennial ryegrass with decreased concentrations of butyric, acetic, and propionic acids, ethanol, and NH 3 -N in silage treated with 0.1% sorbic acid compared with untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract identifies the experiment as Italian ryegrass silage treated with 0.1% sorbic acid, not perennial ryegrass. The Results report lower butyric and acetic acids, ethanol, and ammonia-N/total N than in untreated silage. The Sorbic acid addition section describes propionic acid as present in small amounts but does not establish the claimed decrease relative to untreated silage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Shao et al. (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Content and yield of milk true protein and nitrogen efficiency in milk N per unit of N intake were also increased (Broderick et al., 2007); however, this production response was not observed in a second trial.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Trial 2 discussion states that, unlike Trial 1, yields of milk and milk components were not increased with ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage versus untreated alfalfa silage. The Conclusions likewise report increased intake and milk-component yields in only one of the two trials. The copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Broderick et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Application of a low level of potassium sorbate to corn silage (91 mg/kg of fresh matter) may decrease aerobic stability, as it has been shown to increase yeast count and ethanol content compared with untreated silage (Hafner et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Silage Production section identifies the low dose as 91 mg/kg of wet forage. The Results report that it increased ethanol relative to the control and appeared to increase yeast counts, although the yeast comparison was difficult to establish conclusively. The paper does not report that this treatment decreased aerobic stability; that is an inference from the measured outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Hafner et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The effects of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on yeast counts, ethanol content, and aerobic stability of corn silage are dose-dependent (Auerbach and Nadeau, 2013;Bernardes et al., 2014;Hafner et al., 2014;Nadeau et al., 2015a).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach and Nadeau, 2013
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bernardes et al., 2014 source
• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that high and low doses of potassium sorbate had different effects on ethanol, and the Results describe differences in yeast counts between treatments. The Introduction also reports ethanol reductions in earlier studies of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate at different doses. But this paper does not establish dose-dependent effects of both additives on all three outcomes: it did not test sodium benzoate as a separate treatment or report dose-dependent aerobic stability. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Hafner et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, other studies have also failed to measure any improvement in NDF digestibility of either alfalfa (Lynch et al., 2014) or corn silage (Lynch et al., 2015) ensiled with this inoculant.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lynch et al., 2014 source
• Supported

  The Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility section reports no improvement in corn-silage NDF digestibility with the enzyme–inoculant combination compared with untreated silage at 24 hours, and no additive effect at 48 hours. This citation supports the corn-silage part of the sentence; the paper tested the inoculant in combination with a fibrolytic enzyme, not alone. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Lynch et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Lynch et al. (2015) added cellulase and xylanase to corn forage before ensiling alone and in combination with a ferulic acid esterase-producing (FAE) silage inoculant and found that the combination resulted in a lower pH and higher WSC than the control silage after 70 d of ensiling.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Ensilage section identifies the cellulase–xylanase treatment combined with the FAE-producing inoculant. Fermentation–Additive Treatment reports lower pH after 70 days for the combination than for untreated silage, and Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility–Additive (70 d of Ensiling) reports higher WSC, both averaged across cutting heights. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Lynch et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“Proteolysis during silo storage slowly breaks the protein matrix so that starch digestibility increases with storage time (Hoffman et al., 2011), as discussed above.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results and Conclusions report that zein proteins in the starch-protein matrix degraded over 240 days of ensiling, with chronic proteolysis the likely explanation. The Discussion reports increased ruminal starch degradability with ensiling time, but treats the causal link between protein breakdown and greater starch access as a hypothesis rather than an established finding of this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Hoffman et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“improving aerobic stability”

In the paper

“Cellulase or hemicellulase mixtures have been more successful at the former than the latter.”

In the paper

“A new approach focused on Lb. buchneri producing ferulic acid esterase has also had mixed success in improving the efficiency of silage digestion.”

In the paper

“It slowly converts lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol during silo storage”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“while having no effect on animal productivity.”

In the paper

“sorbic, benzoic, propionic, and acetic acids improve silage aerobic stability at feed out through direct inhibition of yeasts and molds.”

In the paper

“Propionibacterium and Bacillus species offer improved aerobic stability in some cases.”

In the paper

“Research indicates that these products are improving aerobic stability”

In the paper

“Ström et al. (2002) found a strain of Lb. plantarum (MiLAB 393) capable of producing a compound that inhibited the growth of some yeasts and molds.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ström et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Jalc et al. (2009) inoculated grass silage with strains of E. faecium or Lb.plantarum and found significant reductions in in vitro CH 4 production (mol of CH 4 /kg of digested DM) for all LAB-treated silages compared with grass silage made without treatment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jalc et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Oude Elferink et al. (2001), however, showed that the increase in acetic acid was not via the classical phosphoketolase pathway but via the anaerobic conversion of moderate amounts of lactic to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol via the proposed pathway in Figure 1.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“This occurred more in corn silage than in grass or legume silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Muck and Kung, 1997

In the paper

“Contreras-Govea et al. (2011) reported that alfalfa and corn silages inoculated with strains of Lb. plantarum or Lactococcus lactis consistently yielded more rumen microbial biomass than the corresponding untreated silages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Contreras-Govea et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“Muck and Kung (1997) reported that homofermentative inoculants reduced aerobic stability in about a third of the studies they summarized.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Muck and Kung, 1997

In the paper

“One potential issue with homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB inoculants is a reduction in bunk life or aerobic stability in some cases.”

In the paper

“In other cases, there are experiments where the inoculant did not affect silage fermentation compared with untreated silage, even though inoculation increased animal productivity”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kung and Muck, 2015

In the paper

“Amado et al. (2012) observed that 1 bacteriocinogenic strain of Pediococcus acidilactici promoted the disappearance of Listeria DNA in corn and ryegrass silages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amado et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“However, the effects have been inconsistent”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hofherr et al., 2008
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jin et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Although the meta-analysis grouping of studies where Lb. buchneri was added at more than 100,000 cfu/g of forage showed a decreased DM recovery in corn silages by about 1 percentage unit”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kleinschmit and Kung, 2006a

In the paper

“Similarly, Johanningsmeier and McFeeters (2013) reported that conversion of lactate to 1,2-propanediol did not generally take place until ≥21 d of fermentation in pickles.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2013 source

In the paper

“Both organisms resulted in silages that were stable for more than 250 h after 30 and 90 d of fermentation compared with 31 to 49 h of stability for untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polukis et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Data suggest that anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid by Lb. buchneri does not occur immediately and needs about 30 to 60 d to become apparent.”

In the paper

“In addition to improved aerobic stability, some strains of Lb. buchneri are capable of producing ferulic acid esterase in silage with the potential to enhance fiber digestibility”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nsereko et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“However, aerobic stability was not improved in that study”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ávila et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Recently, Costa et al. (2017) isolated Lb. parafarraginis from corn silage in Brazil and showed it possessed some antibacterial and antifungal properties.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Costa et al., 2017

In the paper

“In 12 studies, DMI did not differ when dairy cattle or sheep were fed silages untreated or ensiled with Lb. buchneri (Table 1).”

In the paper

“Ström et al. (2002) reported on antifungal compounds [3-phenyllactic acid, 2 dipeptides cyclo (l-Phe-l-Pro) and cyclo (l-Phe-trans-4-OH-l-Pro)] produced by LAB in silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ström et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“In sugarcane silage, Ávila et al. (2014) reported that 2 strains of Lb. hilgardii (UFLA 51 and 52; now CNCM I-4784 and CNCM I-4785, respectively) resulted in higher concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol than in untreated or sugarcane silage treated with strains of Lb. brevis.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ávila et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“All inoculant treatments reduced ammonia content.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Today most of the bacteria in this group are recognized taxonomically as facultative heterofermentative LAB species rather than obligate homofermentative species”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahlow et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“The facultative heterofermentative LAB ferment hexoses, such as glucose, the same as obligate homofermenters, producing almost exclusively lactic acid.”

In the paper

“However, only a few species from the Lb.buchneri group have been evaluated for their effects on silage fermentation, including primarily Lb. buchneri and much less commonly Lb. brevis, Lb. diolivorans, Lb. hilgardii, Lb. kefiri, and, recently, Lb. parafarraginis.”

In the paper

“higher yeast counts may explain the occasional reduced aerobic stability of silages inoculated with homofermentative LAB.”

In the paper

“Improvements in animal performance from feeding inoculated silage are difficult to explain.”

In the paper

“Because yeasts are commonly the initiators of aerobic deterioration (Pahlow et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahlow et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“Reduced acetic acid concentrations from inoculation with homofermentative LAB may also contribute to faster yeast growth rates and, thus, reduced aerobic stability.”

In the paper

“Common facultative heterofermentative strains include Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium, and various Pediococcus species.”

In the paper

“Thus, multiple or synergistic effects may account for improvements in aerobic stability beyond that of acetic acid alone.”

In the paper

“These results indicate that a combination inoculant is capable of dominating the early stages of fermentation, causing a more rapid decline in pH compared with untreated silage.”

In the paper

“these results indicate the importance of the strains selected for use in the formulation of a combination inoculant.”

In the paper

“Neither inoculant improved aerobic stability relative to those of the untreated silages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adesogan and Salawu (2004) source

In the paper

“in laboratory silos, the combination inoculant had a more rapid pH decline in the first week of ensiling.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al. (2012) source

In the paper

“By the next sampling time at 45 d, both inoculated treatments showing similar production of 1,2-propanediol”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“The Lb. buchneri populations were similar at ensiling across all 3 treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“suggesting the inoculant may have been overwhelmed by the natural LAB population associated with the corn forage.”

In the paper

“It appeared that the untreated silages underwent a Lb.buchneri-like fermentation, with acetic acid concentration 3 times greater than lactic acid.”

In the paper

“Only one published study has attempted to compare potential partners for a given Lb.buchneri strain in a combination inoculant.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source

In the paper

“In the latter case, fermentation characteristics between inoculated and untreated were similar”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“Relatively few studies since Driehuis et al. ( 2001) have focused on the success of the combination inoculant during the first 1 to 2 wk of fermentation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al. (2001) source

In the paper

“indicating the activity of Lb. buchneri in fermenting lactic acid.”

In the paper

“This product did not improve aerobic stability relative to the untreated control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Keles et al. (2010)

In the paper

“Later during storage, Lb. buchneri ferments lactic acid to acetic acid and other end-products that aerobically stabilize silage as compared with untreated silage.”

In the paper

“The combination of the fermentation and aerobic stability results suggested that the Lb.buchneri portion of this inoculant did not contribute to the fermentation for whatever reason, even though the silages were ensiled for 120 d, a duration sufficient for Lb.buchneri to exhibit activity.”

In the paper

“Thus, both strains showed promise as potential inoculant strains for tropical grass.”

In the paper

“Yeast, particularly lactate-assimilating yeast, are the primary initiators of aerobic spoilage in silage (Pahlow et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahlow et al. (2003) source

In the paper

“Bacillus subtilis may be a promising species to improve aerobic stability by producing a bacteriocin that inhibits yeasts and molds (Pahlow et al., 2003).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pahlow et al. (2003) source

In the paper

“the success of the Pichia anomala J121 strain suggests that some yeast strains may be beneficial in preventing spoilage and inhibiting the development of other detrimental microorganisms in silage.”

In the paper

“None of the 3 strains affected fermentation or aerobic stability relative to the untreated control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Savage et al. (2014)

In the paper

“Inoculated wheat and barley have been fed to chickens and beef cattle, respectively.No negative effects on animal health, growth rate, or feed conversion efficiency have been found (Schnürer and Jonsson, 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schnürer and Jonsson (2011) source

In the paper

“studies such as Reich and Kung (2010) and Ellis et al. (2016b) suggest that strains that perform similarly in the silo may not necessarily provide similar benefits in the rumen.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ellis et al. (2016b)

In the paper

“As with all inoculants, the combination inoculants have not always delivered the above benefits.”

In the paper

“Overall, it appears that combination products can be successful in increasing the rate of pH decline in the first week of fermentation in the silo due to the activity of homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB.”

In the paper

“After 90 d of ensiling, silage pH and fermentation product concentrations were not different across treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duniere et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“The effect of combination inoculants on animal production is uncertain at this time.”

In the paper

“After 5 d, yeast counts remained below detectable levels in the Pr.acidipropionici-treated silages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Filya et al. (2004) source

In the paper

“The yeast treatments produced a faster and greater reduction in pH over 20 d compared with untreated.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ok et al. (2006)

In the paper

“Thus, Pr. acidipropionici, when applied alone, was the most successful of all treatments in reducing aerobic losses and maintaining aerobic stability by keeping yeast counts low.”

In the paper

“Crude protein concentration was also increased by 38 to 41% by inoculation with yeast.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ok et al. (2006)

In the paper

“Differences in types of active ingredients included with propionate and differ-ences in the concentrations of active ingredients in additives can have a profound effect on ensiling outcomes.”

In the paper

“Sorbic acid is a more potent inhibitor of yeasts, molds, and spoilage bacteria than benzoic acid.”

In the paper

“Similarly, Knický and Spörndly (2009) reported improved aerobic stability of well-fermented grass-clover silage at 45% DM by 3.5 d when a formic/propionic/formate containing additive at 5 L/t was used.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knický and Spörndly (2009) source

In the paper

“When ensiling whole-crop corn, Nadeau et al. (2011) showed improved aerobic stability in 2 of 3 maturity stages after 28 and 110 d of ensiling when a product containing formic, propionic, formate, benzoic, and sorbic acids and glycerol at 4 L/t was used.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2011)

In the paper

“The greater inhibitory activity of sorbic acid is only partially attributable to its higher acid dissociation constant (4.75) than benzoic acid (4.20), as acids can differ in their antimycotic effects at the same pH (Auerbach, 1996) because of differences in molecule-specific activity.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach (1996)

In the paper

“Nitrite-containing additives in various blends with hexamine, benzoate, sorbate, propionate, or formate are known to be efficient against clostridia activity in a range of forages differing in fermentation capacity (Knický andSpörndly, 2009, 2011;Nadeau and Auerbach, 2014;Auerbach et al., 2016;König et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Knický and Spörndly (2009, 2011)
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau and Auerbach (2014)
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach et al. (2016)

In the paper

“König et al. (2017) con-cluded that 4 L/t of formic acid was not sufficient to decrease clostridia activity in lupin-wheat silage when the nitrate concentration of the crop was low.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites König et al. (2017) source

In the paper

“Sorbic acid also can be inhibitory to some bacteria, such as clostridia (Woolford, 1975).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Woolford (1975) source

In the paper

“When formic/propionic acid-based additives were applied at 4 L/t to soil-contaminated grass-clover silage, butyric acid production by clostridia activity was eliminated (Nadeau and Auerbach, 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau and Auerbach (2014)

In the paper

“As stated, potassium sorbate is more effective against yeast than sodium benzoate (Auerbach and Nadeau, 2013;Bernardes et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach and Nadeau (2013)
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bernardes et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“Sorbic, benzoic, propionic, and acetic acids improve aerobic stability of the silage at feed out through direct inhibition of yeasts and molds (Auerbach et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach et al. (2012)

In the paper

“Weiss and Auerbach (2012a) found a strong correlation between concentrations of ethanol and ethyl esters in 524 laboratory silages of corn, wheat, sorghum and grass (R 2 = 0.90), where each incremental increase in ethanol by 5 g/kg of DM increased total ethyl ester concentration by about 100 mg/kg of DM.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Weiss and Auerbach (2012a)

In the paper

“The SBE, ranging from 0 to 1,100 g/t of fresh matter, were positively related to the aerobic stability of corn silage (aerobic stability = 1.77e 0.0018×SBE ; R 2 = 0.85, P < 0.01, n = 7).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach and Nadeau (2013)

In the paper

“The salts sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, ammonium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium propionate, and sodium acetate inhibit yeasts and molds by release of the respective acid in silage, thereby improving aerobic stability (Auerbach et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach et al. (2012)

In the paper

“The undissociated form of the acids is inhibitory to microorganisms, as this form passes through the cell membranes and releases H + , thus acidifying the cytoplasm.”

In the paper

“However, formic acid-based additives can stimulate ethanol production and, thereby, ethyl ester formation in corn silage (Weiss and Auerbach, 2012b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Weiss and Auerbach (2012b)

In the paper

“Furthermore, cows fed the treated silage had lower SCC in milk (52,000 vs. 92,000 per mL; P < 0.05).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2014

In the paper

“In a dairy cow experiment, where ammonium propionate at 5 L/t was applied to corn silage, no effect on intake or milk yield was observed (Levital et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levital et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The additive decreased milk urea content (230 vs. 240 mg/L; P < 0.001) and tended to increase the excretions of purine derivatives in urine (115 vs. 95 g/d), suggesting an increase in the microbial protein flow to the duodenum.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2014

In the paper

“Furthermore, Nadeau et al. (2011) showed a strong positive effect of a product containing 250 g of sodium benzoate and 150 g of potassium sorbate per liter on the aerobic stability of corn silage stored for 28 and 110 d and harvested at 3 different maturity stages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2011)

In the paper

“Formic acid restricts fermentation and protein degradation during ensiling, which can have a positive effect on animal performance (Winters et al., 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Winters et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Formic acid restricts fermentation and protein degradation during ensiling, which can have a positive effect on animal performance (Winters et al., 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Winters et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“A linear negative relationship existed between yeast count and aerobic stability (aerobic stability = 17.5 -4.19 × yeast count; R 2 = 0.87, P < 0.01, n = 7)”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach and Nadeau (2013)

In the paper

“Furthermore, Diaz et al. (2013) found no improvements in diet digestibility, N balance, LWG, or carcass quality of finishing steers fed ammoniated or untreated high-moisture ear corn.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Diaz et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“The improved aerobic stability eliminated the decrease in OM digestibility that was found in the untreated silage during aerobic exposure.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2011)

In the paper

“The improved performance of the cows was attributed to decreased proteolysis and increased sugar content of treated as compared with untreated silage (E.M. G. Nadeau, unpublished data; Nadeau et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites E.M. G. Nadeau, unpublished data
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2014

In the paper

“Mixtures of forages at ensiling may be useful and provide positive associative benefits (e.g., alfalfa and sainfoin; Wang et al., 2007).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“The additive-treated silage produced higher yields of milk and ECM compared with untreated only in the low-RUP diets (29.1 vs. 26.0kg of milk; 30.5 vs. 27.1 kg of ECM).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2015b

In the paper

“This contention was recently supported, as ensiling of a low-WSC forage, Leymus chinensis, with inoculants and a cellulase improved both the fermentation and the in vitro digestibility of this wild grass silage (Tian et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tian et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Similarly, feed efficiency of cows was higher for the additive-treated silage than for the control silage only in the low-RUP diets (1.53 vs. 1.27 kg of ECM/kg of DMI).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2015b

In the paper

“In some instances, enzymes may act on the more-digestible components of NDF, leaving indigestible components intact and thereby lowering the overall digestibility of consumed NDF (Nadeau et al., 2000;Dehghani et al., 2012;Jin et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nadeau et al., 2000 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dehghani et al., 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jin et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The improved performance of the cows on additive-treated silage when fed a diet with low RUP could partly be related to the additive decreasing proteolysis as compared with untreated silage (E.M. G. Nadeau, unpublished data; Nadeau et al., 2015b).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites E.M. G. Nadeau, unpublished data
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Reduced proteolysis occurs naturally in some forages, such as legumes containing tannins (Albrecht and Muck, 1991) and red clover with its polyphenol oxidase/o-diphenol (PPO) system (Jones et al., 1995).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Albrecht and Muck, 1991 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones et al., 1995 source

In the paper

“Proposed pathway for anaerobic degradation of lactic acid by Lactobacillus buchneri into equimolar amounts of 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid and trace amounts of ethanol (Oude Elferink et al., 2001; Appl.Environ.Microbiol., 67:125-132.https://doi.org/10.1128/ AEM.67.1.125-132.2001;reproduced with permission from the American Society for Microbiology).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 source