The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human–Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding

In the paper

“Finally, most people care about pet welfare, but for various reasons, there is still less concern regarding farm animals’ (e.g., pigs, cows and chickens) welfare [49,50].”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Introduction says consumers often report high concern for farm animal welfare. In Table 6 (labelled Conclusion in our copy), the median response is 2—disagreement—for the statement that pet animals deserve better treatment than farm animals. The paper therefore does not support the claimed contrast in concern; its direct pet-versus-farm comparison points the other way. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [49] Tawse, 2010, Consumer attitudes towards farm animals and their welfare: A pig production case study, Biosci. Horiz. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  Results and Discussion §3.2 reports that Eastern European consumers were, on average, only slightly worried about the welfare of animals raised for human consumption. The paper does not establish that people care more about pets than farm animals, and its findings do not support a claim about people generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [50] Tomasevic, I., Bahelka, I., Čítek, J., Čandek-Potokar, M., Djekić, I., Getya, A., and Font-i-Furnols, M. (2020). Attitudes and beliefs of eastern european consumers towards animal welfare. Animals, 10. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The role of experience and culture in human–animal relationships is well documented in the literature: on the one hand the range of animals kept as pets around the world is exceptionally wide [42]; on the other hand, human–companion animal relationship styles vary considerably across cultures [7,16].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Serpell, 1987, Pet-keeping in non-western societies: Some popular misconceptions, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Herzog, H. (2010). Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat: Why It’s So Hard to Think Straight about Animals, HarperCollins. source
• Supported

  In “The Occurrence and Forms of Pet-Keeping Varies Widely Over Human Cultures,” the paper explicitly says that styles of human–pet relationships vary among cultures. It also describes the range of animals kept as pets around the world as extraordinary. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [16] Herzog, 2014, Biology, culture, and the origins of pet-keeping, Anim. Cogn. source

In the paper

“Gender differences are well documented in the literature, with women consistently showing higher levels of empathy and concern regarding animal suffering, holding more positive attitudes towards animals and being more engaged in animal protection and less prone to animal exploitation, animal abuse and cruelty [13,29,31,32,33,34].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction says women tend to have more positive attitudes toward animals and are more concerned and actively involved in animal welfare. The Results report gender differences in attitudes and animal-directed empathy. Neither section establishes that women are less prone to animal exploitation, abuse, or cruelty than men. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [13] Apostol, 2013, Psychological and Socio-demographic Predictors of Attitudes toward Animals, Procedia Soc. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Herzog, 2007, Gender differences in human-animal interactions: A review, Anthrozoos source
• Not checked yetcites [31] Signal, 2006, Attitudes to Animals: Demographics within a Community Sample, Soc. Anim.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Signal, 2007, Attitude to animals and empathy: Comparing animal protection and general community samples, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Colombo, 2016, Empathy towards animals and belief in animal-human-continuity in Italian veterinary students, Anim. Welf. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Colombo, 2017, Empathy toward animals and people: The role of gender and length of service in a sample of Italian veterinarians, J. Vet. Behav. source

In the paper

“Keeping wild species under unnatural conditions for leisure or personal gratification, exploiting farm animals through intensive farming causing them high levels of distress and pain, and abandoning domestic animals mostly for trivial reasons are only a few examples of poor and dysfunctional relationships that are topics of research and debate in the human–animal relationship literature [47,83,84,”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction identifies dog and cat abandonment as a major animal-welfare problem. Results §3.2 reports reasons including unexpected litters, economic issues, moving, and the end of hunting season; the Discussion also links some relinquishments to financial hardship. The paper does not establish that animals are abandoned mostly for trivial reasons. It does not address the sentence’s examples involving wild or farm animals. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [47] Bowen, 2015, Epidemiology of dog and cat abandonment in Spain (2008–2013), Animals sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Vollum, 2004, Moral disengagement and attitudes about violence toward animals, Soc. Anim. source
• Not checked yetcites [84] Brewster, M.P., and Reyes, C.L. (2013). Animal cruelty for profit. Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, Carolina Academic Press.
• Partly supported

  The Introduction and section 3 describe welfare risks when exotic pets are kept in conditions that do not meet their needs. The paper does not address intensive farming or establish that domestic animals are abandoned mostly for trivial reasons; its discussion of rehoming concerns exotic pets and unmet owner expectations. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [85] Grant, R.A., Montrose, V.T., and Wills, A.P. (2017). ExNOTic: Should we be keeping exotic pets?. Animals, 7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The type of companionship sought by people may vary to a great degree, and companion animals may be acquired and kept mainly to fulfill different human needs and desires [8,86,87,88,89,90].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Blouin, 2012, Understanding relations between people and their pets, Sociol. Compass source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Endenburg, 1994, Motives for acquiring companion animals, J. Econ. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Hirschman, 1994, Consumers and their animal companions, J. Consum. Res. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Belk, 1996, Metaphoric relationships with pets, Soc. Anim. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Hill, 2008, Consumer behavior, extended-self, and sacred consumption: An alternative perspective from our animal companions, J. Bus. Res. source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction says humans have used dogs for their own benefit, including as companions, and describes a wide range of other human purposes. The section on the human–dog relationship as a power relation likewise says companion animals exist for human purposes. The paper does not establish that the type of companionship people seek varies greatly, and its discussion focuses on dogs rather than companion animals generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [90] Huber, 2020, How dogs perceive humans and how humans should treat their pet dogs: Linking cognition with ethics, Front. Psychol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“both dogs and cats form infant-like attachment bonds with humans, who are for them a source of protection and reassurance [24,186,188,189].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Kaminski, J., and Marshall-Pescini, S. (2014). The immaterial cord: The dog human attachment bond. The Social Dog: Cognition and Behavior, Elsevier. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [186] Custance, 2003, Is the dog-human relationship an attachment bond? An observational study using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, Behaviour source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction says the dog–owner relationship resembles an infant attachment bond, and the General Discussion reports a secure-base effect in dogs. The paper does not establish the corresponding claim about cats; its mention of cats is confined to a reference title. The cited paper therefore supports the dog portion, but not the full sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [188] Horn, L., Huber, L., and Range, F. (2013). The importance of the secure base effect for domestic dogs–evidence from a manipulative problem-solving task. PLoS ONE, 8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [189] Vitale, 2019, Attachment bonds between domestic cats and humans, Curr. Biol. source

In the paper

“Insecure and disorganized attachments may favor compensatory defensive maneuvers that influence the caregiving system, have negative consequences on the individual’s well-being and mental health [206,207] and represent a risk factor for delinquency [208] and animal abuse and cruelty [106,209].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [206] Mikulincer, 2007, Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance, Psychol. Inq. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [207] Schimmenti, 2015, Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles, Child Adolesc. Ment Health source
• Supported

  Citation [208] is attached to the delinquency claim, not the claims about caregiving, mental health, or animal cruelty. The Results (Central Tendency and Variability; page unavailable) report that youth with poor attachment relationships have higher levels of delinquency, and the Discussion notes high rates of insecure and disorganized attachment among juvenile delinquents. The paper cautions that its associations do not establish causation, consistent with the citing sentence’s hedged wording. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [208] Hoeve, 2012, A meta-analysis of attachment to parents and delinquency, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [106] Hawkins, 2017, Psychological risk factors for childhood nonhuman animal cruelty: A systematic review, Soc. Anim. source
• Not checked yetcites [209] Ascione, F.R. (2008). Attachment and animal abuse. The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“Functional levels of empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism may promote people’s concern for animal welfare in general and foster healthy human–animal relationships [103,104,105,106].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Serpell, 2003, Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphic selection: Beyond the” cute response”, Soc. Anim. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] Butterfield, 2012, Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Beck, 2008, Romantic partners and four-legged friends: An extension of attachment theory to relationships with pets, Anthrozoös source
• ?Could not verify

  The available copy’s Abstract section lists publication details and keywords, but no passage addresses whether empathy, attachment, or anthropomorphism promotes concern for animal welfare or healthy human–animal relationships. Searches for those three terms and for animal-welfare concern returned only metadata and a listing for a related article, not a finding from this paper. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  cites [106] Hawkins, 2017, Psychological risk factors for childhood nonhuman animal cruelty: A systematic review, Soc. Anim. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Attachment to animals is associated with empathy, attitudes and prosocial behavior towards them [13,39] and with anthropomorphism [65,212,214].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction says that forming attachment relationships with companion animals appears to contribute to favorable attitudes toward animals. It discusses empathy, prosocial behavior, and anthropomorphism elsewhere, but does not establish that attachment to animals is associated with those three factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [13] Apostol, 2013, Psychological and Socio-demographic Predictors of Attitudes toward Animals, Procedia Soc. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Thompson, 2008, Prosocial and antisocial behaviors in adolescents: An investigation into associations with attachment and empathy, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Epley, 2008, When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism, Soc. Cogn. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [212] Rusu, 2019, Interpersonal and Pet Attachment, Empathy toward Animals, and Anthropomorphism: An Investigation of Pet Owners in Romania, Phys. Astron. Int. J. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [214] Paul, 2014, Sociality motivation and anthropomorphic thinking about pets, Anthrozoös source

In the paper

“These factors appear to be linked and influence each other, affecting people’s attitudes and beliefs towards animals and the way they are considered, treated and cared for [12,13,27,60,61].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Serpell, 2004, Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare, Anim. Welf. source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) links companion-animal attachment with favorable attitudes, and the Discussion (page not provided) reports an association among anthropomorphic beliefs, empathy toward animals, and attitudes. The paper does not establish that these factors influence one another reciprocally or show that they change how animals are treated and cared for. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [13] Apostol, 2013, Psychological and Socio-demographic Predictors of Attitudes toward Animals, Procedia Soc. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Ellingsen, 2010, The relationship between empathy, perception of pain and attitudes toward pets among Norwegian dog owners, Anthrozoos source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Hills, 1995, Empathy and belief in the mental experience of animals, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Knight, 2004, Attitudes towards animal use and belief in animal mind, Anthrozoös source

In the paper

“Indeed, the evidence on animal hoarding indicates that this syndrome is very complex and with great heterogeneity [100,292].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Arluke, A., Patronek, G., Lockwood, R., and Cardona, A. (2017). Animal hoarding. The Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse Studies, Palgrave Macmillan. source
• Not checked yetcites [292] Patronek, G.J., Loar, L., and Nathanson, J.N. (2006). Animal Hoarding: Strategies for Interdisciplinary Interventions to Help People, Animals, and Communities at Risk, Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium.

In the paper

“However, although to a different degree, even in nonpathological relationships companion animals, especially dogs, can serve as extensions of the owners’ self [88,96], helping them become something desired or giving them opportunities to do things that they could not otherwise do [96].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Belk, 1996, Metaphoric relationships with pets, Soc. Anim. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Belk, 1988, Possessions and the extended self, J. Consum. Res. source

In the paper

“However, hoarded animals may include a variety of animals, such as miniature ponies, deer, ferrets, pigs, various species of birds, and even spitting llamas, and multiple species may be present in any isolated hoarding case [278].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [278] Avery, 2005, From helping to hoarding to hurting: When the acts of “good Samaritans” become felony animal cruelty, Valpso. Univ. Law Rev.

In the paper

“This kind of controlling behavior often characterizes the caregiving style of animal hoarders, together with other forms of control typical of animal hoarders including refusal to adopt, rejection of help and expert opinions regarding proper animal care and sometimes the saving of dead bodies [294].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [294] Patronek, 2009, A theoretical perspective to inform assessment and treatment strategies for animal hoarders, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source

In the paper

“Animal hoarders are reported to have difficulties in establishing affective bonds with others, tend to maintain social isolation [235,270]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source
• Not checked yetcites [270] Costa, 2020, Personality and psychopathological aspects in animal hoarding measured through HTP, Contextos Clínicos

In the paper

“The central role of animals in fostering and maintaining an individual’s self-esteem and sense of identity has also been documented in studies on normal human–animal relationships and are one of the psychologically positive effects of the human–animal bond [71,301,302].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] McConnell, 2011, Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership, J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [301] Hyde, 1983, Relationships between pet ownership and self-esteem, social sensitivity, and interpersonal trust, Psychol. Rep. source
• Not checked yetcites [302] Purewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C., Meints, K., Gee, N., and Westgarth, C. (2017). Companion animals and child/adolescent development: A systematic review of the evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14. source

In the paper

“Steketee et al. [235] interviewed individuals who fit the criteria for animal hoarding and individuals owning many animals but not meeting the hoarding criteria, reporting that both hoarders and non-hoarders had stressful life events in childhood and adulthood, strong feelings about animals such as the desire to rescue, take care of and be close to them.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source

In the paper

“Animal hoarders, however, had more dysfunctional interpersonal relationships and mental health concerns and anthropomorphized animals more often;”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source

In the paper

“They found that people who owned many cats were more similar to clinical animal hoarders in age and pet attachment levels than the typical cat owners, but they differed in functioning, veterinary care and home organization.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [102] Ramos, 2013, Early stage animal hoarders: Are these owners of large numbers of adequately cared for cats?, HAIB source

In the paper

“Indeed, in [309] it was reported that in a sample of college students, dissociation was positively associated with attachment to companion animals, and this result was then replicated in another student sample [310].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [309] Brown, 1997, The contribution of attachment to pets and attachment to nature to dissociation and absorption, Dissociation
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [310] Brown, 2001, Pet attachment and dissociation, Soc. Anim. source

In the paper

“There are owners forming functional, healthy relationships with one or relatively few animals—where the needs of both owner and animals are met—and owners forming dysfunctional relationships with their pet, where the needs of the pet are disregarded and only the owner’s convenience and needs are pursued [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Blouin, 2012, Understanding relations between people and their pets, Sociol. Compass source

In the paper

“Scientific evidence from different disciplines, including psychology, sociology and animal welfare, shows that the relationship between humans and animals is complex, multifaceted, ambivalent and even paradoxical, with different consequences for animals and humans [6,7,8,9,10,11].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Kalof, L. (2015). The human-animal bond. The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies, Oxford University Press. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Herzog, H. (2010). Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat: Why It’s So Hard to Think Straight about Animals, HarperCollins. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Blouin, 2012, Understanding relations between people and their pets, Sociol. Compass source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Amiot, 2015, Toward a psychology of human–animal relations, Psychol. Bull. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [10] Amiot, 2016, People and companion animals: It takes two to tango, BioScience source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Ascione, F.R. (2008). Animal hoarding: A third dimension of animal abuse. International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“Humans tend to prefer animals that are phylogenetically close to them and perceived as physically, behaviorally or cognitively similar; these aspects trigger more positive affect and attachment and caregiving behaviors, as well as greater empathy and a higher concern in terms of welfare and conservation [52,53,54,55,56,57].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Plous, 1993, Psychological mechanisms in the human use of animals, J. Curr. Soc. Issues source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Stokes, 2006, Things we like: Human preferences among similar organisms and implications for conservation, Hum. Ecol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Knight, 2008, “Bats, snakes and spiders, oh my!” How aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and other concepts predict support for species protection, J. Environ. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Batt, 2009, Human attitudes towards animals in relation to species similarity to humans: A multivariate approach, Biosci. Horiz. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Archer, 2011, Preferences for infant facial features in pet dogs and cats, Ethology source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [57] Miralles, 2019, Empathy and compassion toward other species decrease with evolutionary divergence time, Sci. Rep. source

In the paper

“As occurs in interpersonal relationships, human beings not only and not always care about the well-being of animals but also pursue their own personal needs, desires and goals; human’s psychological characteristics, self-interest and specific contingent needs and goals may, deliberately or not, prevail in jeopardizing the relationship and the animal’s well-being, leading to dysfunctional or even”

In the paper

“Moreover, attachment, empathy and concern for animals do not necessarily guarantee their welfare, and people may disagree on the proper way to treat animals or on what constitutes a fair human–animal relationship [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Blouin, 2012, Understanding relations between people and their pets, Sociol. Compass source

In the paper

“According to [12], two main aspects underlie human attitudes toward animals: “affect”, which can be defined as people’s affective and emotional responses to animals, and “utility”, i.e., people’s perceptions of animals’ instrumental value.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Serpell, 2004, Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare, Anim. Welf. source

In the paper

“Moreover, in many Western countries, cats and dogs are the most popular and beloved companion animals, but, at the same time, a huge number of them (and other pets) are abandoned, neglected, abused and needlessly euthanized every year [46,47,48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Bartlett, 2005, Rates of euthanasia and adoption for dogs and cats in Michigan animal shelters, J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [47] Bowen, 2015, Epidemiology of dog and cat abandonment in Spain (2008–2013), Animals source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Blazina, C., and Shen-Miller, D. (2011). Broken bonds: Understanding the experience of pet relinquishment. The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond, Springer. source

In the paper

“A large body of scientific literature has considered the physical and psychological benefits that both humans and animals may obtain by living together in a reciprocated interaction (e.g., humans: 21, [70,71,72,73,74]; see [75,76] for critical analyses; animals: [77,78,79]).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Manning, A., and Serpell, J.A. (1994). Pets and the development of positive attitudes to animals. Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives, Routledge.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] McConnell, 2011, Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership, J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] McCardle, P.E., McCune, S.E., Griffin, J.A., and Maholmes, V.E. (2011). How Animals Affect Us: Examining the Influences of Human–Animal Interaction on Child Development and Human Health, American Psychological Association. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Wells, 2007, Domestic dogs and human health: An overview, Br. J. Health Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Wells, 2019, The state of research on human–animal relations: Implications for human health, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Herzog, 2011, The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: Fact, fiction, or hypothesis?, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Islam, 2013, Cat and dog companionship and well-being: A systematic review, Int. J. Appl. Psychol.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Archer, 1997, Why do people love their pets?, Evol. Hum. Behav. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Mellor, 2015, Enhancing animal welfare by creating opportunities for positive affective engagement, N. Z. Vet. J. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Horowitz, 2016, Examining dog–human play: The characteristics, affect, and vocalizations of a unique interspecific interaction, Anim. Cogn. source

In the paper

“In Western countries, for example, dogs and cats are mainly kept for companionship, and the idea of eating them is considered intolerable and morally unacceptable; however, in other countries (e.g., China and Vietnam), these species are both kept as pets and consumed [43,44,45].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Podberscek, 2009, Good to pet and eat: The keeping and consuming of dogs and cats in South Korea, J. Curr. Soc. Issues source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Podberscek, A.L. (2016). An Appetite for Dogs: Consuming and Loving Them in Vietnam. Companion Animals in Everyday Life, Palgrave Macmillan. source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Bartlett, 2003, How many dogs and cats are eaten in Asia, Anim. People

In the paper

“Knight et al. [51] suggested that the variability in people’s attitudes to the use and exploitation of animals depends on a combination of different factors including beliefs about the mental capacities of animals, perceived superiority of humans, availability of alternatives to the use of animals for various purposes (e.g., medical research and food) and whether the problem of animal exploitation”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Knight, 2009, Science versus animal welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use, J. Curr. Soc. Issues source

In the paper

“The propensity to use animals is greater when people believe there is no alternative, when their knowledge of how animals are used is poor, when the affinity with animals is low and when the perceived benefits of using animals outweigh the costs [51].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Knight, 2009, Science versus animal welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use, J. Curr. Soc. Issues source

In the paper

“The human–animal relationship is ancient, complex and multifaceted. It may have either positive effects on humans and animals or poor or even negative and detrimental effects on animals or both humans and animals.”

In the paper

“Basic mechanisms that enable human intraspecific close relationships and bonds appear to also be involved in our relationships and bonds with animals, and various nonhuman species may form intense and durable bonds with people (e.g., [24,25]).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Kaminski, J., and Marshall-Pescini, S. (2014). The immaterial cord: The dog human attachment bond. The Social Dog: Cognition and Behavior, Elsevier. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Rockett, 2014, Animals and attachment theory, Soc. Anim. source

In the paper

“Personality has been associated with positive attitudes to animals, and there is a relationship between psychopathic personality traits and animal abuse and violence [26,35,36].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Furnham, 2003, Personality, empathy and attitudes to animal welfare, Anthrozoös source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Mathews, 1997, Personality and attitudes towards the treatment of animals, Soc. Anim.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Erlanger, 2012, The relationship between empathy and personality in undergraduate students’ attitudes toward nonhuman animals, Soc. Anim. source

In the paper

“Empathy and attachment are both related to the quality of human–animal relationships and problems in empathy, attachment and emotion regulation are associated with animal abuse and cruelty [37,38,39,40].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Gullone, E. (2012). The Development of Antisocial Behaviour. Animal Cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour, and Aggression, Palgrave Macmillan. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Gullone, 2014, Risk factors for the development of animal cruelty, J. Anim. Ethics source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Thompson, 2008, Prosocial and antisocial behaviors in adolescents: An investigation into associations with attachment and empathy, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Hartman, 2019, Exploring empathy and callous–unemotional traits as predictors of animal abuse perpetrated by children exposed to intimate partner violence, J. Interpers. Violence source

In the paper

“For more than 40 years, studies have shown that the human–animal relationship, especially that with domestic and companion animals, is the result of a complex interactions between biological, psychological, social and cultural factors [12,13,14,15,16,17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Serpell, 2004, Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare, Anim. Welf. source
• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [13] Apostol, 2013, Psychological and Socio-demographic Predictors of Attitudes toward Animals, Procedia Soc. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Julius, H., Beetz, A., Kotrschal, K., Turner, D., and Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2012). Attachment to Pets: An Integrative View of Human-Animal Relationships with Implications for Therapeutic Practice, Hogrefe Publishing. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Beck, 2014, The biology of the human–animal bond, Anim. Front. source
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  cites [16] Herzog, 2014, Biology, culture, and the origins of pet-keeping, Anim. Cogn. source
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  cites [17] Borgi, 2016, Pet Face: Mechanisms Underlying Human-Animal Relationships, Front. Psychol. source

In the paper

“Serpell [12] suggests that the relative strength of these factors would depend on individual characteristics, experience, cultural factors and also on the specific attributes of animals.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Serpell, 2004, Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare, Anim. Welf. source

In the paper

“Empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism are human psychological mechanisms that are considered relevant for positive and healthy relationships with animals, but when dysfunctional or pathological determine physical or psychological suffering, or both, in animals as occurs in animal hoarding.”

In the paper

“Attitudes, broadly defined as psychological tendencies to evaluate a particular entity (e.g., humans or animals) with some degree of favor or disfavor [41], are important in shaping the human–animal relationship and bond and are reported to play a key role in determining animals’ health and welfare.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Eagly, A.H., and Chaiken, S. (1993). Psychology of Attitudes, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich.

In the paper

“As Ascione and Shapiro [68] pointed out, for every study showing that the human–animal relationship can be beneficial and built on love and caring, another deals with animal exploitation or abuse including the abandonment and neglect of companion animals or cases of dog fighting or animal hoarding.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Ascione, 2009, People and animals, kindness and cruelty: Research directions and policy implications, J. Curr. Soc. Issues source

In the paper

“As pointed out in [14], one reason why humans are both willing and capable to relate to animals is the presence of basic biological structures and mechanisms that are relevant in social contexts; these mechanisms are shared between humans and other animals and are highly conserved among vertebrates.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Julius, H., Beetz, A., Kotrschal, K., Turner, D., and Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2012). Attachment to Pets: An Integrative View of Human-Animal Relationships with Implications for Therapeutic Practice, Hogrefe Publishing. source

In the paper

“In general, animal hoarders show a highly dysfunctional relationship with animals, characterized by distorted overattachment to them, empathy disfunction and a high level of anthropomorphism [99,235,289].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Colombo, 2013, Animal Hoarding—Accumulo di Animali: Stile di vita, maltrattamento o psicopatologia? Una rassegna critica della letteratura, Ric. Psicol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source
• Not checked yetcites [289] Nadal, 2020, Noah’s syndrome: Systematic review of animal hoarding disorder, HAI Bull.

In the paper

“Keeping pets as an extension of the self implies that they are seen as expressions of the individual’s identity and as part of the person, and thus remaining without them is not conceivable; seeing animals as part of the self involves having an emotional attachment towards them and not just a functional one [97,98].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] Brown, 2004, The human-animal bond and self psychology: Toward a new understanding, Soc. Anim. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Brown, 2007, Companion animals as self-objects, Anthrozoos source

In the paper

“the tendency to anthropomorphize animals is neither invariant nor stable: children are more prone to anthropomorphize than adults, some people anthropomorphize more than other people, some situations promote anthropomorphic beliefs more than others, and anthropomorphic descriptions of animals are more common in some cultures than others [65,143].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Epley, 2008, When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism, Soc. Cogn. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] Epley, 2007, On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism, Psychol. Rev. source

In the paper

“Some species, either unusual, rare or expensive, are kept as status symbols [87,91,92]; some breeds may serve as status objects and are appreciated just for their pedigree or appearance [93].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Hirschman, 1994, Consumers and their animal companions, J. Consum. Res. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Beverland, 2008, Exploring the dark side of pet ownership: Status-and control-based pet consumption, J. Bus. Res. source
• Not checked yet

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  cites [92] Seaboch, M.S., and Cahoon, S.N. (2021). Pet primates for sale in the United States. PLoS ONE, 16. source
• Not checked yet

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  cites [93] Packer, R.M., O’Neill, D.G., Fletcher, F., and Farnworth, M.J. (2019). Great expectations, inconvenient truths, and the paradoxes of the dog-owner relationship for owners of brachycephalic dogs. PLoS ONE, 14. source

In the paper

“Self-esteem would derive partly from the sense of self-efficacy—through the control over the animals (especially in the exploiter) and in part by seeing recognized their ability as caregivers through the affection received by the animals, [294,300].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [294] Patronek, 2009, A theoretical perspective to inform assessment and treatment strategies for animal hoarders, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [300] Arluke, 2005, Normalizing passive cruelty: The excuses and justifications of animal hoarders, Anthrozoös source

In the paper

“anthropomorphism may also lead people to an anthropocentric and inaccurate understanding of animal’s mental abilities and to ascribe them cognitive and emotional capacities, intentions and needs they do not have, causing misunderstandings, unrealistic expectancies or disregard for their real needs and characteristics [69,224].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Mota-Rojas, D., Mariti, C., Zdeinert, A., Riggio, G., Mora-Medina, P., del Mar Reyes, A., and Hernández-Ávalos, I. (2021). Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals. Animals, 11. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [224] Morris, 2008, Secondary emotions in non-primate species? Behavioural reports and subjective claims by animal owners, Cogn. Emot. source

In the paper

“Animal hoarding appears to entail distortions and dysfunctions in attachment, empathy and anthropomorphism and shows how characteristics and motivations that, in general, foster and maintain long-lasting positive relationships with animals may jeopardize the human–animal relationship, causing suffering for both animals and humans [99,178,235].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Colombo, 2013, Animal Hoarding—Accumulo di Animali: Stile di vita, maltrattamento o psicopatologia? Una rassegna critica della letteratura, Ric. Psicol. source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Colombo, E.S., D’Amico, P., and Prato-Previde, E. (2015). Una pericolosa Arca di Noè. L’accumulo di Animali tra Cronaca e Ricerca, Cosmopolis.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source

In the paper

“the level of anthropomorphism was positively associated with pet attachment anxiety and empathy towards animals and negatively associated with pet attachment avoidance.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [212] Rusu, 2019, Interpersonal and Pet Attachment, Empathy toward Animals, and Anthropomorphism: An Investigation of Pet Owners in Romania, Phys. Astron. Int. J. source

In the paper

“in animal hoarding, animals are exposed to considerable physical and psychological suffering, but often there is a strong human–animal bond, with considerable impairment also of the hoarder’s welfare, who may lack insight regarding the real situation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Ascione, F.R. (2008). Animal hoarding: A third dimension of animal abuse. International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty, Purdue University Press.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [213] Vermeulen, 1993, Proposed typology of companion animal abuse, Anthrozoös source
• Not checked yetcites [256] Beck, A.M., and Katcher, A.H. (1996). Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“The nature and structure of human–animal attachment appears to be similar to interpersonal attachment, with a significant association between security and insecurity in human–animal and interpersonal human relationships [105,198].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Beck, 2008, Romantic partners and four-legged friends: An extension of attachment theory to relationships with pets, Anthrozoös source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [198] Mikulincer, 2011, An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations, J. Res. Personal. source

In the paper

“an avoidant human–animal attachment (or pet attachment avoidance) was associated with lower emotional distress, a relative indifference towards the animal’s integrity and needs [211], negative expectancies regarding the animal, a lower level of trust in the animal and a tendency to distance oneself from the animal [198].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [211] Konok, V., Kosztolanyi, A., Rainer, W., Mutschler, B., Halsband, U., and Miklosi, A. (2015). Influence of owners’ attachment style and personality on their dogs’ (Canis familiaris) separation-related disorder. PLoS ONE, 10. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [198] Mikulincer, 2011, An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations, J. Res. Personal. source

In the paper

“Their behavior, especially that of incipient hoarders, overwhelmed caregivers and rescue hoarders, is most often rooted in a real desire to take care of animals or save them and is characterized by a strong emotional attachment to animals and an extreme distress, often genuine despair, at the idea of being separated from them.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Colombo, 2013, Animal Hoarding—Accumulo di Animali: Stile di vita, maltrattamento o psicopatologia? Una rassegna critica della letteratura, Ric. Psicol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source
• Not checked yetcites [289] Nadal, 2020, Noah’s syndrome: Systematic review of animal hoarding disorder, HAI Bull.

In the paper

“Conversely, a dysfunctional attachment, the lack or suppression of empathy and no tendency to anthropomorphize are related to poor relationships with animals; higher acceptance of animal cruelty in children, adolescents and adults; a greater propensity to animal abuse; a reduced concern for animal welfare in general [107,108].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] McPhedran, 2009, A review of the evidence for associations between empathy, violence, and animal cruelty, Aggress. Violent Behav. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Agnew, R. (2017). The causes of animal abuse: A social-psychological analysis. Green Criminology, Routledge. source

In the paper

“attachment difficulties with primary caregivers and attachment dysfunctions in adulthood are associated with cruelty and abuse towards animals [108,209]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Agnew, R. (2017). The causes of animal abuse: A social-psychological analysis. Green Criminology, Routledge. source
• Not checked yetcites [209] Ascione, F.R. (2008). Attachment and animal abuse. The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“Companion animals, mainly dogs and cats, can serve as child substitutes or as toys [91,94,95].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Beverland, 2008, Exploring the dark side of pet ownership: Status-and control-based pet consumption, J. Bus. Res. source
• Not checked yetcites [94] Tuan, Y.F. (1984). Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets, Yale University Press. No. 04; BF632. 5, T8.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] Sanders, 1990, The animal ‘Other’: Self definition, social identity and companion animals, Adv. Consum. Res.

In the paper

“whose motivations for hoarding could be linked to a need to dominate and control or to financial interest (especially in the case of anti-social personalities) or to the desire to establish relationships that confirm their value, in which other individuals (in this case animals) have the role of self-objects, serving to ensure attentions and adoration (in narcissists; [292]).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [292] Patronek, G.J., Loar, L., and Nathanson, J.N. (2006). Animal Hoarding: Strategies for Interdisciplinary Interventions to Help People, Animals, and Communities at Risk, Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium.

In the paper

“Even today anthropomorphism may have a positive role in fostering human–animal relationships and in promoting animal welfare, due to its power to affect the way in which people perceive, interact with, and respond to animals [104,220,221,222].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] Butterfield, 2012, Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [220] Chan, 2012, Anthropomorphism as a conservation tool, Biodivers. Conserv. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [221] Serpell, 2019, How happy is your pet? The problem of subjectivity in the assessment of companion animal welfare, Anim. Welf. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [222] Manfredo, 2020, How anthropomorphism is changing the social context of modern wildlife conservation, Biol. Conserv. source

In the paper

“Animal hoarders’ difficulty in relinquishing animals to people who can more adequately care for them is another key point: despite highly negative conditions they form excessive attachments to their animals, consider them like children [279] and feel the urge to save and care for them, even if this results in significant impairment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [279] Torres, 2014, Hoarding pet animals in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Acta Neuropsychiatr.

In the paper

“an anxious human–animal attachment (i.e., pet attachment anxiety) was found to be associated with greater emotional distress and poorer mental health, ambivalence, pervasive worry for the integrity of the animal, doubt regarding owner’s worth for the animal [198] and a higher tendency for pathological grief [210].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [198] Mikulincer, 2011, An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations, J. Res. Personal. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [210] Blazina, C., Boyraz, G., and Shen-Miller, D. (2011). Death of a companion animal: Understanding human responses to bereavement. The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond, Springer. source

In the paper

“Animal hoarding is a highly dysfunctional and pathological form of human–animal relationship, which has been defined by Patronek [11] as “the third dimension of animal abuse”, since it entails substantial and protracted animal maltreatment and suffering.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Ascione, F.R. (2008). Animal hoarding: A third dimension of animal abuse. International Handbook of Theory and Research on Animal Abuse and Cruelty, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“This often results in a distorted sense of responsibility and a strong need for control over the animals, whereby the hoarders feel that they must acquire animals and should not separate from them to ensure that nothing bad happens to them.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [279] Torres, 2014, Hoarding pet animals in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Acta Neuropsychiatr.

In the paper

“However, the primary source of self-esteem is the interaction within the human–animal relationship: animals are highly focused on the person and do not judge or criticize, and they cannot object to misinterpretations of their feelings and needs [294].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [294] Patronek, 2009, A theoretical perspective to inform assessment and treatment strategies for animal hoarders, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source

In the paper

“what defines the disorder is not just the number of animals but the inability of the owner to provide the minimum necessary care for them, to recognize their suffering and to provide them with appropriate sanitary conditions [177,235,276,277,278].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [177] Patronek, 1999, Hoarding of animals: An under-recognized public health problem in a difficult-to-study population, Public Health Rep. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [276] Ferreira, 2017, Animal hoarding disorder: A new psycho- pathology?, Psychiatry Res. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [277] Williams, 2014, Animal hoarding: Devastating, complex, and everyone’s concern, Ment. Health Pract. source
• Not checked yetcites [278] Avery, 2005, From helping to hoarding to hurting: When the acts of “good Samaritans” become felony animal cruelty, Valpso. Univ. Law Rev.

In the paper

“In most hoarding situations, the emotional attachment to animals, which is a basic aspect of the human–animal relationship, is distorted, formed with many individuals and immediately triggered to the point that any animal encountered can be easily seen as one’s own and the individual feels obliged to take care of it [295].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [295] Arluke, A., and Killeen, C. (2009). Inside Animal Hoarding: The Case of Barbara Erickson and Her 552 Dogs, Purdue University Press.

In the paper

“Tuan [94] suggested that when pets are used as toys, they are treated capriciously to gain a sense of power and control that is also expressed through training them to obey to commands.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Tuan, Y.F. (1984). Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets, Yale University Press. No. 04; BF632. 5, T8.

In the paper

“and can make it difficult to understand and respond to others’ feelings as well as easier to view them as less than human [303].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  cites [303] Dutra, 2006, From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences?, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. source

In the paper

“As attachment, empathy and anthropomorphism appear to be basic ingredients of the human–animal relationships,”

In the paper

“and considering them as just hoarders could erroneously turn a form of criminality into a psychological disorder such as animal hoarding.”

In the paper

“It has been argued that dissociation may be best understood as a continuum from more common, normal manifestations to less common and more pathological symptoms [308].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [308] Dell, P.F., and O’Neil, J.A. (2009). The case for the study of “normal” dissociation processes. Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-V and Beyond, Routledge.

In the paper

“Empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism are considered to play an important role in either positive or negative relationships with animals and influence each other in determining the type and quality of the relationship between humans and animals.”

In the paper

“Interestingly, as do most owners of companion animals, animal hoarders appear to have a strong emotional attachment to animals that represent a source of comfort and security and also provide a sense of social connection and self-efficacy.”

In the paper

“In addition, their attachment to a large number of animals and their willingness to rescue them could depend on a greater empathy towards them, associated with dysfunctions of some regulatory mechanisms, entailing similarity and familiarity, or to errors in the ability to process animals’ emotions, with stimuli-like facial expressions and vocalizations being interpreted in a systematically”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [311] Pollak, 2003, Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children, J. Abnorm. Psychol. source

In the paper

“in particular further investigating to what extent the “exploiter” hoarder, who lacks empathy, attachment and concern for animals, overlaps with other forms of psychopathology such as the antisocial personality disorder.”

In the paper

“Yet, pet ownership is also complex, multifaceted and varies along a continuum.”

In the paper

“deriving comfort and well-being from their ability to provide emotional support and unconditional love and may view them as an extension of their self-concept [294].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [235] Steketee, 2011, Characteristics and antecedents of people who hoard animals: An exploratory comparative interview study, Rev. Gen. Psychol. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [294] Patronek, 2009, A theoretical perspective to inform assessment and treatment strategies for animal hoarders, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source