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Childhood Obesity: Immune Response and Nutritional Approaches
Open accessAbstract
Childhood obesity is characterized by a low-grade inflammation status depending on the multicellular release of cytokines, adipokines, and reactive oxygen species. In particular, the imbalance between anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells and inflammatory T helper 17 cells seems to sustain such a phlogistic condition. Alterations of gut microbiota since childhood also contribute to the maintenance of inflammation. Therefore, besides preventive measures and caloric restrictions, dietary intake of natural products endowed with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may represent a valid interventional approach for preventing and/or attenuating the pathological consequences of obesity. In this regard, the use of prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and melatonin in human clinical trials will be described.
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“ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis.”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina (2017) · cites this paper as [141]
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“Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and impaired immunity.”
From The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
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“In obese individuals, visceral adipose tissue is the major source of proinflammatory cytokines [30].”
From The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
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Adipose Tissue Macrophages, Low Grade Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Human Obesity
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Holt, E. M., Steffen, L. M., Moran, A., Basu, S., Steinberger, J., Ross, J. A., Hong, C.-P., & Sinaiko, A. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.036 · Cited by 496 · cited 1×
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Obesidad infantil y juvenil en España. Resultados del Estudio enKid (1998-2000)
Serra‐Majem, L., Barba, L. R., Bartrina, J. A., Pérez‐Rodrigo, C., Saavedra, P., & Quintana, L. P. (2003) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(03)74077-9 · Cited by 492 · cited 4×
“With regard to the etiology of childhood obesity (10), the prenatal period should be considered as a critical period for its development.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Influence of Smoking Cessation on the Prevalence of Overweight in the United States
Flegal, K. M., Troiano, R. P., Pamuk, E. R., Kuczmarski, R. J., & Campbell, S. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511023331801 · Cited by 482 · cited 1×
“Children born from diabetic mothers or mothers who smoked during pregnancy are more exposed to the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (11).”
BackgroundLauer, R. M., Lee, J., & Clarke, W. R. (1988) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.82.3.309 · Cited by 476 · cited 1×
“In addition,Lauer and associates (14) described some factors affecting the relationship between childhood and adult cholesterol levels with special reference to early development of atherosclerosis in children.”
BackgroundKusminski, C. M., Holland, W. L., Sun, K., Park, J., Spurgin, S. B., Lin, Y., Askew, G. R., Simcox, J., McClain, D. A., Li, C., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2899 · Cited by 474
Stowe, D. F., & Camara, A. K. S. (2009) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2008.2331 · Cited by 471 · cited 1×
“On the other hand, obesity can induce oxidative stress in adipocytes via production of ROS by mitochondria which can be increased in response to a high-fat diet (79, 80).”
BackgroundAilhaud, G. P., Massiéra, F., WEILL, P., Legrand, P., Alessandri, J. M. J. M., & Guesnet, P. (2006) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.003 · Cited by 465
Recommendations for Prevention of Childhood Obesity
Davis, M. M., Gance‐Cleveland, B., Hassink, S. G., Johnson, R. M., Paradis, G., & Resnicow, K. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2329e · Cited by 462
Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Kelly, J., & Reilly, J. J. (2010) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.3109/17477160903067601 · Cited by 442 · cited 1×
“Previous studies have demonstrated the role of PA in the prevention of obesity (91, 92).”
BackgroundHuh, J. Y., Park, Y. J., Ham, M., & Kim, J. B. (2014) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2014.0074 · Cited by 440 · cited 2×
“It is worthwhile mentioning that, in obese mice, neutrophils and mast cells also play an inflammatory role, while the number of eosinophils is decreased (28).”
BackgroundThe impact of obesity on the immune response to infection
Milner, J. J., & Beck, M. A. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665112000158 · Cited by 439 · cited 1×
“For instance, obese individuals were more susceptible to the H1N1 influenza during the 2009 pandemia (18).”
BackgroundLee, H., Lee, Y. J., Choi, H., Ko, E. H., & Kim, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m808742200 · Cited by 428 · cited 1×
“From a pathogenic point of view, evidence has been provided that hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress leads to the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes via transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (75).”
BackgroundJagannathan‐Bogdan, M., McDonnell, M. E., Shin, H., Rehman, Q., Hastürk, H., Apovian, C. M., & Nikolajczyk, B. S. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002615 · Cited by 422
Mitochondrial ROS Generation and Its Regulation: Mechanisms Involved in H 2 O 2 Signaling
Rigoulet, M., Yoboue, E. D., & Devin, A. (2011) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3363 · Cited by 394
IL-17 regulates adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and obesity
Zúñiga, L. A., Shen, W.-J., Joyce-Shaikh, B., Pyatnova, E. A., Richards, A. G., Thom, C., Andrade, S. M., Cua, D. J., Kraemer, F. B., & Butcher, E. C. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001269 · Cited by 394
Obesity predisposes to Th17 bias
Winer, S., Paltser, G., Chan, Y., Tsui, H., Engleman, E. G., Winer, D. A., & Dosch, H. ‐. (2009) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838893 · Cited by 385
The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Weight Gain in Humans
Angelakis, E., Armougom, F., Million, M., & Raoult, D. (2011) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.142 · Cited by 370 · cited 1×
“PROBIOTICS Various strains of bacteria have been found in the gut of obese and lean humans and, according to recent data, it seems that just smaller modifications of intestinal commensals may account for weight gain (138).”
ResultLuoto, R., Laitinen, K., Nermes, M., & Isolauri, E. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509993898 · Cited by 370
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study
Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Labayen, I., Moreno, L. A., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Μanios, Y., González‐Gross, M., Mauro, B., Molnár, D., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr068 · Cited by 360
Tan, D. ‐., Manchester, L. C., Fuentes‐Broto, L., Paredes, S. D., & Reiter, R. J. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00756.x · Cited by 353 · cited 1×
“Evidence has been provided that melatonin can promote weight loss in rodents via browning of white adipose tissue (183) and this may represent a new approach to treat human obesity (184).”
BackgroundGlobal strategy for the diagnosis and management of asthma in children 5 years and younger
Pedersen, S., Hurd, S. S., Lemanske, R. F., Becker, A. B., Zar, H. J., Sly, P. D., Soto‐Quiroz, M., Wong, G., & Bateman, E. D. (2010) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.21321 · Cited by 325 · cited 1×
“For each group, BMI was calculated and asthma was defined following the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Guidelines (118).”
MethodLuoto, R., Kalliomäki, M. A., Laitinen, K., & Isolauri, E. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.50 · Cited by 323
Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota
Kabat, A. M., Srinivasan, N., & Maloy, K. J. (2014) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2014.07.010 · Cited by 320 · cited 3×
“The role of IL-22, in this context is to amplify the release of other AMPs in the gut (121).”
BackgroundInfluentialLaitinen, K., Poussa, T. A., Isolauri, E., & the Nutrition, A. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508111461 · Cited by 315
The French paradox: lessons for other countries
Ferrières, J. (2003) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.90.1.107 · Cited by 303
Koziróg, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter-Michalak, M., Sikora, J., & Broncel, M. (2011) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00835.x · Cited by 299
Procaccini, C., Jirillo, E., & Matarese, G. (2012) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.012 · Cited by 299 · cited 1×
“Leptin is a plasma protein involved in the regulation of food intake (110) and is able to exert pro-inflammatory effects on dendritic cells (DCs), NK cells, T cells, B cells, and Treg cells (111).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMassiéra, F., Saint-Marc, P., Seydoux, J., Murata, T., Kobayashi, T., Narumiya, S., Guesnet, P., Amri, E., Négrel, R., & Ailhaud, G. P. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m200346-jlr200 · Cited by 298
Casas, R. M., Sacanella, E., & Estruch, R. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140922153350 · Cited by 294 · cited 1×
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Flachs, P., Rossmeisl, M., Bryhn, M., & Kopecký, J. (2008) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20070456 · Cited by 291 · cited 1×
“In terms of early interventions at the level of maternal inflammation, studies in transgenic Fat-1 mice have documented that increase in n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio diminished fetal-placental lipid exposure, thus limiting adverse metabolic effects in adult offsprings (162).”
BackgroundIncreased activity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women
Šumarac-Dumanović, M., Stevanović, D., Ljubić, A., Jorga, J. B., Simic, M., Stamenkovic-Pejkovic, D., Starcevic, V. P., Trajković, V., & Micić, D. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.216 · Cited by 287
Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and function by polyunsaturated fatty acids
Madsen, L., Petersen, R. K., & Kristiansen, K. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.03.001 · Cited by 286
Wang, H., Storlien, L. H., & Huang, X. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2001 · Cited by 280
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, Evidence, and Future Directions
Borody, T. J., Paramsothy, S., & Agrawal, G. (2013) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 · Cited by 275 · cited 1×
“Just recently, fecal microbiota transplantation has been applied to patients with inflammatory bowel disease and obese patients (142).”
BackgroundCollison, K. S., Zaidi, M. Z., Subhani, S., Al-Rubeaan, K. A., Shoukri, M. M., & Al-Mohanna, F. A. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-234 · Cited by 273 · cited 16×
“In the other group characterized by reduction in BMI and increase in PA, IL-10 salivary levels were higher than those detected in the case of IL-17.”
BackgroundInfluentialDeng, W., Tang, S.-T., Tseng, H.-P., & Wu, K. K. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-09-3691 · Cited by 267
Casas, R. M., Sacanella, E., Urpí-Sardà, M., Chiva‐Blanch, G., Ros, E., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Covas, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Fiol, M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100084 · Cited by 250 · cited 1×
“In this last regard, in a very recent review, Casas and associates (200) have stressed out the immune protective effect of MedDiet, which may act on various immune biomarkers, such as molecules involved in the stability of atheromatous plaque.”
BackgroundReiter, R. J., Tan, D., Korkmaz, A., & Ma, S. (2011) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2011.586365 · Cited by 249
Carbonylation of Adipose Proteins in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Grimsrud, P. A., Picklo, M. J., Griffin, T. J., & Bernlohr, D. (2007) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m600120-mcp200 · Cited by 249
Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity†
Gibbs, B. G., & Forste, R. (2013) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00155.x · Cited by 245 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, breast-milk-fed children have less risk to become obese than infant formula-fed children (125).”
BackgroundFreedman, D. S., Dietz, W. H., Tang, R., Mensah, G. A., Bond, M. G., Urbina, E. M., Srinivasan, S., & Berenson, G. S. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802515 · Cited by 244 · cited 1×
“Data reported by Freedman and associates (13) demonstrated that childhood obesity is associated to the risk of cardiovascular events in adult life.”
BackgroundVitamin D Receptor Negatively Regulates Bacterial-Stimulated NF-κB Activity in Intestine
Wu, S., Liao, A. P., Xia, Y., Li, Y. C., Li, J., Sartor, R. B., & Sun, J. (2010) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090998 · Cited by 241 · cited 2×
“Excessive or low calorie intake by the mother during Abbreviations: AGEs, advanced glycation end products; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; BMI, body mass index; DCs, dendritic cells; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; IFN, interferon;…”
BackgroundThe Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Hormone‐Sensitive Lipase Deficiency in Mice
Wang, S. P., Laurin, N., Himms‐Hagen, J., Rudnicki, M. A., Levy, E. H., Robert, M., Pan, L., Oligny, L. L., & Mitchell, G. A. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.15 · Cited by 236
Mediterranean Diet and Health: Food Effects on Gut Microbiota and Disease Control
CHIERICO, F. D., Vernocchi, P., Dallapiccola, B., & Putignani, L. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms150711678 · Cited by 207 · cited 1×
“Advancing data suggest that dietary anti-oxidants may influence both metabolic and inflammatory markers linked to low-grade systemic inflammation (45, 46).”
BackgroundDaubioul, C., Horsmans, Y., Lambert, P., Danse, E. M., & Delzenne, N. M. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602127 · Cited by 202 · cited 1×
“In patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), administration of oligofructose reduced serum aminotransferases and insulin levels (136).”
BackgroundThe impact of moderate wine consumption on health
Artero, A., Artero, A., Tarín, J. J., & Cano, A. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.007 · Cited by 200
Vieira‐Potter, V. J., Valentine, R. J., Wilund, K. R., Antao, N. N., Baynard, T., & Woods, J. A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2009 · Cited by 194 · cited 1×
“In a large prospective survey involving about 22,000 Greek adults, adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and death was associated to approximately 2/9 increment in the MedDiet score with a 25% reduction in total mortality (60).”
BackgroundMelatonin induces browning of inguinal white adipose tissue in Zucker diabetic fatty rats
Jiménez‐Aranda, A., Fernández‐Vázquez, G., Campos, D., Tassi, M., Velasco‐Perez, L., Tan, D. X., Reiter, R. J., & Agil, A. (2013) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12089 · Cited by 192
Kushi, L. H., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00994-9 · Cited by 191
Role of fatty acids in adipocyte growth and development1,2
Azain, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.823916x · Cited by 189
IL-17 in obesity and adipogenesis
Ahmed, M., & Gaffen, S. L. (2010) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.005 · Cited by 188 · cited 1×
“Despite these controversial results in mice, there is evidence that obesity is associated to autoimmune diseases in both mice and humans likely via a Th17-dependent mechanism (39).”
BackgroundHug, C., & Lodish, H. F. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106933 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“Visfatin, known as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is able to exert insulin-mimetic effect (114, 115).”
BackgroundTHE ISOPROSTANES: THEIR QUANTIFICATION AS AN INDEX OF OXIDANT STRESS STATUS IN VIVO†
Morrow, J. D. (2000) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1081/dmr-100102340 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“In humans, studies by Keaney and associates (72) have clearly demonstrated the association between oxidative stress and obesity by monitoring urinary isoprostanes, which are a reliable index of oxidative stress in vivo (73).”
BackgroundAirway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult‐to‐treat asthma
van Veen, I. H., Brinke, A. T., Sterk, P. J., Rabe, K. F., & Bel, E. H. (2008) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01597.x · Cited by 186 · cited 1×
“IMMUNE PROFILE IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND OBESITY Evidence has been provided that a correlation exists between obesity and asthma in children (106, 107), which is often independent from allergic sensitization, in accordance with same observation in adults (108).”
ResultToward a unifying hypothesis of metabolic syndrome
Bremer, A. A., Mietus-Snyder, M., & Lustig, R. H. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2912 · Cited by 186 · cited 1×
“Metabolic (high levels of triacylglycerols, low levels of high density lipoproteincholesterol) and clinical modifications (high blood pressure and defective glucose metabolism) are part of the MetS, which represents one of the major complications of childhood obesity (15).”
BackgroundKelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., & Mackey, B. E. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.324 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are able to reduce plasma triglyceride levels and body weight (156, 157).”
BackgroundSystemic inflammation and insulin sensitivity in obese IFN-γ knockout mice
O’Rourke, R. W., White, A. E., Metcalf, M. D., Winters, B. R., Diggs, B. S., Zhu, X., & Marks, D. L. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.018 · Cited by 177
Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Barrenechea, L., Alcorta, P., Larrarte, E., Margareto, J., & Labayen, I. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513003784 · Cited by 171 · cited 1×
“In obese women administration of green tea (EGCG) did not affect body weight, fat-mass, energy, homeostasis, cardiometabolic risk factor, and liver function (174).”
BackgroundThe immune system's involvement in obesity-driven type 2 diabetes
Shu, C. J., Benoist, C. O., & Mathis, D. J. (2012) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.001 · Cited by 170
Sarı, İ., Baltacı, Y., Bağcı, C., Davutoğlu, V., Erel, Ö., Çelık, H., Özer, O., Aksoy, N., & Aksoy, M. F. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.023 · Cited by 167
Szopa, M., & Dembinska-Kiec, A. (2005) · Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) · Cited by 166
Decline of the Mediterranean diet at a time of economic crisis. Results from the Moli-sani study
Bonaccio, M., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Bonanni, A., Costanzo, S., Lucia, F. D., Persichillo, M., Zito, F., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., & Iacoviello, L. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.014 · Cited by 163 · cited 1×
“general recommendations associated to other recent dietary guidelines (55, 56) are primarily based on low intakes of saturated and trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar and salt, energy intake, and PA according to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) model (57, 58).”
Insulin Inhibits IL-10–Mediated Regulatory T Cell Function: Implications for Obesity
Han, J. M., Patterson, S. J., Speck, M., Ehses, J. A., & Levings, M. K. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302181 · Cited by 156
Erbel, C., Akhavanpoor, M., Okuyucu, D., Wangler, S., Dietz, A., Zhao, L., Stellos, K., Little, K. M., Lasitschka, F., Doesch, A. O., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400181 · Cited by 153
Does obesity produce a distinct asthma phenotype?
Lugogo, N. L., Kraft, M., & Dixon, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00845.2009 · Cited by 152
Relationship between plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and insulin resistance
Bastard, J., Pi�roni, L., & Hainque, B. (2000) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/1520-7560(200005/06)16:3 · Cited by 148
Adiposity, asthma, and airway inflammation
McLachlan, C. R., Poulton, R., Car, G., Cowan, J. O., Filsell, S., Greene, J. M., Taylor, D. R., Welch, D., Williamson, A., Sears, M. R., et al. (2006) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.029 · Cited by 148 · cited 2×
“childhood asthma and obesity outcome (193)”
BackgroundKnoops, K. T. B., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Kromhout, D., Perrin, A.-E., Moreiras-Varela, O., Menotti, A., & van Staveren, W. A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1433 · Cited by 146
Historic perspective: Prebiotics, probiotics, and other alternatives to antibiotics ,
Hume, M. E. (2011) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.2010-01030 · Cited by 140 · cited 1×
“confer a health benefit to the host (195).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Risk of Atherosclerosis
Hulsmans, M., Dooren, E. V., & Holvoet, P. (2012) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0237-0 · Cited by 132
Codoñer‐Franch, P., Tavárez-Alonso, S., Murria-Estal, R., Megías-Vericat, J., Tortajada‐Girbés, M., & Alonso‐Iglesias, E. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.035 · Cited by 120
Correlation of intestinal microbiota with overweight and obesity in Kazakh school children
Xu, P., Li, M., Zhang, J., & Zhang, T. (2012) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-283 · Cited by 120 · cited 1×
“With special reference to pediatric obesity, the ratio between Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes seems to play a role in weight gain (144).”
BackgroundObesity reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide in juveniles
Gruber, H.-J., Mayer, C., Mangge, H., Fauler, G., Grandits, N., & Wilders-Truschnig, M. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803795 · Cited by 119 · cited 1×
“However, other studies have found no modifications of NO levels in obese children (105).”
BackgroundDietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice
Gu, Y., Yu, S., & Lambert, J. D. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0510-1 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“Just recently, evidence has been provided that cocoa power supplementation ameliorated the proinflammatory profile in high fat-fed obese mice (172).”
BackgroundFekete, K., Marosvölgyi, T., Jakobik, V., & Décsi, T. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230i · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“FATTY ACIDS Fatty acids exert important biological functions in the body as a substrate for energy and the formation of membranes, also acting as regulators of genetic expression (153).”
BackgroundLamont, K. T., Somers, S., Lacerda, L., Opie, L. H., & Lecour, S. (2011) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00853.x · Cited by 104
Obesity in the United States – Dysbiosis from Exposure to Low-Dose Antibiotics?
Riley, L. W., Raphael, E., & Faerstein, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00069 · Cited by 102
Holscher, H. D., Faust, K., Czerkies, L. A., Litov, R. E., Ziegler, E. E., Lessin, H. R., Hatch, T. F., Sun, S. S., & Tappenden, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607111430087 · Cited by 101 · cited 2×
“in infants (135) and decrease in serum aminotransferases and insulin”
BackgroundTh17 and Non-Classic Th1 Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Cosmi, L., Liotta, F., Maggi, E., Romagnani, S., & Annunziato, F. (2014) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000363502 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“Th17 cells release multiple molecules of IL-17 (A–F) (49) and IL-17F was also found to be co-expressed in Th17 cells, thus contributing to host defenses, inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune functions of Th17 cells (50).”
BackgroundA prospective study of weight change and systemic inflammation over 9 y
Fogarty, A., Glancy, C., Jones, S. G., Lewis, S., McKeever, T. M., & Britton, J. R. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.30 · Cited by 98 · cited 1×
“The findings related to the increase in salivary NO concentration in overweight/obese children (89) are in accordance with a series of reports (97–100) in which various other biomarkers were monitored for assessing the inflammatory profile in obesity (101).”
ResultFunctional foods and nutraceuticals as therapeutic tools for the treatment of diet-related diseases
Magrone, T., de Heredia, F. P., Jirillo, E., Morabito, G., Marcos, A., & Serafini, M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2012-0307 · Cited by 91 · cited 1×
“CONCLUSION Nowadays, obesity is an epidemic in western and westernized societies, thus representing one of the major consequences of food-related disease (196).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFranco, J. G., Lisboa, P. C., Lima, N. S., Amaral, T. A. S., Peixoto‐Silva, N., Resende, Â. C., OLIVEIRA, E. B. D., Passos, M. C. F., & de Moura, E. G. (2012) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.019 · Cited by 89 · cited 1×
“Experimentally, administration of resveratrol from red grapes to obese rats reduced visceral obesity and triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein plasma concentration, thus decreasing the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and steatosis (169).”
BackgroundMagrone, T., & Jirillo, E. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161213804805793 · Cited by 89 · cited 1×
“For instance, increase in segmented filamentous bacteria induce release of serum amyloid A by epithelial cells which acting upon DCs leads to differentiation and induction of Th17 cells endowed with inflammatory activities (122, 123).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLuteolin inhibits adipogenic differentiation by regulating PPARγ activation
Park, H., Kim, S., Kim, Y. S., Ryu, S. Y., Hwang, J., Yang, H. J., Kim, G., Kwon, D. Y., & Kim, M. (2009) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.38 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, flavonoids hampered both transcription factors and differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes (170).”
BackgroundLoffredo, L., Martino, F., Carnevale, R., Pignatelli, P., Catasca, E., Perri, L., Calabrese, C. M., Palumbo, M. M., Baratta, F., Ben, M. D., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.042 · Cited by 81 · cited 2×
“Quite interestingly, NOX-2 (the catalytic core of NADPH oxidase) has been found to be over-expressed in hypercholesterolemic and obese children (82).”
BackgroundProinflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and adiponkines in students with central obesity
Elwakkad, A., Hassan, N. E., Sibaii, H., & El-Zayat, S. R. (2013) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.010 · Cited by 80
Visfatin and its role in obesity development
Stastny, J., Vašků, J. B., & Vašků, A. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2012.08.011 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“Visfatin, known as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is able to exert insulin-mimetic effect (114, 115).”
BackgroundBidulescu, A., Liu, J., Hickson, D. A., Hairston, K. G., Fox, E. R., Arnett, D. K., Sumner, A. E., Taylor, H. A., & Gibbons, G. H. (2013) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-13-9 · Cited by 75 · cited 10×
“They secrete in large amounts TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as nitric oxide (NO) (24).”
BackgroundInfluentialEssential Role of CD11a in CD8 + T-Cell Accumulation and Activation in Adipose Tissue
Jiang, E., Perrard, X. D., Yang, D., Khan, I. M., Perrard, J. L., Smith, C. W., Ballantyne, C. M., & Wu, H. (2013) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.302077 · Cited by 74 · cited 2×
“their infiltration of CD8+ into VAT (43)”
BackgroundNovel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease
Riccioni, G., Speranza, L., Pesce, M., Cusenza, S., D’Orazio, N., & Glade, M. J. (2012) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.028 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“In general terms, consumption of natural oxidants contained in polyphenols with the diet may afford protection against cardiovascular disease acting upon lipid profile, endothelial function, and inflammatory mediators (177, 178).”
BackgroundPereira, S. S., Teixeira, L. G., Aguilar, E. C., Oliveira, M. C., Savassi-Rocha, A. L., Pelaez, J. M. N., Capettini, L. D. S. A., Diniz, M. T. C., Ferreira, A. V. M., & Alvarez-Leite, J. I. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.023 · Cited by 69
Huang, W., Bansode, R. R., Mehta, M., & Mehta, K. D. (2008) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.22815 · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“In fact, PKC deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat storage or its loss protects obese mice against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance (77, 78).”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome, its Pathophysiology and the Role of Melatonin
Srinivasan, V., Ohta, Y., Espino, J., Pariente, J. A., Rodríguez, A. B., Mohamed, M., & Zakaria, R. (2012) · Recent Patents on Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/187221413804660953 · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“In view of its beneficial activities, melatonin has successfully been used in rats with MetS diminishing insulin resistance, release of TNF-α and IL-6 from adipocytes, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein plasma levels and body weight (182).”
BackgroundPeluso, I., Raguzzini, A., Villaño, D., Cesqui, E., Toti, E., Catasta, G., & Serafini, M. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212798919020 · Cited by 62 · cited 1×
“, polyphenols, which activate gut Treg cells (197).”
BackgroundBalancing Mitochondrial Redox Signaling: A Key Point in Metabolic Regulation
Leloup, C., Casteilla, L., Carrière, A., Galinier, A., Bénani, A., Carneiro, L., & Pénicaud, L. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3424 · Cited by 61
Sedentary behavior in a cohort of 8- to 10-year-old children at elevated risk of obesity
Herman, K. M., Sabiston, C. M., Mathieu, M.-E., Tremblay, A., & Paradis, G. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.029 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“The progressive increase in body weight results from a daily cumulative effect of even a small caloric excess, which may be related to the reduction of PA (94).”
BackgroundAntioxidants and glucose metabolism disorders
Bisbal, C., Lambert, K., & Avignon, A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32833a5559 · Cited by 58
Mesquita, D. N., Barbieri, M. A., Goldani, H. A. S., Cardoso, V. C., Goldani, M. Z., Kac, G., da Sílva, A. A. M., & Bettiol, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066827 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“For instance, children delivered by caesarian section exhibit higher risk to become obese in adolescence when compared to children born by vaginal delivery (124).”
BackgroundProtein kinase C isoforms play differential roles in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation
FLEMING, I., MacKenzie, S. J., Vernon, R. G., Anderson, N. G., Houslay, M. D., & Kilgour, E. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3330719 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“Another molecule, protein kinase C (PKC), is involved in the adipocyte differentiation (76).”
BackgroundEffect of lactulose on establishment of a rat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model
Fan, J. (2005) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5053 · Cited by 55 · cited 1×
“In rats with steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet, lactulose treatment reduced liver inflammation and endotoxemia (134).”
BackgroundAntioxidant and inflammatory response following high-fat meal consumption in overweight subjects
Miglio, C., Peluso, I., Raguzzini, A., Villaño, D., Cesqui, E., Catasta, G., Toti, E., & Serafini, M. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0420-7 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“There is experimental evidence that a combination of diet and exercise reduces adipose tissue derived-inflammation and macrophage involvement (61, 62).”
BackgroundEnhanced production of IL-17A during zymosan-induced peritonitis in obese mice
Pini, M., & Fantuzzi, G. (2009) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0309188 · Cited by 54
Protein Kinase Cβ Deficiency Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation and Reduces Fat Storage
Bansode, R. R., Huang, W., Roy, S. K., Mehta, M., & Mehta, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m707268200 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“In fact, PKC deficiency increases fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat storage or its loss protects obese mice against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance (77, 78).”
BackgroundGenetic susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome in childhood.
Aguilera, C. M., Olza, J., & Gil, Á. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6917 · Cited by 52 · cited 1×
“On the other hand, genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors, and inappropriate life styles (imbalanced diets and sedentary life) greatly contribute to the development of obesity and related diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (9).”
BackgroundThe Obesity Phenotype in Children with Asthma
Jensen, M. E., Collins, C. E., Gibson, P. G., & Wood, L. G. (2011) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2011.01.009 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“IMMUNE PROFILE IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AND OBESITY Evidence has been provided that a correlation exists between obesity and asthma in children (106, 107), which is often independent from allergic sensitization, in accordance with same observation in adults (108).”
ResultEndogenous Secretory RAGE in Obese Women: Association with Platelet Activation and Oxidative Stress
Vazzana, N., Guagnano, M. T., Cuccurullo, C., Ferrante, E., Lattanzio, S., Liani, R., Romano, M., & Davı̀, G. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1473 · Cited by 49 · cited 5×
“presence of a deficit of soluble RAGEs (87, 88)”
BackgroundInfluentialThe influence of leptin on Th1/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma
Youssef, D. M., Elbehidy, R. M., Shokry, D. M., & Elbehidy, E. M. (2013) · Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia · doi:10.1590/s1806-37132013000500006 · Cited by 45 · cited 1×
“In conclusion, one can hypothesize that increased levels of leptin may account for the enhancement of Th1 responses (119), while adiponectin reduction may be responsible for a diminished release of IL-10 by Treg cells (120), thus worsening the pro-inflammatory status.”
BackgroundEffects of dark chocolate in a population of normal weight obese women: a pilot study.
Renzo, L. D., Rizzo, M., Sarlo, F., Colica, C., Iacopino, L., Domino, E., Sergi, D., & LORENZO, A. D. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Cao, A., Yao, S., Stefka, A. T., Liu, Z., Qin, H., Liu, H., Evans‐Marin, H., Elson, C. O., Nagler‐Anderson, C., & Cong, Y. (2014) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3a0114-056rr · Cited by 43
The role of dietary fatty acids for early human adipose tissue growth
Hauner, H., Brunner, S., & Amann‐Gassner, U. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.040733 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“However, as stated in a recent review by Hauner and associates (163), results on the prevention of childhood obesity obtained through modification of fatty composition during pregnancy and lactation are still contradictory and inconsistent.”
BackgroundKelishadi, R., Farajian, S., Safavi, S. M., Mirlohi, M., & Hashemipour, M. (2013) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.07.003 · Cited by 43 · cited 1×
“In a recent clinical trial, Kelishadi and associates (152) have administered overweight children with a synbiotic (ProtexinLondon, England) composed by a combination of viable Lactobacilli of human origin and fructo-oligosaccharides, as prebiotics.”
BackgroundMejía-Barradas, C. M., Del-Rio-Navarro, B. E., Domínguez‐López, A., Campos‐Rodríguez, R., Martínez–Godínez, M. D. L. Á., Rojas-Hernández, S., Lara‐Padilla, E., Abarca‐Rojano, E., & Miliar-García, Á. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9941-y · Cited by 41
Jirillo, E., Jirillo, F., & Magrone, T. (2012) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000112 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“Synbiotics are a mixture of pro- and prebiotics which, when ingested, are able to modulate gut microbiota and intestinal immunity (151).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe interplay between regulatory T cells and metabolism in immune regulation
Zeng, H., & Chi, H. (2013) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.26586 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“Th17 cells release multiple molecules of IL-17 (A–F) (49) and IL-17F was also found to be co-expressed in Th17 cells, thus contributing to host defenses, inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune functions of Th17 cells (50).”
BackgroundObesity and Oxidative Stress: Potential Roles of Melatonin as Antioxidant and Metabolic Regulator
Bonnefont‐Rousselot, D. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140604151452 · Cited by 38 · cited 6×
“presence of a deficit of soluble RAGEs (87, 88)”
BackgroundInfluentialNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children: Focus on Nutritional Interventions
Yang, M., Gong, S., Ye, S. Q., Lyman, B., Geng, L., Chen, P., & Li, D. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6114691 · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“Of note, in western countries NASH is very common in obese children (137).”
BackgroundNitric oxide and clustering of metabolic syndrome components in pediatrics
Ghasemi, A., Zahediasl, S., & Azizi, F. (2009) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9382-3 · Cited by 34
Choi, J. W. (2004) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.024 · Cited by 28
Marzulli, G., Magrone, T., Vonghia, L., Kaneko, M., Takimoto, H., Kumazawa, Y., & Jirillo, E. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161282006140220120640 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“The in vitro demonstration that polyphenols from fermented grape marc differentiate and activate peripheral human Treg cells further supports the anti-inflammatory role of these natural compounds (171).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVitale, E., Jirillo, E., & Magrone, T. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140307095630 · Cited by 26 · cited 3×
“Data previously discussed (89) as well as other epidemiological studies confirm the inverse relationship between PA and BMI (95, 96).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationElevated nitric oxide metabolites are associated with obesity in women.
Ghasemi, A., Zahediasl, S., & Azizi, F. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Metabolic profile response to administration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in high-fat-fed mice
Moreno, M. F., Laquila, R. D., Okuda, M. H., Lira, F. S., de Souza, G. I. D. M. H., de Souza, C. T., Telles, M. M., Ribeiro, E. B., do Nascimento, C. M. O., & Oyama, L. M. (2014) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-84 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“Same results have been obtained with the administration of epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG) in high fat-fed mice (173).”
BackgroundChildhood obesity-an insight into preventive strategies
Kar, S. S., Dube, R., & Kar, S. S. (2014) · Avicenna Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/2231-0770.140653 · Cited by 20
Weight Loss and Melatonin Reduce Obesity-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat Testis
Atılgan, D., Parlaktaş, B. S., Uluocak, N., Erdemır, F., Kılıç, Ş., Erkorkmaz, Ü., Özyurt, H., & Markoç, F. (2013) · Advances in Urology · doi:10.1155/2013/836121 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“In another study, evidence has been provided that malondialdehyde (another biomarker of lipid peroxidation), carbonylated proteins, and SOD activity were increased in testicular tissue and serum of obese rats (71).”
BackgroundObesity and children with special healthcare needs
Abeysekara, P. M., Turchi, R. M., & O’Neil, M. E. (2014) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000124 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“Advancing data suggest that dietary anti-oxidants may influence both metabolic and inflammatory markers linked to low-grade systemic inflammation (45, 46).”
BackgroundAusten, M. (2020) · Journal of Obesity & Eating Disorders · Cited by 18
Characterization of the Immune Inflammatory Profile in Obese Asthmatic Children
Magrone, T., Simone, M., Altamura, M., & Munno, I. (2014) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530314666140526095211 · Cited by 17 · cited 1×
“On these bases, Magrone and associates (117) have investigated the immunological mechanisms involved in asthma and obesity in terms of cytokine and adipokine release.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCaliff, K. J., González, A., Knight, R. D., & Caporaso, J. G. (2014) · doi:10.1128/microbe.9.410.1 · Cited by 16
Magrone, T., Kumazawa, Y., & Jirillo, E. (2013) · Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00035-9 · Cited by 12 · cited 6×
“In conclusion, more appropriate diets (e.g., MedDiet) or supplements containing natural products (polyphenols, n-3 PUFA, vitamins, synbiotics) are highly recommended to prevent or attenuate the noxious effects of obesity.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLi, G., Zhang, Y., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Holbrook, A. M., Levine, M., & Thabane, L. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004971 · Cited by 11 · cited 1×
“Also, results by Li and associates (175) demonstrated that green tea supplementation did not influence blood pressure among overweight and obese adults.”
Background
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cortellini, A., Bersanelli, M., Buti, S., Cannita, K., Santini, D., Perrone, F., Giusti, R., Tiseo, M., Michiara, M., Di Marino, P., et al. (2019) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0527-y · Cited by 413
Morales, F., la Paz, S. M., León, M. J., & Rivero‐Pino, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010001 · Cited by 452
“Overall, in the case of obese children needing to improve their health status, the dietary considerations include limiting the number of sugar-sweetened drinks and meals that include portions of fruits and vegetables consumed, avoiding fast food and promoting small serving sizes [80].”
BackgroundGut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies
Distrutti, E., Monaldi, L., Ricci, P., & Fiorucci, S. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2219 · Cited by 320
Finamore, A., Palmery, M., Bensehaila, S., & Peluso, I. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/3247528 · Cited by 256
“In this context, ageing [140], obesity [141, 142], and metabolic syndrome [142] are associated not only to chronic low grade inflammation, but also to immune impairment (recurrent infection and low vaccine efficacy).”
BackgroundThe influence of diet on anti-cancer immune responsiveness
Soldati, L., Renzo, L. D., Jirillo, E., Ascierto, P. A., Marincola, F. M., & LORENZO, A. D. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1448-0 · Cited by 249
“Overall, obesity, a diet-related disease, represents a systemic inflammatory condition characterized by an excessive production of IL-17 and IL-21, which, in turn, are strong inducers of Th17 cells [12, 13].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Magrone, T., & Jirillo, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Jirillo, Emilio
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-02-24
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 76-76
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4338791
- OpenAlex
- W1989401283
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, low-grade inflammation, cytokines, adipokines, reactive oxygen species, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, melatonin, natural antioxidants, dietary intervention
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