The DOI matches its Crossref record; 343 of the 344 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; 72 of the 295 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions
Open accessVerified 2026-10-11 · 1 reference not checked yet
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Claims the paper makes
89 No full text of the sources · 28 Supported so far · 26 Own interpretation · 21 Partly supported · 16 No basis given · 15 Supported · 13 Not checked yet · 5 Sources not found · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Earlier measures of BPNT's psychological needs primarily tapped into the presence of need satisfaction, with a few items measuring the absence or deprivation of need satisfaction being reverse-scored and combined into a composite satisfaction score (e.g.Reeve and Sickenius 1994;Sheldon et al. 2001;Van den Broeck et al. 2010).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reeve and Sickenius 1994 source
- Disputedcites Sheldon et al. 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites Van den Broeck et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Ideally then, all three psychological needs are satisfied to foster the process of internalization (Milyasvkaya et al. 2014).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Milyasvkaya et al. 2014 source
The Role of Psychological Need Satisfaction section says all three needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—are theorized to be essential, and that need satisfaction facilitates the integrative process. The Brief Discussion also says people are better able to internalize goals when they experience need satisfaction in the relevant domain. The claim is consistent with the paper's theoretical framing, though the studies measured overall need satisfaction rather than testing each need separately. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Needs that emerge only in response to frustrations of basic psychological needs often represent a need-substitute or a compensatory preference (Ryan and Deci 2017;Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Deci 2017 source
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 source
The “Costs of Psychological Need Frustration and Need Thwarting” section says chronic need frustration can lead people to develop need substitutes and compensatory behaviors. The “Maladaptive Mechanisms to Cope with Need Frustration” section defines need substitutes as goals pursued to compensate for experienced need frustration. The supplied passages do not specify page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These three needs, each uniquely but also in interactive ways (e.g., Kluwer et al. 2019), appeared to be essential for individuals' well-being across ages, contexts, and cultures.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kluwer et al. 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports that autonomy and relatedness interact in their association with relationship-maintenance behavior, supporting the citation as an example of interactive needs. It does not establish an interaction involving all three needs or show that the interaction is essential for well-being across ages, contexts, and cultures; the Limitations section notes that the samples were mainly from Western nations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, a desire for power (Hofer and Bush 2019;Winter 1973) may signal that one feels 'caged' and, hence, is attempting to compensate for a lack of autonomy (Martela et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hofer and Bush 2019 source
- Not matchedcites Winter 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Martela et al. 2019 source
In the section “Power, Social Adherence, Self-Expression, and Mastery as Four Previously Unexamined Aspirations” (page not provided), the paper says motives for power have been interpreted as compensating for a prior lack of autonomy. The citing sentence’s hedged paraphrase matches that account; “caged” is its metaphor for that lack of autonomy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Congruent with this assumption, an increasing number of studies have identified mechanisitic correlates of need-based experiences (Di Domenico and Ryan 2017; Reeve and Lee 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Di Domenico and Ryan 2017 source
The Discussion describes growing interest and emerging evidence on neurobiological systems supporting intrinsic motivation. In Proposition II, the paper reports several neuroimaging studies linking neural activity to free choice, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation; its Methodological Suggestions section also reports neural activations associated with competence feedback. Together, these support the broad claim that studies have identified mechanistic correlates of need-related experiences. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reeve and Lee 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Further, these concrete experiences and behaviors should be salient in people's natural language when asked to reflect about their most (dis)satisfying experiences (Jang et al. 2009;Sheldon et al. 2001), to recall significant memories (Philippe et al. 2011), or to engage in a life review (Bauer and McAdams 2000).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. 2009 source
- Supportedcites Sheldon et al. 2001 source
The introduction (p. 1) describes the method as relying partly on natural language: participants identified satisfying events, and the authors examined which psychological characteristics were most salient in them. The Measures (p. 9) also describe participants writing about an unsatisfying event and rating what was missing. The other citations in the sentence attach to significant memories and life review, so those are not attributed to Sheldon et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Philippe et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Because the criterion of essentialness (Basic Criterion #2) implies that both satisfaction and frustration of a basic need should play a unique role, the authors concluded that beneficence may constitute a well-being enhancer.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Martela and Ryan 2020 source
The Criteria for a basic psychological need section says a candidate need must show both enhancement from satisfaction and negative effects from frustration. The Conclusion (page unavailable) tentatively proposes beneficence as a basic wellness enhancer rather than a basic psychological need because its frustration might not independently predict ill-being after accounting for the three established needs. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The reason for treating need frustration as a distinct notion is that it involves an active threat of the psychological needs (rather than a mere absence of need satisfaction).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 source
In “The Crux of Self-Determination Theory: Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration” (p. 6), the paper explicitly distinguishes a lack of need fulfillment from need frustration, illustrating the latter with active rejection or exclusion. The same section contrasts passive low need support with active obstruction of psychological needs. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A confrontation with a needfrustrating activity or context may elicit different responses, including disengagement from the activity or context or more active attempts to compensate for frustrated needs.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 source
The Oppositional Defiance section (page not available) describes resistance to engaging in a requested activity and detachment from caregivers in response to a need-thwarting environment. The Costs of Psychological Need Frustration and Need Thwarting section (page not available) also identifies compensatory behaviors as a response to need frustration. Together, these support the two possible responses in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 94
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Conversely, the essential role of these basic psychological needs manifests also in the functional costs associated with their frustration, which predicts lower happiness and multiple forms of maladjustment (Bartholomew et al. 2011;Ryan et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bartholomew et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The General Discussion (p. 24) links need thwarting in athletes to multiple forms of ill-being, including depression, burnout, disordered eating, and negative affect. The claim about lower happiness is not supported by the daily findings: the Measures section (p. 20) includes “Happy” in positive affect, but the analysis (p. 22) says changes in positive affect were associated with need satisfaction, not need thwarting. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Ryan et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“If psychological needs are inherent, they should be universally applicable and operative (Ryan and Deci 2017), and thus relevant for individuals regardless of their demographic characteristics (e.g., age, nationality, gender; Henning et al. 2019), personality (e.g., Mabbe et al. 2016), or cultural background (e.g., Benita et al. 2020).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Deci 2017 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Henning et al. 2019 source
- Supportedcites Mabbe et al. 2016 source
The cited Mabbe et al. paper supports the personality part of the citing sentence. In “Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Psychologically Controlling Parenting,” it reports that the explanatory role of need frustration was operative irrespective of specific personality dimensions, consistent with the needs’ universal importance. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Psychological needs form an ingrained part of our psychological make-up.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, offering external rewards for partaking in an interesting activity can undermine intrinsic motivation (Deci et al. 1999), presumably because controlling rewards can shift one's perceived locus of causality (deCharms 1968) from internal to external, thereby diminishing a sense of autonomy (Houlfort et al. 2002).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Deci et al. 1999 source
The Discussion reports that tangible rewards significantly reduced intrinsic motivation for interesting tasks, while noting exceptions for rewards that were unexpected or not contingent on task behavior. This supports the qualified claim that external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. The proposed shift in perceived causality is attributed to other citations in the citing sentence, not to Deci et al. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites deCharms 1968
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Houlfort et al. 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Underscoring the claim that BPNT's core needs constitute such essential psychological nutrients, need satisfaction has been found to predict adjustment (e.g., Van den Broeck et al. 2016), to characterize satisfying life events (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2010), to be critical to a sense of meaning in life (González-Cutre et al. 2020;Martela et al. 2018) and to contribute to harmonious passions (Valleran”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Van den Broeck et al. 2016 source
The Van den Broeck et al. citation is attached to the claim that need satisfaction predicts adjustment, not to the later claims about life events, meaning, or passion. The paper’s RW Analyses of the Three Needs (p. 19) report that each need uniquely predicts measures of psychological well-being among workers, supporting that claim in a work context. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sheldon et al. 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites González-Cutre et al. 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Their work largely confirmed the critical role of the three basic needs, which were ranked in the top five of the most satisfied (or deprived) needs during both satisfying (and unsatisfying) events, with all three needs uniquely relating to event-related affect.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Sheldon et al. 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, need satisfactions have been found to account for toddlers' curiosity-driven exploration of the environment (Whipple et al. 2011), adolescents' negotiation of parental requests (Van Petegem et al. 2017), and adults' engagement in volunteering (Huang et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Whipple et al. 2011 source
- Partly supportedcites Van Petegem et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Autonomy need satisfaction and frustration section measures adolescents’ anticipated autonomy satisfaction and negotiation in response to a maternal request. The General Discussion reports more negotiation among adolescents with an autonomy-supportive parenting history, but attributes that pattern to parenting context; it does not establish that need satisfaction accounts for negotiation. The toddler and adult findings are attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Huang et al. 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Examples of specific behaviors denoting psychological need satisfaction include the formation of harmonious relationships and building rapport (Baker et al. 2020), steadily extending one's skills, or pursuing one's core interests (Weinstein et al. 2016a).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Baker et al. 2020 source
Baker et al. describe relatedness as feeling close and connected to others (Basic Psychological Needs; page unavailable). Their Results report that rapport predicts satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs. The skills and core-interests examples are attributed to Weinstein et al., not Baker et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weinstein et al. 2016a source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although beneficence frustration correlated with various indicators of ill-being, it failed to predict incremental variance above the frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Martela and Ryan 2020 source
The Brief discussion reports robust zero-order correlations between beneficence frustration and all measured ill-being indicators. The Regression analysis reports that adding beneficence frustration did not provide additional predictive power for any of the three ill-being outcomes after accounting for the three basic need frustrations. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“During the past decade, however, a conceptual and methodological breakthrough led to an exponential increase in the study of the 'dark' side of human functioning and to a focus on need thwarting conditions and need frustrating experiences (Bartholomew et al. 2011;Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bartholomew et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (p. 4) describes recent conceptual and measurement advances that enabled research on need thwarting and the darker sides of functioning; Limitations and Future Directions (p. 28) calls the paper a new empirical approach. The copy does not establish that research increased exponentially over the past decade or attribute that growth to this advance. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not specified) describes a rapidly growing body of research on need frustration and negative outcomes. The Need Thwarting Environments section (page not specified) likewise says an increasing number of studies examine need-thwarting environments. Neither passage establishes an exponential increase or attributes that growth to a conceptual and methodological breakthrough. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This work in the sport context was quickly confirmed in other life domains, such as work (Trepanier et al. 2016), education (e.g., Jang et al. 2016a), romantic relationships (e.g., Kindt et al. 2016;Vanhee et al. 2016), and exercising (e.g., Teixeira et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Trepanier et al. 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. 2016a source
- Supportedcites Kindt et al. 2016 source
Section 3.3 reports that changes in relationship-based need frustration and need satisfaction were both significantly related to partners’ daily negative affect, conflict, and helping exhaustion. The paper tested the two needs together in chronic-pain couples, supporting the cited example from the romantic-relationship domain; the other domains are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Bartholomew et al. (2011) were the first to directly measure both types of need-based experiences.Their series of 1 3 studies revealed two important findings.First, congruent with the presumed asymmetrical relation between need satisfaction and need frustration, both types of need-based experiences were found to be negatively and moderately correlated.Second, as hypothesized, experiences of need”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bartholomew et al. (2011) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These two experiences (i.e., need satisfaction and frustration) stand in an asymmetrical relation to each other, as the absence of need satisfaction does not necessarily imply the presence of need frustration, whereas the presence of need frustration denotes the absence of need satisfaction (Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The BPNSFS is currently the most widely used measure.Originally validated in Dutch, English, Spanish, and Chinese, today a variety of translations and contextspecific adaptations are available, including validations in German (Heissel et al. 2018), Japanese (Nishimura and Suzuki 2016), Italian (Costa et al. 2018), Hebrew (Benita et al. 2020), Turkish (Selvi and Bozo 2020), and Portuguese (Cordeiro”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heissel et al. 2018 source
- Supportedcites Nishimura and Suzuki 2016 source
The citation is attached to the Japanese validation in a list of translations, not to the claim that the BPNSFS is the most widely used measure. The Discussion reports that the authors developed a Japanese version and found evidence of its reliability and validity; the Conclusion confirms its development. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Costa et al. 2018 source
The citation to Costa et al. (2018) is attached to the Italian validation, not the sentence’s broader claim that the BPNSFS is the most widely used measure. The Summary (p. 2) describes two studies adapting and evaluating the BPNSFS in Italy, and the Instrument section (p. 9) confirms that the original scale was translated and adapted into Italian. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“in the domain of physical education, Haerens et al. (2015) found basic need frustration to relate positively to amotivation, reflecting discouragement and helplessness.Following students throughout an entire school year, Bartholomew et al. (2018) reported that semester-to-semester variation in students' need frustration covaried positively with amotivation and controlled motivation, and negatively”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Haerens et al. (2015) source
The citation to Haerens et al. attaches to the finding about need frustration and amotivation, not the subsequent findings attributed to Bartholomew et al. In the Discussion (page unavailable), Haerens et al. report that students with greater need frustration were more likely to see the lesson as a waste of time, which they identify as amotivation. The paper also describes amotivated students as sometimes feeling helpless. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bartholomew et al. (2018) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. (2016a) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among the direct costs associated with basic psychological need frustration are loss of motivation, disengagement, and experiences of ill-being and distress.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Haerens et al. 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that need frustration was associated with amotivation in physical education students, while the Need satisfaction and need frustration section describes it as a vulnerability factor for ill-being and cites links with stress. The claim overstates these associations as direct costs, and this study does not establish disengagement as a direct outcome of need frustration. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bartholomew et al. 2018 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. 2016a source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“need frustration related positively to a drive for muscularity among male bodybuilders (Selvi and Bozo 2020).Interestingly, particularly, relatedness frustration helped explain body builders' muscle checking and exercise-dependency (see also Edwards et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Need substitutes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Selvi and Bozo 2020 source
- Partly supportedcites Edwards et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that need thwarting predicted weightlifting and muscle dissatisfaction in a sample of men. It does not report a finding specifically about relatedness frustration, muscle checking, or exercise dependency among bodybuilders. The preceding claim about a positive relationship with drive for muscularity is cited to Selvi and Bozo, not Edwards et al. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Contingent self-worth functions as a doubleedged sword, on the one hand entailing great commitment (Crocker et al. 2003) but on the other hand also relating to greater emotional distress (Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crocker et al. 2003 source
- Supportedcites Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2016 source
The citation to Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. attaches to the emotional-distress part of the sentence, not the commitment part. In the General Discussion, the paper reports that contingent self-esteem was positively related to emotional disaffection, including test anxiety and tension, across its two studies in achievement settings. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Various profiles were identified, with those being characterized by a stronger presence of need satisfaction and by an absence of need frustration yielding the most adaptive outcomes.The opposite profile of low need satisfaction and high frustration yielded the most maladaptive outcomes (see also Vanhove-Meriaux et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Warburton et al. 2020 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites Rouse et al. 2020 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vanhove-Meriaux et al. 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Notably, such need-specific coping reactions may, in turn, be partially genetically determined but also rooted in developmental exposure to need-supportive or thwarting contexts (Van Petegem et al. 2017).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Van Petegem et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) links adolescents’ constructive or maladaptive coping with their histories of autonomy-need support or frustration. It does not address genetic determination, and its findings concern autonomy-related coping rather than need-specific coping generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Promising work in this are was conducted among secondary school (Ratelle and Duchesne 2014) and university (Gillet et al. 2019) students, thereby revealing considerable heterogeneity in need trajectories, although these studies focused on need satisfaction only.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ratelle and Duchesne 2014 source
- Supportedcites Gillet et al. 2019 source
The Need Satisfaction Trajectories section reports three distinct profiles among university students and says their need satisfaction fluctuated heterogeneously over a semester. The Limitations section states that the study focused solely on trajectories of global need satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Clearly, the study of need frustration as a separate dimension from need satisfsaction has extended the reach of BPNT, with need-based experiences potentially playing a unifying role between literature on psychological growth and wellbeing and literature on psychopathology and risk ( Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Further, the fact that need frustration elicits oppositional defiance may help to explain why need frustration relates to a variety of externalizing problems such as the expression of resentment towards authorities (Aelterman et al. 2016), bullying (Hein et al. 2015), cheating (Kanat-Maymon et al. 2015), aggressive behaviors (Vandenkerckhove et al. 2019a), and delinquency (Van Petegem et al. 2015a”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aelterman et al. 2016 source
- Supportedcites Hein et al. 2015 source
The Hein et al. citation is attached specifically to bullying, not to the other externalizing problems in the sentence. In the Discussion, the paper reports a significant relationship between perceived need thwarting and bullying behaviour in high-school students, fully mediated by anger. The sentence’s explanation involving oppositional defiance is the citing authors’ framing, not a finding attributed specifically to Hein et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kanat-Maymon et al. 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Such defiance is reactive in nature because the primary goal is to escape from feeling controlled (Koestner and Losier 1996).Oppositional defiance is assumed to be an unskillful way of expressing resistance against authorities (Parkin and Kuczynski 2012).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Koestner and Losier 1996 source
The Koestner and Losier citation supports the first sentence, not the separate claim about unskillful resistance, which cites Parkin and Kuczynski. In Present Studies (p. 7), the paper describes reactance as striving to restore threatened freedom and links reactive autonomy to perceiving coercion and opposing social influence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parkin and Kuczynski 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the costs of need frustration even manifest through one's dreams, with individuals appraising their dreams in a more negative way and reporting more negative dream contents on days that their needs get frustrated (Weinstein et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study 2 Brief discussion (page unavailable) reports that on days of greater need frustration, participants experienced more negative emotions in their dreams, supporting the negative-appraisal part. It also says that day-to-day need experiences were unrelated to dream themes, so the claim that they reported more negative dream contents on those days is not supported if ‘contents’ means themes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To illustrate, need-based dynamics now appear critical for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities (Frielink et al. 2019), for the engagement and productivity of crew members in a long-term mars simulation flight (Goemaere et al. 2019) and for senior adults' adjustment who face the challenge of achieving ego-integrity (Custers et al. 2012).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frielink et al. 2019 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goemaere et al. 2019 source
- Partly supportedcites Custers et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that matching nursing home residents’ needs with their fulfillment is crucial for well-being, supporting the general point about need-based dynamics and adjustment. The paper concerns nursing home residents specifically; the searched passages do not address achieving ego-integrity, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“That is, both the percentage of variance explained by interactions but also the number of obtained interactions is rather limited in most, if not all, studies (e.g., Katz et al. 2009;Van Assche et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Katz et al. 2009 source
- Supportedcites Van Assche et al. 2018 source
The paper is cited as an example, and its ‘The Moderating Role of Autonomy Desire and Valuation’ section reports that only 18.75% of tested interactions were significant across its two studies. Those interactions explained just 1–4% additional variance, supporting both parts of the claim for this example. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, adolescents who grew up in a home characterized by increasing autonomy-supportive socialization over the years perceived exposure to a new autonomy-supportive, relative to a controlling, encounter with parents as more autonomy satisfying and reacted in more constructive ways to a controlling situation (Van Petegem et al. 2017).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Van Petegem et al. 2017 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, Chinese adolescents perceive the parental practice of guiltinduction as more benign compared to Belgian teens, yet still as more controlling and autonomy-thwarting compared to autonomy support (Chen et al. 2016; see also Chao and Aque 2009).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al. 2016 source
The Discussion reports that Chinese adolescents perceived guilt-induction as less controlling than Belgian adolescents, at least in the academic domain. It also says Chinese adolescents perceived guilt-induction as more controlling than autonomy support, with greater perceived control related to more need frustration. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chao and Aque 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, experimental studies indicate that learners benefit from an autonomy-supportive teaching style, with participants' motivational differences affecting these effects only to a limited extent (e.g., Delrue et al. 2019b;De Meyer et al. 2016;Flünger et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Delrue et al. 2019b source
- Supportedcites De Meyer et al. 2016 source
The Conclusion reports that an experimental study found students’ motivation played only a modest role in the effectiveness of autonomy-supportive teaching for engagement and oppositional defiance. It recommends an autonomy-supportive stance even for students who are controlled motivated or amotivated. The study concerns physical education students, rather than learners in every setting. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Flünger et al. 2019 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“To illustrate, Wörtler et al. (2020) found in samples of both Dutch and American employees that experiences of volition, mastery, and connection at work are conducive to employees' engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, with need strength moderating these effects only to a very limited degree.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wörtler et al. (2020) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To illustrate, adolescents high and low on trait autonomous functioning experienced a controlling parental request to put out extra effort after poor exams as equally autonomy frustrating, but those high on trait autonomy did not perceive the request as illegitimate, nor did they intend to defy the request, signaling a nuanced pattern of moderation (Van Petegem et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Van Petegem et al. 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“To illustrate, the effects of need satisfaction on individuals' felt emotions (Flünger et al. 2013) andwellbeing (Van Assche et al. 2018) become gradually less strong with decreasing explicit need strength, but even those low in need strength did not benefit from dissatisfaction or frustration of their needs (see also Schüler et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Flünger et al. 2013 source
- Partly supportedcites Van Assche et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites Schüler et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, psychologically controlling parenting (i.e., a specific type of need-thwarting parenting characterized by love withdrawal and guilt-induction) has been found to relate to more internalizing problems irrespective of children's Big Five personality traits but to relate to externalizing problems mainly among children low on agreeableness (Mabbe et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mabbe et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Primary Analyses (page not provided) find that psychological control was related to externalizing problems among adolescents low in Agreeableness, but not those high in Agreeableness. The claim overstates the internalizing finding: in Sample 1, mother-reported psychological control was unrelated to internalizing problems among adolescents high in Extraversion or Emotional Stability, although adolescent-reported control showed no such moderation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, Big Five personality traits (Mabbe et al. 2016) and differences in need strength (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2001) have not been shown to reliably affect the functional role of need satisfactions on developmental outcomes.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mabbe et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Primary Analyses report that none of the Big Five traits significantly moderated the association between need frustration and adolescents’ problem behaviors. However, the Methods section says the study measured need frustration rather than need satisfaction, and its outcomes were problem behaviors rather than developmental outcomes generally. The separate claim about need strength is attributed to Sheldon et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Sheldon et al. 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Substantive Analyses (p. 6) found that need-strength interactions, as a set, did not significantly predict event-related affect, although one interaction was significant. The Summarizing the Results section (p. 12) likewise says need preferences did not moderate the main effects. This supports the cited point about need strength, but the paper tested event-related affect, not developmental outcomes; the Big Five portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To illustrate, positive feedback was found to promote greater interest and enjoyment of an activity (Vallerand and Reid 1984), an effect accounted for by the satisfaction of individuals' need for competence (De Muynck et al. 2017).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle is affected by ongoing need satisfactions and frustrations (e.g., Ng et al. 2012), with a healthy lifestyle feeding back into individuals' need-based experiences (Campbell et al. 2018c).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ng et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell et al. 2018c source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Different from Bagheri and Milyavskaya (2020), they reported some evidence for the moderating role of openness to experience in the relation between novelty satisfaction and well-being (cfr.Basic Criterion #5).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites González-Cutre et al. 2020 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Autonomy and competence were most salient during self-generated satisfying events and accounted for substantial variation in event-related affect.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Controlling for SDT's three basic needs, novelty satisfaction was found to still contribute to individuals' motivation and adjustment during exercising (Study 1) and to well-being (Study 2), while its frustration was related negatively to well-being (Study 2; cfr.Basic Criterion #2).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites González-Cutre et al. 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Defining novelty-variety as the individual's perception of experiencing or doing something new, including the possibility to swith things up in different combinations, Bagheri and Milyavskaya (2020) showed in a series of correlational and vignette-based experimental studies that novelty-variety can be factor-analytically separated from the other needs (Basic Criterion #4), that it contributes”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bagheri and Milyavskaya 2020 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their contribution to the special issue, they provided further evidence by showing that moral satisfaction is related to the enactment of moral behaviors and to wellness at both between-and within-person levels of analysis, thereby satisfying Basic Criterion #5.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Prentice et al. 2020 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Concerns about self-worth largely surface on moments when the basic psychological needs are frustrated (Bartholomew et al. 2018), and thus the dynamics of self-esteem are primarily dependent upon the basic needs (Ryan and Brown 2003).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bartholomew et al. 2018 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Brown 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the heart of BPNT (Ryan and Deci 2017) is the argument that individuals have a limited set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is essential for flourishing and well-being.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Deci 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fourth, a basic psychological need in BPNT should be sufficiently distinct from other identified basic needs, both experientially and dynamically.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“BPNT considers both the satisfaction and frustration of these three needs, with frustration representing a stronger and more threatening experience than the mere absence of its fulfilment.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > BPNT's trio of needs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Deci 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, deprivation or frustration of these needs diminishes flourishing and increases risk for ill-being and psychopathology.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Basic criteria
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Consistent with the growth-instead of deficit-oriented character of basic needs within BPNT, people would have a propensity to actively seek activities, goals, and relationships in which they can experience a sense of volition, mastery, and connection, and to avoid need frustrating counterparts (Laporte et al. 2019;Weinstein et al. 2016a).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Laporte et al. 2019
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weinstein et al. 2016a source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
In the paper
“Technically, basic psychological needs should be context-responsive constructs (Prentice et al. 2019), thus systematically showing variability as a function of contextual variations, while also mediating the relation between variations in social environments and individuals' psychosocial adjustment.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Prentice et al. 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Experiencing failure (Waterschoot et al. 2020), feeling conflicted about identity-relevant choices (Assor et al. 2020), or feeling lonely (Baumeister and Leary 1995) each denote experiences of psychological need frustration.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, much like other potential need candidates, such as self-actualization (Maslow 1971) and meaning (Martela and Steger 2016), self-esteem represents an outcome that follows from having psychological needs fulfilled.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Maslow 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Martela and Steger 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“People should also gravitate towards need-supportive contexts, a tendency more visible for those with high levels of agency (Legault et al. 2017;Patall et al. 2019;Reeve 2013).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observation that the psychological needs are involved in such phenotypically diverse phenomena speaks to the pervasive impact of these psychological needs and underscores the parsimony of BPNT as a theoretical framework.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Associated criteria
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that need-based experiences are implicated in the way people think about and handle their final destiny again speaks to the essential and pervasive nature of the SDT's current three basic needs.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It is in this sense that Ryan and Deci (2017) argued that 'distinct human natures' (p.620) can manifest as a function of not only genetic inclinations, but also contextual variations in basic need supports and thwarts and their interplay (Van Assche et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In older adults, reflections on need frustration across one's life relate to death anxiety, in part because higher need frustration is associated with greater feelings of despair, bitterness, and regret (Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“relatedness does not only involve a sense of connection and mutuality at the individual level (e.g.Fedesco et al. 2019), but extends to feelings of inclusion and harmony at the group level (Kelly et al. 2008;Sheldon and Bettencourt 2002) as well as experiences of care vis-à-vis the broader society, the universe, and even the proposed need-candidate relatedness with nature (Baxter and Pelletier 201”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conceptual considerations
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“beneficence satisfaction initially appeared to conform to the criteria of a basic need (Martela and Ryan 2016;Martela et al. 2018), with subsequent work indicating that frustration of beneficence may fail to yield a unique contribution.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conceptual considerations
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, findings concerning compensatory, substitute, and reactive processes associated with need frustration attest to the dynamic nature of needrelated processes, and the depth in psychological functioning afforded by BPNT (Ryan and Deci 2017).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ryan and Deci 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Illustrating such a potentially transdiagnostic role, Campbell et al. (2018a) showed that need frustration not only predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms and eating pathology, but also largely accounted for their cooccurrence and co-evolution across time (Campbell et al. 2018a).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell et al. (2018a) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Apart from BPNT's basic psychological needs, people also require food, water, air, sex, sleep and other inputs to survive and to be physically healthy, as noted by drive-based theories (Hull 1943).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Theme 3: What is the interplay between basic psychological and basic physical needs?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hull 1943
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, basic need frustration was found to underlie phenotypically different symptoms and to explain why these symptoms cluster at the surface level.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There is growing and varied evidence showing how experiences of need frustration can elicit insecurity about self-worth and, as one compensatory strategy, foster egoinvolved behaviors.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an experimental study, Waterschoot et al. (2020) showed that participants dispositionally high on resilience displayed an attentional bias towards competence-relevant cues in response to manipulated negative feedback.In turn, this attentional shift was found to be functional in recovering from the blow to their competence need.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Waterschoot et al. (2020) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although defiance may be undertaken to restore threatened psychological needs and to regain a sense of independence and freedom, longitudinal research suggests that defiant adolescents become increasingly alienated from their personal preferences and interests, experiencing decreasing autonomy over time (Van Petegem et al. 2015b).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Petegem et al. 2015b source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, the difference between mental health and risk for psychopathology is a matter of continuity, with need-relevant dynamics playing a role both in actualizing individuals' potential for growth and in awakening vulnerabilities for psychopathology, as manifest in both subclinical and clinical disorders (Ryan et al. 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ryan et al. 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies have included measures of somatization and physical symptoms as indicators of ill-being (e.g., Reinboth et al. 2004;Reis et al. 2000), which were found to stem from low need satisfaction and especially high need frustration.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Theme 3: What is the interplay between basic psychological and basic physical needs?
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Skinner, Edge, Altman, and Sherwood (2003) identified for each of the three needs a family of need-relevant (mal)adaptive coping strategies that deserve more empirical attention.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Skinner, Edge, Altman, and Sherwood (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“semester-to-semester fluctuations in students' need frustration covaried with semester-to-semester fluctuations in contingent self-worth (Bartholomew et al. 2018).Similarly, children's tendency to experience self-aggrandizement following success, and shame and inferiority following failure, appears to be associated with need-thwarting parenting styles (Assor and Tal 2012).Further, an obsessive”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Motivational costs and Ill-being
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike ARC, which represent growth needs, these deficit needs become salient and operative when unfulfilled, with their salience again waning when satisfied.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Theme 3: What is the interplay between basic psychological and basic physical needs?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Ironically, the hoped-for emotional benefits associated with the pursuit of extrinsic goals are often overestimated (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2010).In reality, the pursuit of extrinsic goals and even their attainment has been found to relate to diminished need satisfaction and increased need frustration, which helps explain their detrimental effects on wellbeing (Hope et al. 2019;Leung and Law 2019;Un”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Need substitutes
What the sources say
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, in his highly popularized need-hierarchy Maslow (1954) proposed, in addition to these physiological needs, a physical need for safety and security, which involves being protected against physical harm, uncertainty, and pain.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Theme 3: What is the interplay between basic psychological and basic physical needs?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Maslow (1954) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Holding et al. (2020) illustrate how this can occur.In two large samples of university students, Holding et al. reported that individuals with more extrinsic goals had more controlled motives for the key career goal they had selected for themselves in the beginning of an academic year, which led them to forego the pursuit of psychological need-satisfying activities during the year.Such”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Need substitutes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Holding et al. (2020) source
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using an event-contingent diary methodology, Smith (2007) reported that undergraduates who experienced greater autonomy, competence, and relatedness during sexual interactions reported more positive outcomes (e.g.relaxed, satisfied) and less negative outcomes (e.g., regret, guilt).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smith (2007) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Van Egmond et al. (2020) examined whether resource scarcity, including the deprivation of food and clean water on a daily basis, may attenuate the beneficial role of Malawian adolescent girls' psychological need satisfaction.No evidence for moderation was found, suggesting that psychological need satisfaction contributes to self-esteem, even among adolescents growing up in very poor circumstances.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Egmond et al. (2020) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Congruent with this reasoning, the experimental induction of prospective economic threat, relative to a nothreat condition, was sufficient to undermine participants' needs for autonomy and competence, which explained their decreased well-being (Dupuis and Newby-Clark 2016).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dupuis and Newby-Clark 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably, on days that one's needs get frustrated, binge eating is more tempting because it may compensate for the negative affect associated with need frustration.Also, need frustration has a direct energydepleting effect, which helps to explain break-downs in selfcontrol on such days.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In terms of individuals' physiological need for food, several studies have now reported that need satisfaction is predictive of healthier eating patterns, whereas need frustration predicts unhealthy and disrupted eating (e.g.Pelletier and Dion 2007).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pelletier and Dion 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Rather, the setting of expectations (Vansteenkiste et al. 2012), the monitoring of whereabouts (Rodriguez-Meirinhos et al. 2019), and the provision of feedback (Carpentier and Mageau 2013) can be done in more autonomy-supportive or controlling ways”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Theme 4: Are there new insights in the conditions that affect need-based experiences?
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Potentially explaining these dynamics, need frustration was associated with higher stress which, in turn, predicts dysfunctional pre-sleep cognitions that interfere with sleep patterns (Campbell et al. 2017(Campbell et al. , 2018b)).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Performing cross-lagged analyses, Tavernier et al. (2019) reported that, after controlling for multiple covariates (i.e., personality, chronotype, sleep medication, self-esteem, social desirability), need fulfillment among university students predicted improved sleep quality and an increase in sleep duration during the weekend (but not over the week) over one semester, while sleep patterns did not”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tavernier et al. (2019) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For instance, in sport athletes, both training-to-training (Carpentier and Mageau 2016) and game-to-game (Delrue et al. 2017) variation in experienced need-supportiveness are predictive of athletes' self-confidence, autonomous sport motivation and their pro-and anti-social play.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Campbell et al. (2018c) reported on a controlled sleep deprivation experiment in which participants were deprived of sleep for three consecutive nights (i.e., 5 h per night).Although reduced sleep had an immediate energy-depleting effect after the first night, it took three nights before need satisfaction was eroded, with a reduction in morning energy and an impaired mindful approach during the”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell et al. (2018c) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The notion that all human beings would share a similar set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is critical for well-being, flourishing, and psychological growth initially elicited quite some debate.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discussion centered especially on the need for autonomy, the most disputed need.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, autonomy was conceived as an attribute that should come only in moderate doses or that would be beneficial only to specific groups of individuals, such as those growing up in individualistic cultures (Markus and Kitayama 2003), adolescents who increasingly strive for more self-reliance (Zimmer-Gembeck and Collins 2003), and highly educated employees who are socialized in taking init”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Markus and Kitayama 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Zimmer-Gembeck and Collins 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Snibbe and Markus 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Second, BPNT's universality claim especially holds with respect to the output-side of the model: any person, regardless of sociodemographic or psychological characteristics, should benefit, in one way or another, from need satisfaction and suffer from need frustration, if subjectively experienced (e.g., Vansteenkiste et al. 2006).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vansteenkiste et al. 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To illustrate, parents' request to monitor homework may be perceived as intrusive and meddlesome by some children, thwarting their need for autonomy, whereas for others it may be experienced as useful and constructive guidance so they can competently complete their homework (e.g., Moe et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moe et al. 2018 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The diversity of countries being sampled in the current special issues is remarkable, with participants coming from Brazil, Israel, Belgium, Peru, Canada, Turkey, Malawi, the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Korea, and with all studies reporting various benefits in relation to ARC satisfaction and costs in relation to ARC frustration (see also Benita et al. 2020).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Benita et al. 2020 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such views the benefits of autonomy depend on one's culture, age, and social class.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
plainconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This circumplex serves as a guide or compass for socializing agents because, as can be expected, subareas on the right side in the model (i.e., attuning, guiding) yield the strongest correlates with need satisfaction and with desirable outcomes, whereas those on the left side (i.e., abandoning, domineering) yield the strongest correlates with need frustration and undesirable outcomes.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conceptual innovations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, having provided evidence for the measurement equivalence of the BPNSNF scale across Chinese, Belgian, American, and Peruvian university students, Chen et al. (2015a) reported that their need-based model held across different countries (see also Church et al. 2013;Sheldon et al. 2011;Taylor and Lonsdale 2010).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chen et al. (2015a)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Church et al. 2013 source
- Not matchedcites Sheldon et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, by conceiving autonomy as a universal psychological need, the claim made in SDT was that any person better thrives when this need is satisfied.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To illustrate, Jang et al. (2016b) provided more refined insights in the way how choice can be implemented in the classroom by showing that teaching a lesson in student preferred vs. non-preferred ways promoted greater autonomy, in turn, relating to greater engagement and learning.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conceptual innovations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jang et al. (2016b) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Effective intervention programs for teachers (e.g., Cheon and Reeve 2015), parents (e.g., Joussemet et al. 2014;Moe et al. 2018) and coaches (e.g., Reynders et al. 2019) are now available, showing benefits for both the persons being motivated and for the socializing agents themselves.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies indicate that socializing agents can be trained to adopt a more need-supportive style and to move away from a need-thwarting style.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Advancements
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most scholars emphasizing the limited benefits associated with autonomy have defined autonomy as acting independently and making independent choices, whereas autonomy within SDT implies that one's actions, thoughts, and feelings are undergirded by a sense of volition and authenticity.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such volitional functioning can characterize independent behavior, when one wants to act on one's own, as well as a willing dependency on others for inputs and guidance (Soenens et al. 2018).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > A retrospective look
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Soenens et al. 2018
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall then, the circumplex structure is in need of replication, extension, and refinement in diverse age groups, life domains, and cultures.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Illustrative in this context is work by Marbell-Pierre et al. (2019), who reported that parental provision of choice related to positive developmental outcomes among US, but not among Ghanaian adolescents.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marbell-Pierre et al. (2019) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present overview makes clear that, today, research on basic psychological needs is active and growing.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conclusion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not only the broader cultural ambience but also the more immediate family environment may alter the meaning attributed to need-relevant practices.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such findings are fully congruent with the circumplex model, which suggests that the attuning approach may be more directly need-nurturing, while the participative approach is merely need-enabling (Aelterman et al. 2019).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aelterman et al. 2019 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concern for basic psychological needs also has implications for (re)organizing schools and work settings, as well as for developing sustainable health care and welfare policies.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a controlling response was less favorable in both situations compared to an autonomy-supportive one, the context of disturbance attenuated some of the costs associated with coach control.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, although need frustration and contextual need thwarting are generally detrimental to development and psychological growth, there is some evidence that interindividual differences determine the type of costs associated with need frustration and perceived need-thwarting socialization.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, specific situational features may play a role in altering the perceived meaning and effectiveness of needsupportive and need-thwarting practices.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For instance, American compared to Chinese elementary school children perceived a controlling teacher as more hurtful and controlling, which was reflected in their reduced motivation for schoolwork (Zhou et al. 2012).”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhou et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, there is no evidence that individuals suffer from basic need satisfaction, or show gains from frustrations; if anything, the nutritional basis of need satisfaction is more pronounced for some individuals.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on BPNT, the topic of basic psychological needs has been studied by researchers across the world, presumably because it touches upon fundamental theoretical questions regarding our human nature and carries far-reaching practical implications for parents, educators, managers, coaches and other social relationships.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is some evidence for gradations in the strength of the benefits and costs associated with, respectively, subjectively felt basic need satisfaction and need frustration, no evidence for cross-over interactions has emerged.”
§ Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions > Empirical findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
“Specifically, in the organismic view that underpins SDT (see Deci and Ryan 1985;Ryan 1995), it is assumed that human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychological needs form an ingrained part of our psychological make-up.
“The assumption that psychological needs form an ingrained part of our psychological make-up opposes blank slate conceptions in which people's needs, values, and satisfactions are scripted or programmed into individuals by social environments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are energizing forces within human nature that foster psychological growth and proactivity.
“Instead, BPNT gives recognition to the idea that there are energizing forces within human nature that foster psychological growth and proactivity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Full functioning requires the satisfaction of both psychological and physiological/safety needs.
“Based on the assumption that full functioning requires the satisfaction of both psychological and physiological/safety needs”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Individuals are vulnerable for being self-centered, passive, and aggressive.
“SDT's meta-theoretical assumption that individuals are vulnerable for being selfcentered, passive, and aggressive”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is a growth tendency supported by universal needs.
“because the assumption of a growth tendency supported by universal needs contradicts their blank slate, culture-as-script understanding of human propensities”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Teachers provide structure to support students' need for competence.”
From Blending Teacher Autonomy Support and Provision of Structure in the Classroom for Optimal Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Vansteenkiste et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Finally, the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, both in general and via media use specifically, has been linked to various psychological well-being indicators (e.g., Johnson et al., 2020; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Vansteenkiste et al., 2020
Citations
Cites
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Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Self-citationIntrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
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Self-citationThe need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
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Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
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Self-citationValidation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
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“While relatedness may be typically viewed as a sense of connection to other humans at the individual level (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020) there is growing interest in other, possibly richer and more multifaceted, opportunities for connection.”
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“20,37 We acknowledge that parallel cross-domain moderation tests represent a valuable direction for future research.”
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“…to be considered a basic psychological need, it must fulfill specific criteria: it must be independent, essential, universal, and demonstrate an association with functioning that extends beyond immediate psychological responses, with negative consequences occurring when it is frustrated [16,17].”
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“In other words, SDT investigates people’s inherent growth tendencies and the basic psychological needs that lead to self-motivation (i.e., motivation that exists without the presence of controlling external rewards) and flourishing [44].”
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“The satisfaction of these needs is essential for optimal functioning, well-being, and adaptive development (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
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Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Trigueros, R., Fernandez-Ortega, C., & Miralles‐Dionis, M. D. M. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71419
Ma, H., Liu, T., Liu, L., Yin, Z., & Zhao, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1811566
“…new empirical support for applying self-determination theory to early adulthood populations and reaf-firms the central argument that the fulfillment of basic psychological needs serves as the deep-seated driving force for constructing meaning in life (Klein, 2019; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Student Dropout Prediction in Higher Education Using Generative AI and Large Language Models
Nadim, M. A., Marsico, E., Fuccio, R. D., Saqr, M., Naseem, U., Khan, S. A., & Nawaz, U. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09905-1_28
Cruz, M. A. L., Camus, G. O., Bravo, E. M. M., et al. (2026) · Gifted Education International · doi:10.1177/02614294261444257
“Indeed, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence is vital for their well-being (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Factors Influencing Retention and Advancement of Auditing ProfessionalsPreprint
Espahbodi, R., & Pencle, N. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6602878
Ke, X., & LOU, V. W. Q. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07525-4
“Basic psychological needs are considered universal across individuals and contexts [64], and their satisfaction is strongly associated with well-being [38, 54].”
Supporting teacher harmonious passion through Transformative Leadership Conversation
Adams, C. M., Adigun, O. B., & Fiegener, A. M. (2026) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2026.2654878
Niu, H., & Zhao, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1809028
“Central to SDT is the concept of basic psychological needs (BPN)—namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness— which are considered essential prerequisites for psychological health and adaptive behavior (5).”
Keleş, D. Ö. Ç., & Çetin, F. (2026) · Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.29029/busbed.1851705
Practice behavior of first-year university music students: thriving in unusual times
Nusseck, M., Heuser, F., Spahn, C., Drinda, J., & Mornell, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1771837
“To investigate effects within the two surveys (Survey 1: 2018–2019 and Survey 2: 2019–2020), both surveys were analyzed separately with the repeated factor time (the two measurements) and the random factor institution (UMGer and UCLA).”
Bordbar, S., Beigzadeh, A., Daneshi, S., et al. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72131
“Some of these theories and their connection to the topic under discussion include Self‐ Determination Theory (SDT) [31], Constructivism [32], Vy-gotsky's Sociocultural Theory [33], Social Cognitive Theories [34], and Metacognitive Strategies [35].”
Zhang, Q., Zhou, B., Yi, D., Dong, Y., Ma, A., & Qi, K. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04682-4
“Self-determination theory (SDT) highlights that frustration of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness as a core marker of maladaptive functioning in adverse interpersonal contexts [17, 18].”
Koçak, A. A., PEKER, M., Ersoy, N. C., & İldiri, N. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09472-0
“…to this theory, human behavior is guided by three universal psychological needs: autonomy (experiencing volition and psychological freedom), competence (feeling effective in one’s environment), and related - ness (feeling connected and cared for; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Im, C.-H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1810460
“Self-determination theory: strengths and tensions SDT posits that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are universal, innate psychological needs whose satisfaction promotes internalization, intrinsic motivation, and well-being (Deci and Ryan, 2000; Ryan and Deci, 2020; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
InfluentialA META-ANALYSIS OF AUTONOMOUS AND CONTROLLED FORMS OF TEACHER MOTIVATIONPreprint
Field, J. G., & Slemp, G. R. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Ni, Z., Wang, C., Yang, P., Dong, R., Chen, D., & Shi, J. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04733-w
“Despite their relevance, these constructs have most often been examined separately [6, 7], and evidence remains scarce in aerobic gymnastics, especially among late-specializing elite athletes [8].”
de Bruijn, A. G. M., Hartman, E., Mombarg, R., & Timmermans, A. C. (2026) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2024-0337
Pergelova, A., Zwiegelaar, J., & Smale, B. J. A. (2026) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/02662426261438440
Cumulative benefits of nature: Childhood nature experiences and daily well-being in young adults
Liu, Q., Wang, S., Niu, X., Li, C., Guo, T., Chen, X., & Kong, F. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103076
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“A need qualifies as basic when its satisfaction is vital for well-being, while its frustration leads to ill-being, passivity,”
Huang, X., Zhang, S., Wang, D., & Wang, C. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70686
Yang, S., Yang, X., Li, X., Chen, L., Zheng, Y., & Dai, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1818069
“On the contrary, it suggests that CSE, as an important psychological resource, may exert its role primarily through indirect pathways within a more stringent longitudinal framework (55).”
From AI use to positive functioning: The roles of trust and need satisfaction
Watermann, L., Lermer, E., & Kubowitsch, S. (2026) · Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) · doi:10.1007/s11612-026-00886-9 · Cited by 1
de Araújo, P. C., & Kasseboehmer, A. C. (2026) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6c00090 · Cited by 1
Cai, L., & Wu, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1858248
“The satisfaction of these three needs is a prerequisite for the internalization of external regulations into self-endorsed values, which in turn stimulates high-quality behavioral engagement and psychological wellbeing (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Omar, W. S. A. E.-S., Fouad, R. A., Hammad, H. A., Mohamed, H. R., Othman, A. A., & Mansy, A. M. A. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2672087
Teacher Self-Efficacy and Technology-Integrated Pedagogy: Mediating Roles of Motivation and ICT
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Is new always better? Novelty as a candidate basic psychological need in second language learning
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The Capability Model in Relation to Work
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Kaplan, H., Cohen, H., Al-Said, H., & Asaf, M. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16060849
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“…development— such as allowing teachers to set individualized learning goals, choose instructional use cases, and reflect on pedagogical alignment—has been shown to enhance inter - nalization and sustained technology engagement (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020 ; Tondeur et al., 2017 ).”
Aygün, Y., Tüfekçi, Ş., Böke, H., Yagin, B., Berktaş, H., Canpolat, B., Turhan, F. H., Norman, G., & Güldoğan, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1762732
“Environments that support the satisfaction of these needs are more likely to facilitate the internalization of motivation (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Exploring how executive function and motivation shape deep and surface learning
Pretorius, L., & Heyns, M. M. (2026) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-02-2026-0006
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“All three of them are essential for people ’ s optimal physical, psychological, and social development (Ryan & Deci, 2017; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Gagnon-Béland, C., Austin, S., & St-Pierre, L. (2026) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1155/nuf/8382280
Students’ evaluation of motivational design tradeoffs in higher educational gamification
Jedel, I. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2667456
Modelling the digital learning environment of older adults with peer support: a factorial approach
Tirado-Morueta, R., López-Sánchez, F., Rodriguez-Alarcon, L., & Duarte-Hueros, A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1728714
Yuhang, C., Zeng, R., Xueqing, G., Jing, F., Li, Z., Zhaoxia, D., Yuanyuan, T., Li, D., & Qian, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1832763
“Recent evidence suggests that basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration are not opposite poles of a single continuum, but rather relatively independent dimensions that may co-occur within individuals and form complex psychological patterns (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Espinoza, J. A., & Meyer, J. P. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01063-x
“Indeed, demonstrating cross-domain relevance has emerged as a major component of arguments for the pervasive influence of psychological needs (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Li, X., Lin, Z., Huang, G., & Cui, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1815184 · Cited by 1
“…studies across organizational settings provide convergent evidence that satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs is associated with more adaptive motivational functioning, including intrinsic or autonomous motivation (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020; Demircioglu and Chen, 2019).”
Tapia‐Serrano, M. Á., García‐González, L., Pérez-Lasierra, J. L., & Sevil‐Serrano, J. (2026) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2026.500193
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Zada, M., Zada, S., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2026) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-026-02896-x
“The theory focuses on basic needs like physical health and autonomy, which are essential for individuals to participate fully in their social and cultural contexts [65].”
Contextualized job crafting model: a quantitative study in the context of Pakistan
Aslam, A., Kamran, M., & Siddiqui, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1839632
“As these three needs are fundamental to optimal human functioning, their fulfillment in the workplace is essential for psychosocial adjustment and employee wellbeing (30).”
Palmer, A., O'Connor, D. B., Janardhana, N., Khandeparkar, P., Bhola, P., Prabhu, S. G., L., K. A., Arelingaiah, M., Jayalaxmi, K. P., Nag, R., et al. (2026) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.70051
Demand-Side Preparedness: Strategic Planning for Advantage under Environmental ShocksPreprint
Canseco, M. S. D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6911315
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Ameen, F., & Alardhi, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9994486/v1
Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09624-2
“Future research should incorporate rigorous investiga - tive methodologies to elucidate causal links between Tin - der use and psychological well-being (Vansteenkiste et., 2020).”
Shi, M., Song, T., Zhu, Z., & Lee, Y. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3812902 · Cited by 1
“Its core component, Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT), identifies autonomy, competence, and relatedness as central conditions for well-being across cultures and life stages [79, 85].”
Gao, L., & Wang, W. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04926-3
“…these initial insights the theory expanded into a family of mini-theories—cognitive evaluation, organis-mic integration, causality orientations, basic needs, goal contents, and relationships motivation—each addressing a distinct facet of how social environments shape inner motivational life [18].”
Agudelo, N., Cuadro, A., Barg, G., Queirolo, E. I., Mañáy, N., & Kordas, K. (2026) · European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research · doi:10.12973/ejper.9.2.73
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Koçak, A. A., & Uçanok, Z. (2026) · Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.51503/gpd.1465840
Rural Physicians' Motivation to Participate in a Peer Coaching Program
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Wang, M., Akhter, S., & Tan, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1815314 · Cited by 1
“When needs are chronically thwarted, individuals experience defensive functioning, controlled motivation, and impoverished well-being (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Tripathi, S. (2026) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2025-5949
The Need to Experience Something New: Novelty as a Basic Psychological Need in University Students
Alardhi, Y., & Pugh, K. J. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16060926
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“Individuals often seek compensatory strategies to reduce the distress and sense of threat that arise from unmet needs (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Differentiated Adaptive Leadership–Motivation Model for Higher Education Teachers’ Well-being
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Daily need experiences across office and remote workdays
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Beyond Interaction Volume: Platform Visibility and Engagement Quality in Digital Game Consumption
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“…most likely when basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied; in that framework, the experience of choice, personal sense of the project, and optimal challenge favor sustained engagement (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2017; Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
How Individuals Experience Autonomy in Agile Project Teams
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Wang, S., Liu, X., & Liu, X. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2026-3-10
“When individuals experience relational exclusion, rejection, or loneliness, they may suffer from RNF (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Vansteenkiste, Maarten
- Venue
- Motivation and Emotion
- Published
- 2020-01-21
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-31
- ISSN
- 0146-7239 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6644
- OpenAlex
- W3001065916
- Cited by
- 1,891
- References
- 343
- Citations by year
- 2026: 415 · 2025: 328 · 2024: 316 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 229 · 2021: 179 · 2020: 53
- FWCI
- 226.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Motivation and Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- basic psychological needs, self-determination theory, need frustration, psychological need satisfaction, sleep, sex, hunger, maladjustment, motivation, wellness
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