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Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds
Open accessAbstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and chia (Salvia hispanica) are essential traditional crops with excellent nutritional properties. Quinoa is known for its high and good quality protein content and nine essential amino acids vital for an individual’s development and growth, whereas chia seeds contain high dietary fiber content, calories, lipids, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc), and vitamins (A and B complex). Chia seeds are also known for their presence of a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free and provide medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds, which help combat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases such as cancer. Quinoa seeds possess phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol, which can help prevent cancer. Many food products can be developed by fortifying quinoa and chia seeds in different concentrations to enhance their nutritional profile, such as extruded snacks, meat products, etc. Furthermore, it highlights the value-added products that can be developed by including quinoa and chia seeds, alone and in combination. This review focused on the recent development in quinoa and chia seeds nutritional, bioactive properties, and processing for potential human health and therapeutic applications.
Overview
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TL;DR
Quinoa and chia are gluten-free traditional crops rich in protein, fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and cardiovascular-related potential. The review synthesizes their nutritional profiles, bioactive properties, processing effects, and use in value-added foods, while calling for more human studies.
Key findings
- Quinoa protein content is 13.8–16.5% (average 15%) and contains all nine essential amino acids; chia contains 15–23% protein, 30–34 g/100 g dietary fiber, and 25–40% fat, of which 83% is PUFAs, including omega-3 α-linolenic acid (64%) and omega-6 α-linolenic acid (20%). Table 1 reports per 100 g: quinoa protein 14.1 g, fat 6.10 g, fiber 7.00 g; chia protein 24.2 g, fat 40.2 g, fiber 34.4 g.
- Quinoa bioactives include phenolics at 0.46–1.84 mg/g dry weight, phytosterols at 118 mg/100 g, and phytoecdysteroids at 138–570 µg/g; kaempferol is highlighted for anticancer potential via Nrf2/Keap1 pathways. Chia has ~98 mg total phenols (GAE/100 g), rosmarinic acid at 0.93 mg/g, and phytosterols at ~0.02%.
- Both seeds are linked to health benefits such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects; chia is especially noted as a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Food applications include quinoa-fortified bread with 2% higher protein and 1% higher oil and fiber, pasta with 7.5% chia flour, a ready-to-eat porridge with 15% replacement of rice flour by a 1:1 quinoa:chia mix, cookies with 20% chia mucilage, and yogurt with 6% chia seeds plus 12% strawberry.
Methods
- Narrative review of recent literature on quinoa and chia seeds, covering nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, processing, health benefits, and value-added food products.
- Data are drawn from cited studies and nutrient composition tables, including Table 1 with per-100 g nutrient values for quinoa and chia.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis; no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, meta-analysis, or primary experimental study is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that further studies are needed to reveal benefits to a larger population and to investigate effects on human health, and that challenges in including quinoa and chia in food products need study.
- The paper notes that antioxidant properties of polyphenols have been widely demonstrated mainly in vitro, while in vivo biological relevance is questionable, especially for cardiovascular effects, due to low blood concentrations and extensive metabolism after ingestion.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide a systematic protocol or quantitative synthesis, and many health claims rely on cited animal, in vitro, or small human studies rather than large clinical trials.
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In the paper
“Chia seeds are also known for their presence of a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Prathyusha, 2019, Chia seeds for nutritional security, J. Pharmacog. Phytochem.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many food products can be developed by fortifying quinoa and chia seeds in different concentrations to enhance their nutritional profile, such as extruded snacks, meat products, etc.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Cueto, 2015, Physical and mechanical properties of maize extrudates as affected by the addition of chia and quinoa seeds and antioxidants, J. Food Eng. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Goyat, 2018, Development of Chia (Salvia hispanica, L.) and Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, L.) seed flour substituted cookies- Physicochemical, nutritional and storage studies, Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. J. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Oteri, M., Bartolomeo, G., Rigano, F., Aspromonte, J., Trovato, E., Purcaro, G., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., and Beccaria, M. (2023). Comprehensive chemical characterization of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil with a focus on minor lipid components. Foods, 12. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, it also possesses medicinal health benefits against different chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, anemia, and celiac disease”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 2. Quinoa and Its Characteristics > 2.2. Bioactive Compounds in Quinoa and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Kozio, 1992, Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), J. Food Compos. Anal. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Angeli, V., Silva, P.M., Massuela, D.C., Khan, M.W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Hönninger, S., and Piatti, C. (2020). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An overview of the potentials of the “golden grain” and socio-economic and environmental aspects of its cultivation and marketization. Foods, 9. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Quinoa seeds show a high composition of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids with excellent balance”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 2. Quinoa and Its Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Jaikishun, S., Li, W., Yang, Z., and Song, S. (2019). Quinoa: In perspective of global challenges. Agronomy, 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Pathan, S., and Siddiqui, R.A. (2022). Nutritional composition and bioactive components in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) greens: A review. Nutrients, 14. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It shows antidiabetic activity by declining fasting glucose and insulin levels in serum.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Bakrim, S., Benkhaira, N., Bourais, I., Benali, T., Lee, L.-H., El Omari, N., Sheikh, R.A., Goh, K.W., Ming, L.C., and Bouyahya, A. (2022). Health benefits and pharmacological properties of stigmasterol. Antioxidants, 11. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Maintaining the temperature during the processing of chia seeds is crucial as chia seeds heated at a temperature above 90 °C led to a decrease in phenolic compounds such as myrcetin, rosmarinic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid [95].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Motyka, 2023, Health-promoting approaches of the use of chia seeds, J. Funct. Foods source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Flavonoids in chia seeds, such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, provide anti-carcinogenic and anti-hypertensive properties [27].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Hrnčič, M.K., Ivanovski, M., Cor, D., and Knez, Z. (2020). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): An overview—Phytochemical profile, isolation methods, and application. Molecules, 25. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In mechanism, stigmasterol reduces matrix degradation and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in osteoarthritis-induced cartilage degradation via NF-kappa B pathway inhibition [96].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Gabay, 2010, Stigmasterol: A phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties, Osteoarthr. Cartil. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Digested proteins of chia seeds exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects [88].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Grancieri, 2019, Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a source of proteins and bioactive peptides with health benefits: A review, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The primary phenolics content in chia seeds (in µg per 100 g), includes caffeic acid (27.0), quercetin (0.17), kaempferol (0.01), daidzin (6.6), glycitin (1.4), and genistin (3.4) [27].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Hrnčič, M.K., Ivanovski, M., Cor, D., and Knez, Z. (2020). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): An overview—Phytochemical profile, isolation methods, and application. Molecules, 25. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“chia seeds contain high dietary fiber content, calories, lipids, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc), and vitamins (A and B complex)”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Kulczynski, B., Cisowska, J.K., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Michalowska, A.G. (2019). The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds- current state of knowledge. Nutrients, 11. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quinoa seeds possess phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol, which can help prevent cancer”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Imran, M., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Gondal, T.A., Saeed, F., Imran, A., Shahbaz, M., Fokou, P.V.T., Arshad, M.U., and Khan, H. (2019). Kaempferol: A key emphasis to its anticancer potential. Molecules, 24. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quinoa is known for its high and good quality protein content and nine essential amino acids vital for an individual’s development and growth”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Filho, 2017, Quinoa: Nutritional aspects, Int. Nutraceut. Food Sci.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free and provide medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds, which help combat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases such as cancer”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Bojarczuk, 2022, Immunonutritional benefits of Chenopodium quinoa’s ingredients preventing obesity-derived metabolic imbalances, Biol. Life Sci. Forum
- Not checked yetcites [12] Mihai, 2022, In Vitro antioxidant activity determination of a microencapsulated synergic polyphenols—Polysaccharide mixture, Chem. Proc.
- Not checked yetcites [13] Mishima, M.D.V., Da Silva, B.P., Gomes, M.J.C., Toledo, R.C.L., Mantovani, H.C., José, V.P.B.d.S., Costa, N.M.B., Tako, E., and Martino, H.S.D. (2022). Effect of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) associated with high-fat diet on the intestinal health of wistar rats. Nutrients, 14. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chia seeds have been proven to have health benefits such as improved blood lipid profile, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunostimulatory effects”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Kulczynski, B., Cisowska, J.K., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Michalowska, A.G. (2019). The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds- current state of knowledge. Nutrients, 11. source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Motyka, S., Koc, K., Ekiert, H., Blicharska, E., Czarnek, K., and Szopa, A. (2022). The current state of knowledge on Salvia hispanica and Salviae hispanicae semen (Chia Seeds). Molecules, 27. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Saini, R.K., Prasad, P., Sreedhar, R.V., Akhilender Naidu, K., Shang, X., and Keum, Y.-S. (2021). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): Emerging plant and microbial sources, oxidative stability, bioavailability, and health benefits—A review. Antioxidants, 10. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chia seeds contain 15 to 23% protein content, higher than the other cereals such as wheat, oats, barley, corn, rice, quinoa, and amaranth.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.1. Nutrients in Chia Seeds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Munoz, 2013, Chia seed (Salvia hispanica): An ancient grain and a new functional food, Food Rev. Int. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, rosmarinic acid, found in higher amounts, acts as the most abundant antioxidant present in chia seeds, i.e., 0.93 mg/g, followed by three other phenolic compounds, i.e., protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid with concentrations of 0. 75, 0.03, and 0.01 mg/g, respectively [87,88,94].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Lopez, 2015, Chia (Salvia hispanica): A review of native Mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties, Adv. Food Nutr. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Grancieri, 2019, Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) as a source of proteins and bioactive peptides with health benefits: A review, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Galante, 2019, Functional properties of amaranth, quinoa and chia proteins and the biological activities of their hydrolyzates, Food Res. Int. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stigmastanol is engaged in lowering cholesterol absorption from the diet, therefore inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis within the liver.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Bakrim, S., Benkhaira, N., Bourais, I., Benali, T., Lee, L.-H., El Omari, N., Sheikh, R.A., Goh, K.W., Ming, L.C., and Bouyahya, A. (2022). Health benefits and pharmacological properties of stigmasterol. Antioxidants, 11. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“due to the absence of gliadins and gliadin-related protein fractions (usually present in rye, barley, and malt), it is classified as gluten-free and considered suitable for celiac disease patients”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 2. Quinoa and Its Characteristics > 2.1. Nutrients in Quinoa Seeds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Filho, 2017, Quinoa: Nutritional aspects, Int. Nutraceut. Food Sci.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stigmasterol is vital to human health due to its prospective anti-osteoarthritic properties and cholesterol-lowering activity that can effectively reduce cardiovascular disease risks.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Gabay, 2010, Stigmasterol: A phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties, Osteoarthr. Cartil. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The seeds contain 30 to 34 g of dietary fiber per 100 g, of which 85–93% consists of insoluble dietary fiber and 7–15% of soluble dietary fiber”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.1. Nutrients in Chia Seeds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Kulczynski, B., Cisowska, J.K., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Michalowska, A.G. (2019). The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds- current state of knowledge. Nutrients, 11. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, kaempferol, and quercetin present in chia seeds offer antioxidant properties, such as caffeic, and chlorogenic acids in preventing peroxidation of fats by scavenging the free radicals and quercetin in protecting against oxidation of fats, proteins, and DNA [81].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Prathyusha, 2019, Chia seeds for nutritional security, J. Pharmacog. Phytochem.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chia seeds are rich in oil ~30–39% and contain phytosterols (~0.02%) such as campesterol, stigmastanol, stigmasterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and β-sitosterol [95].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Motyka, 2023, Health-promoting approaches of the use of chia seeds, J. Funct. Foods source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These saponins are present on the surface of grains in a thin layer of glucoside compounds, which is also toxic to health due to their hemolytic activity.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Mhada, M., Metougui, M.L., El Hazzam, K., El Kacimi, K., and Yasri, A. (2020). Variations of saponins, minerals and total phenolic compounds due to processing and cooking of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds. Foods, 9. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The thermal processing of quinoa helps improve the quality of quinoa in terms of reduction in phytates, enhanced bioactive constituents, enhanced antioxidative properties, and enhanced hydration properties [110].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Sharma, 2022, Effect of thermal processing on the bioactive compounds, antioxidative, antinutritional and functional characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), LWT source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is beneficial as a dietary supplement to reduce plasma cholesterol and exhibits antioxidant activities or stimulates antioxidant enzymes [98].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Sayeed, M.S.B., Karim, S.M.R., Sharmin, T., and Morshed, M.M. (2016). Critical analysis on characterization, systemic effect, and therapeutic potential of beta-sitosterol: A plant-derived orphan phytosterol. Medicines, 3. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Linolenic acid, a component of chia seeds, contributes significantly to the formation of leukotrienes and thromboxanes, which are thought to be connected to several significant biochemical processes and physiological functions of the body [85].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Ullah, 2016, Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of chia (Salvia hispanica L.): A review, J. Food Sci. Technol. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the omega-3 fatty acid-based molecule can restrict salt and calcium, amplify the parasympathetic nervous system, and resolve channel issues (which might induce hypertension), strengthening ventricular arrhythmia defense [85].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Ullah, 2016, Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of chia (Salvia hispanica L.): A review, J. Food Sci. Technol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, pearling is the primary method employed nowadays, due to the more straightforward sprouting process of quinoa, which acts as an alternative method to pearling, leading to a decrease in the saponins content thereby reducing bitterness and also enhancing the nutritional as well as sensory characteristics of quinoa and its products such as quinoa-fortified bread [108].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Cardone, 2020, Sprouting as a pre-processing for producing quinoa-enriched bread, J. Cereal Sci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“β-sitosterol lowers inflammatory activity by inhibiting the STAT1 pathway, and the activation of NF-kB translocation is mediated by tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Sayeed, M.S.B., Karim, S.M.R., Sharmin, T., and Morshed, M.M. (2016). Critical analysis on characterization, systemic effect, and therapeutic potential of beta-sitosterol: A plant-derived orphan phytosterol. Medicines, 3. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Processing is vital in enhancing quinoa’s nutritional properties, promoting consumers’ improved health conditions, and other applications [102,103].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Alarcon, 2022, Study of the residue from Salvia hispanica (Chia) seed oil extraction by cold pressing for repurposing as functional food to prevent metabolic syndrome, Biol. Life Sci. Forum
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ang, 2023, Novel constituents of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) nutlet mucilage and the improved in vitro fermentation of nutlets when ground, Food Funct. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chia seeds are rich in proteins (15–25%), and bioactive peptides derived after enzymatic hydrolysis can exhibit antioxidant properties.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Hrnčič, M.K., Ivanovski, M., Cor, D., and Knez, Z. (2020). Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): An overview—Phytochemical profile, isolation methods, and application. Molecules, 25. source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Motyka, 2023, Health-promoting approaches of the use of chia seeds, J. Funct. Foods source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, quinoa processing is also essential to remove the saponins on the surface of quinoa seeds and reduce the bitterness caused by them [107].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Ridout, 1991, Quinoa saponins—Analysis and preliminary investigations into the effects of reduction by processing, J. Sci. Food and Agricul. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It consists of ~48% of total sugars and 4% of protein with high solubility of ~85%, exhibiting high stability up to 240 °C.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Fernández-López, J., Viuda-Martos, M., Sayas-Barberá, M.E., de Vera, C.N.-R., Lucas-González, R., Roldán-Verdú, A., Botella-Martínez, C., and Pérez-Alvarez, J.A. (2020). Chia, quinoa, and their coproducts as potential antioxidants for the meat industry. Plants, 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Stringer, 2019, Chia seed mucilage—A vegan thickener: Isolation, tailoring viscoelasticity and rehydration, Food Funct. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results revealed that the fermentation method in germinated quinoa flour is most effective in decreasing the phytate content in quinoa, and thus, enhances iron availability by five to eight times in consumers [106].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Valencia, 2011, Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.) as a source of dietary fiber and other functional components, Food Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Valencia, 1999, Processing of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.): Effects on in vitro iron availability and phytate hydrolysis, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, β-sitosterol shows numerous health benefits such as antimicrobial, anti-pulmonary tuberculosis, antidiabetic, anticancer, immune modulation and anti-HIV, anti-arthritic, antipyretic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-atherosclerosis, and angiogenic influences.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 3. Chia Seeds and Its Characteristics > 3.2. Bioactive Compounds in Chia and Its Biological Properties
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Sayeed, M.S.B., Karim, S.M.R., Sharmin, T., and Morshed, M.M. (2016). Critical analysis on characterization, systemic effect, and therapeutic potential of beta-sitosterol: A plant-derived orphan phytosterol. Medicines, 3. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Raw quinoa flour and germinated or sprouted quinoa flour yield high fiber and iron content as compared to the boiling and roasting of quinoa, which decreases the nutritional content, thus making germinated quinoa flour ideal for inclusion in the diet of anemic and heart patients [104].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Bhathal, 2017, Effect of processing on the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Agric. Res. J. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because they contain significantly more nutrients and bioactive components than other grains, they are excellent and valuable against physiological disorders like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity [13,15,26].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.2. Health Benefits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Mishima, M.D.V., Da Silva, B.P., Gomes, M.J.C., Toledo, R.C.L., Mantovani, H.C., José, V.P.B.d.S., Costa, N.M.B., Tako, E., and Martino, H.S.D. (2022). Effect of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) associated with high-fat diet on the intestinal health of wistar rats. Nutrients, 14. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Ozon, 2022, Chia expeller: A promising source of antioxidant, antihypertensive and antithrombotic peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase and Flavourzyme, Food Chem. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Angeli, V., Silva, P.M., Massuela, D.C., Khan, M.W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Hönninger, S., and Piatti, C. (2020). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An overview of the potentials of the “golden grain” and socio-economic and environmental aspects of its cultivation and marketization. Foods, 9. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, chia seeds are also a rich source of dietary fiber, providing various medicinal benefits as fiber in the diet increases stool volume and prevents diseases such as diverticulosis and even cancer.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.2. Health Benefits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Melo, 2019, Chia seeds: An ancient grain trending in modern human diets, Food Funct. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the sprouting of chia seeds is widely employed as it is a more economical and feasible method that helps to improve the nutritional profile of chia seeds, especially minerals and phenolic content [112].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Otondi, 2020, Physico-chemical properties of extruded cassava-chia seed instant flour, J. Agricul. Food Res. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chia seeds provide various medicinal health benefits such as anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties due to their rich nutritional profile, especially the best plant source of omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) [117,118,119].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.2. Health Benefits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Gazem, 2016, Pharmacological properties of Salvia hispanica (chia) seeds: A review, J. Crit. Rev.
- Not checked yetcites [118] Ikumi, 2019, Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)—A potential crop for food and nutrition security in Africa, J. Food Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Grancieri, 2022, Digested protein from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) prevents obesity and associated inflammation of adipose tissue in mice fed a high-fat diet, PharmaNutrition source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The result showed increased nutritional content, i.e., 2% higher protein and 1% higher oil and fiber content, along with excellent sensory characteristics in the fortified bread [128].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.3. Value-Added Food Products and Other Potential Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Stikic, 2012, Agronomical and nutritional evaluation of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as an ingredient in bread formulations, J. Cereal Sci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Milling is an effective method as it helps disrupt the intestinal structure of the seeds and leads to enhanced digestibility.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.1. Processing Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Calvo-Lerma, J., Paz-Yépez, C., Asensio-Grau, A., Heredia, A., and Andrés, A. (2020). Impact of processing and intestinal conditions on in vitro digestion of chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds and derivatives. Foods, 9. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quinoa is well known for its nutritional properties, due to which it possesses various health benefits such as anti-obesity, hypocholesterolemic effect, antioxidant properties, and cardiovascular diseases [115].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.2. Health Benefits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Fadwa, 2022, Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic activities of the aqueous Salvia hispanica extract in diabetic rat, Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It contains a lot of protein, a balanced range of amino acids, and a lot of lysine (5.1–6.4%), and methionine (0.4–1.0%) contains vitamins (A, C, and E) and many types of minerals [89,113].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.2. Health Benefits
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results showed an increase in fiber and mineral content of matthi after adding chia seed flour and thus indicate a broad scope for developing snacks from chia seeds.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.3. Value-Added Food Products and Other Potential Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Puri, 2020, Evaluation of the nutritional value of snacks prepared by fortification of gram flour with chia seeds, Int. J. Home Sci.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quinoa is rich in protein and its quality is like casein in milk, as it consists of all nine essential amino acids required for healthy living.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 5. Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, chia seeds also play a vital role in human health because of their high omega-3 fatty acid content and phytochemicals which provide antioxidant action and are essential in preventing various chronic diseases such as heart disease.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yoghurt with 6% chia seeds and 12% strawberry showed increased levels of protein, lipids, fibre, PUFA, especially omega 3 fatty acids and minerals with acceptable sensory quality and probiotic properties [145].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.3. Value-Added Food Products and Other Potential Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [145] Kowaleski, 2020, Functional yogurt with strawberries and chia seeds, Food Biosci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free which makes them ideal for consumption by celiac disease patients.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 5. Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, chia seeds ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome, liver inflammation or injury, and oxidative stress [138,139].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.3. Value-Added Food Products and Other Potential Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Joubert, 2022, Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed improves liver inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome, Food Funct. source
- Not checked yetcites [139] Joubert, 2022, Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seed ameliorates liver injury and oxidative stress by modulating NrF2 and NFκB expression in sucrose-rich diet-fed rats, Food Funct. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are many different food products in which quinoa is utilized as a substitute to enhance the nutritional property of the food products, including extruded snacks, traditional foods, meat products, and bakery products.”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 5. Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chia oil improves the lipid profiles of beef-based burgers. It can replace the use of animal fat, and mucilage applied as a versatile function food additive, or food ingredient replacer [148,149,150].”
§ Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4. Quinoa and Chia Seeds > 4.3. Value-Added Food Products and Other Potential Applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] 2022, Improving the lipid profile of beef burgers added with chia oil (Salvia hispanica L.) or hemp oil (Cannabis sativa L.) gelled emulsions as partial animal fat replacers, LWT—Food Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Chiang, 2021, Application of chia (Salvia hispanica) mucilage as an ingredient replacer in foods, Trends Food Sci. Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [150] Tak, 2022, Repurposing chia seed oil: A versatile novel functional food, J. Food Sci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Chia seed germination is an effective and inexpensive method that can provide functional chia seed flour by increasing phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and GABA.
“In addition, chia seeds germination is an effective and inexpensive method that can help provide functional chia seed flour by increasing the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Chia is a strong contender for controlling diabetes because it contains dietary fiber (18–30%) and α-linolenic fatty acids.
“Additionally, chia is a strong contender for controlling diabetes since it contains dietary fiber (18–30%), and α-linolenic fatty acids.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Chia seeds have a high caloric value of 486 kcal and contain about 2.3-, 8.3-, and 9.8-fold higher fiber per 100 g than oats, corn, and rice.
“Chia seeds have a high caloric value of 486 kcal and contain ~2.3-, 8.3-, and 9.8-fold higher fiber per 100 g than oats, corn, and rice.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“According to recent research, chia seeds may improve lipid profile, glycemic markers, antioxidant properties, blood pressure (BP) regulation, and weight management [14, 15].”
From Effects of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic health in overweight subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Chia nutrient quantities exceed 100 g per 100 g
MajorTable 1 lists 115.73 g of water, protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash per 100 g of chia seeds. These components cannot collectively exceed the stated 100 g serving.
Reported 100 · recomputed 115.73
“| Water | g | 13.3 | 4.43 | | Energy | kcal | 368 | 486 | | Protein | g | 14.1 | 24.2 | | Total Fat | g | 6.10 | 40.2 | | Saturated Fatty Acids | g | 0.70 | 5.00 | | Monounsaturated Fatty Acids | g | 1.60 | 2.96 | | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | g | 3.30 | 22.8 | | Dietary Fiber | g | 7.00 | 34.4 | | Carbohydrates | g | 64.2 | 42.1 | | Ash | g | 2.40 | 4.8 |”
Listed quinoa amino acids exceed its total protein
MinorTable 1's listed quinoa amino acids sum to 21.86 g per 100 g, substantially more than its reported 14.1 g of total protein per 100 g.
Reported 14.1 · recomputed 21.86
“| Glutamic acid | g | 12.8 | 3.50 |”
Reported omega-3-to-omega-6 ratio is reversed
MinorThe stated 64% omega-3 and 20% omega-6 give an omega-3-to-omega-6 ratio of 3.2, not about 0.32-0.35. The reported ratio is approximately the inverse.
Reported 0.32 · recomputed 3.2
“These include omega-3 α-linolenic acid (64%) and omega-6 α-linolenic acid (20%). The ratio of w-3 and w-6 is about 0.32–0.35.”
Chia protein value falls outside the stated range
MinorThe text states that chia seeds contain 15-23% protein, but Table 1 lists 24.2 g per 100 g, or 24.2%.
“Chia seeds contain 15 to 23% protein content”
“| Protein | g | 14.1 | 24.2 |”
Citations
Cites
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Kaempferol: A Key Emphasis to Its Anticancer Potential
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Chapter 1 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
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Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Stigmasterol
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The Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Chia Seeds—Current State of Knowledge
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 155 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Goyat, 2017, Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)—The unforgotten golden grain, IJFANS Int. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 7, 1
- Sharma, 2015, Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A nutritional healthy grain, Int. J. Adv. Res., 3, 725
- Puri, 2020, Evaluation of the nutritional value of snacks prepared by fortification of gram flour with chia seeds, Int. J. Home Sci., 6, 35
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Items 101–137 of 137
Evolution of Chia Seeds from Antiquity to Modern SuperfoodPreprint
Almoselhy, R. I. M., Usmani, A., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5072585
Seeds: What Is Important to Know to Help Patients Taking Medicines
Nicoletti, M. A., & Fukushima, A. R. (2025) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2025.164022
Jana, P. K., Sil, S., Ghosh, A., Sultana, I., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2025) · Discover Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s44339-025-00023-z
Main Dietary Patterns for Healthy Aging and Well-Being
Vinci, G., Davì, F., Pellegrino, T., Fusco, R., Cordaro, M., & Paola, R. D. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17122009
Tańska, M., Gęsiński, K., Ogrodowska, D., & Graczyk, R. (2025) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.70064
The effect of chia seeds in medical nutrition therapy for adult obese women
Güney, H. D., & Göbel, P. (2025) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-08-2024-0810
Development of Pineapple Jam Incorporated with Chia Seed and Honey
Sardar, R. D., Abdullah, M. M., Ahmed, E., & Alim, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Chemistry Insights and Discoveries · doi:10.71193/jcid.20250007
Unlocking the potential of chia seeds: from nutritional powerhouse to food innovation
Ahmed, F., Asif, M., Maqsood, S., Shakoor, S., & Saddiqa, A. (2025) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-025-04919-3
Quinoa: The ancient grain powerhouse
Abdi, G., Kumar, S., Saini, N., Wani, A. W., Zarina, D., Parry, E. A., Tarighat, M. A., & Proestos, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33488-7.00014-x
КОМПЛЕКСНА КВАЛІМЕТРИЧНА ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ КРЕМОВО-ЗБИВНИХ ЦУКЕРОК ЗБАГАЧЕНИХ НАСІННЯМ ЧІА
Шидакова-Каменюка, О. Г., & Шкляєв, О. М. (2025) · Biota Human Technology · doi:10.58407/bht.3.25.17
Rahmoune, I., Karoune, S., Azzam, C. R., Saad, S., Hendel, N., Toka, H., Chebrouk, F., Cheriet, T., Kechebar, M. S. A., & Mizab, O. (2026) · Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society · doi:10.29356/jmcs.v70i1.2485
ПРОБЛЕМА ЗБАЛАНСОВАНОГО БІЛКА В ХАРЧУВАННІ УКРАЇНЦІВ ТА НАПРЯМИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ
Данченко, О., Kiurcheva, L., & Данченко, М. М. (2026) · Research Notes Biology Research (Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State University) · doi:10.31654/2786-8478-2025-bn-4-70-78
Pereira, M. T. L., de Aquino, A. C., Porro, C., & Gaban, S. V. F. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c10700
Effects of Chia Seed on Fermentation and Antioxidant Activity of Goat Yogurt
Liang, R., Shu, G., Gao, H., Zhang, M., Wan, H., & Wang, W. (2025) · Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology · doi:10.2478/aucft-2025-0021
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CHIA SEEDS EFFECT ON WHEAT FLOUR DOUGH RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND BAGUETTE QUALITY
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Metadata
- Authors
- Agarwal, A., Rizwana, Tripathi, A. D., Kumar, T., Sharma, K. P., & Patel, S. K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Delhi (IN)
- Department of Food Technology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, Sector-2, Dwarka, New Delhi 110075, India
- Banaras Hindu University (IN)
- Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (IN)
- Central University of Haryana (IN)
- Konkuk University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Patel, Sanjay Kumar Singh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Antioxidants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1413
- ISSN
- 2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10376479
- OpenAlex
- W4384202525
- Semantic Scholar
- db6d7a171bd1760564bfa4f16bbf3281fdf6fe4c
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 3.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- quinoa, Salvia hispanica, nutritional properties, functional foods, bioactive compounds, kaempferol, phenolic compounds, omega-3 fatty acids, gluten-free foods, food fortification, value-added food products, chronic disease prevention, cancer prevention, extrusion
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