Sex differences in the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on vasopressin messenger RNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats
Open accessAbstract
Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin- immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats. This sex difference does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, since it persists in males and females that are treated with similar levels of testosterone. To analyze the cellular basis of this sex difference, we compared the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on AVP mRNA expression in the BST of males and females that were gonadectomized at 3 months of age. When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. When, in a second experiment, rats received implants of either empty tubing, or tubing with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E), or E plus DHT, hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants. E treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but significantly more so in males, which had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression, but when given in combination with E, it significantly increased the number of cells over that of animals treated with E alone. This increase was seen in males only. However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only, but more so in males than in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In gonadectomized adult rats given similar testosterone implants, males had more vasopressin (AVP) mRNA-labeled cells and more labeling per cell in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) than females. Estradiol stimulated AVP mRNA in both sexes but more in males, and adding dihydrotestosterone increased labeled-cell number only in males, suggesting sex differences in estrogen and androgen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing BST cells.
Key findings
- With similar testosterone implants, males had more BST cells labeled for AVP mRNA than females (ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = 1/11, p < 0.01) and more grains per labeled cell (ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = 1/11, p < 0.05).
- In the metabolite experiment, overall males had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells than females (F = 16.98, df = 1/45, p < 0.0005), treatment affected labeled-cell number (F = 114.32, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001), and treatment effects differed by sex (F = 8.43, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001).
- Estradiol (E) significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but E-treated males had significantly more labeled cells than E-treated females. DHT alone did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression; E+DHT increased labeled-cell number over E alone in males only.
- Among E- and E+DHT-treated animals, males had more grains per labeled cell than females (F = 14.93, df = 1/23, p < 0.001), and E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (F = 6.46, df = 1/23, p < 0.05); the sex × treatment interaction for grains per cell did not reach significance (F = 3.82, df = 1/23, p = 0.063).
Methods
- Adult male and female Long-Evans rats (80–90 d old) were gonadectomized and implanted with Silastic tubing. Experiment 1: 7 males and 6 females received testosterone implants. Experiment 2: rats received empty implants (7 males, 7 females), DHT (6 males, 6 females), estradiol (6 males, 8 females), or E+DHT (6 males, 7 females).
- Animals were decapitated 4 weeks after implantation; brains were sectioned and processed for in situ hybridization for AVP mRNA in the BST, with labeled cells and grains counted under dark-field illumination by experimenters blind to specimen identity.
- Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (experiment 1) or three-way ANOVA (experiment 2) with sex and treatment as between-subject variables and side of brain as a repeated measure, followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc tests for significant interactions.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section.
- Stated in the text: in the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, labeled cells and grain density could not be determined accurately; and the sex × treatment interaction for grains per labeled cell in E- versus E+DHT-treated animals failed to reach significance (p = 0.063).
- Evident from the text: group sizes were small (6–8 animals per group), hormone levels were not measured in this study but cited from prior implant characterizations, and grain analysis was restricted to E- and E+DHT-treated groups because empty- and DHT-treated animals had virtually no labeled cells.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
1 of 26 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Virtually all AVP-producing cells in the BST are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors.
“since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990;Zhou et al., 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990 source
The Double-staining of ER and VP-NP section (page unavailable) reports estrogen-receptor staining in parvocellular VP cells of the BST and says no VP-NP-positive cells without that staining were seen there. The paper does not report androgen-receptor immunoreactivity in those cells, so it supports only the estrogen-receptor part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Zhou et al., 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
None of the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, or paraventricular nuclei showed notable differences among the different hormonal conditions.
“None of these nuclei, however, showed any notable differences among the different hormonal conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression in the BST of gonadectomized male or female rats.
“DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“while DHT when given by itself did not influence either.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In females, treatment with E plus DHT did not increase the number of AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST compared to treatment with E alone.
“However, females treated with E+DHT did not show more cells than females treated with E only.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“This increase was seen in males only.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
In gonadectomized adult rats treated with testosterone implants, males had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST than females.
“After receiving similar implants of testosterone, male rats had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST (Figs. 1,2; ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = l/l 1, p < 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
In both sexes, treatment with E plus DHT increased the labeling per AVP mRNA-labeled cell in the BST compared to treatment with E alone.
“In addition, E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (Figs. 5, 6; ANOVA, F = 6.46, df = l/23, p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
The interaction of sex and E+DHT treatment on grains per AVP mRNA-labeled cell did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.063).
“Although the E+DHT treatment seemed to elevate the grain density specifically in males, the interaction of sex and treatment failed to reach significance (ANOVA, F = 3.82, df = l/23, p = 0.063).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Findingown data
In gonadectomized adult rats treated with testosterone implants, males had more grains per AVP mRNA-labeled cell in the BST than females.
“and more grains per labeled cell (Fig. 3; ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = l/l 1, p < 0.05) than female rats.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
E+DHT treatment increased labeling per cell more in males than in females.
“but more so in males than in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Findingown data
Treatment with empty implants resulted in virtually no AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST of gonadectomized male and female rats.
“hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Since treatment with empty tubing or with DHT resulted in a loss of virtually all labeled cells in males as well as females, analysis of the number of grains over cells was done only in E-treated and E+DHT-treated animals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Estradiol treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both male and female gonadectomized rats.
“E treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The post hoc Newman Keuls test indicated that E-treated males and females had significantly more AVP mRNAlabeled cells than males and females given empty tubing or tubing with DHT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
- Findingown data
Estradiol-treated males had more grains per AVP mRNA-labeled cell in the BST than estradiol-treated females.
“In these two groups, male rats showed more grains per labeled cell in the BST than females (Fig. 5; ANOVA, F = 14.93, df = l/23, p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Findingown data
In males, treatment with E plus DHT significantly increased the number of AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST compared to treatment with E alone.
“Furthermore, if males were treated with E+DHT, they showed significantly more cells than males treated with E only.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“but when given in combination with E, it significantly increased the number of cells over that of animals treated with E alone.This increase was seen in males only.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
Estradiol-treated males had significantly more AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST than estradiol-treated females.
“E-treated males, however, showed significantly more labeled cells than E-treated females.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“but significantly more so in males, which had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats.
“Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“the BST in males contains about two times as many AVP-ir cells, or cells that can be labeled for AVP mRNA as the BST in females (Van Leeuwen et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1989b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Van Leeuwen et al., 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Miller et al., 1989b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites De Vries et al., 198 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
The sex difference in AVP-ir cells in the BST does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, as it persists when males and females are treated with similar levels of testosterone.
“This sex difference does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, since it persists in males and females that are treated with similar levels of testosterone.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The sex differences in AVP immunostaining of the BST projections remain present even when males and females are treated equally with testosterone (De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990 source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
DHT given in combination with E enhances AVP immunostaining in castrated male rats.
“However, if DHT is given in combination with E, it enhances AVP immunostaining (De Vries et al., 1986).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Vries et al., 1986 source
- Interpretationown data
Sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling cannot be explained merely by sex differences in the conversion of testosterone into E.
“However, since males had still more AVP mRNA-labeled cells and more grains per labeled cell than females after receiving similar E treatment, the sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling cannot be explained merely by sex differences in the conversion of testosterone into E.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Premisecitation
Estradiol partially restores AVP immunostaining in castrated male rats.
“Estradiol (E)-which is an estrogenic metabolite of testosterone generated by aromatization (Naftolin et al., 1975)-partially restores AVP immunostaining in castrated male rats”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Vries et al., 1986 source
- Premisecitation
No sex differences have been found in the number of estrogen receptors in the BST.
“Although no sex differences have been found in the number of estrogen receptors in the BST (Brown et al., 1988(Brown et al., , 1992) )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
Sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling in intact animals cannot be explained merely by differences in circulating hormones.
“The present study, however, shows that sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling of BST cells remain present even if males and females are treated with similar amounts of testosterone, suggesting that sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling in intact animals cannot be explained merely by differences in circulating hormones.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Premisecitation
There are no clearly recognizable androgen- and estrogen-responsive elements on the promoter region of the AVP gene.
“Since there are no clearly recognizable androgen-and estrogen-responsive elements on the promoter region ofthe AVP gene (Adan and Burbach, 1992;Young, 1992)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
There are sex differences in estrogen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing cells.
“The slightly higher proportion of labeling per cell in E-treated males than in E-treated females suggests that there are also sex differences in estrogen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Premisecitation
Local application of DHT in the brain of castrated rats can moderately elevate AVP mRNA labeling in the BST.
“Recently, we have found that local application of DHT in the brain of castrated rats can moderately elevate AVP mRNA labeling in the BST, suggesting that central actions of DHT may depend on its concentration (Brot et al., 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brot et al., 1993 source
- Premisecitation
There are sex differences in the number of androgen receptors associated with the cell nuclear fraction of the BST.
“there are indeed sex differences in the number of androgen receptors associated with the cell nuclear fraction of the BST (Roselli,199 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roselli,199 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
DHT by itself does not restore AVP immunostaining in castrated male rats.
“while Sa-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)which is an androgenic, nonaromatizable metabolite of testosterone generated by reduction (Lieberburg and McEwen, 1975)does not by itself restore AVP immunostaining.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Vries et al., 1986 source
- Interpretationown data
Sex differences in androgen responsiveness appear to contribute to sex differences in AVP-producing cells in the BST.
“Even more so than differences in estrogen responsiveness, sex differences in androgen responsiveness appear to contribute to sex differences in AVP-producing cells in the BST.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Premisecitation
Androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females.
“since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females (Roselli et al., 1985a,b;Roselli, 1991)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Roselli et al., 1985a,b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Roselli, 1991 source
- Interpretationreasoning
More BST cells in males respond to estrogen stimulation than in females.
“Rather, more BST cells in males respond to estrogen stimulation than in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Interpretationown data
In castrated males, the effects of E and DHT on AVP mRNA expression are similar to their effects on AVP immunoreactivity.
“The present study shows that, in castrated males, the effects of E and DHT on AVP mRNA expression are similar to their effects on AVP immunoreactivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
The effect of testosterone on BST cells appears to depend on androgen as well as estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms.
“This effect of testosterone appears to depend on androgen as well as estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
In the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, the number of labeled cells and grain density per cell could not be determined accurately.
“In the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, the number of labeled cells and the grain density per cell could not be determined accurately.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
- May combine two claims. 7
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataNo significant differences were found in labeling between the left and right side of the brain.
“No significant differences were found in the labeling between the left and right side of the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe decision as to how many cells will express AVP depends largely on hormonal differences in the second week after birth, whereas the decision as to how dense the AVP-ir fiber plexus will be depends on hormonal differences in the first as well as second week after birth.
“Interestingly, the latter study indicated that the decision as to how many cells will express AVP depends largely on hormonal differences in the second week after birth, whereas the decision as to how dense the AVP-ir fiber plexus will bewhich may reflect absolute number as well as AVP content of individual fibers-depends on hormonal differences in the first as well as second week after birth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 1993 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataGrain counts were validated by a linear regression between pixel number and manually counted grains in 46 cells, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.99.
“The number of pixels was converted into number of grains using a linear regression curve that was obtained by correlating number of pixels with number of grains that were counted individually in 46 cells with grain counts ranging from 2 to 141.This gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.99.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe in situ hybridization and analysis of sections were done by experimenters blind to the identity of the specimens.
“The in situ hybridization and the analysis of the sections were done by experimenters that were blind to the identity of the specimens.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenLabeled cells were only counted if bright-field illumination revealed a Nissl-stained cell and if the number of grains was at least four times higher than background.
“Labeled cells were identified in dark-field illuminated slides, and only counted if bright-field illumination revealed a Nissl-stained cell and if the number of grains was at least four times higher than background.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter gonadectomy, BST cells lose AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats are treated with testosterone.
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone (De Vries et al., 1984, 1985;Van Leeuwen et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1989aMiller et al., , 1992)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites De Vries et al., 1984, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Van Leeuwen et al., 1985 source
- cites Miller et al., 1989a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenLight intensity and camera setting were kept constant across sections to standardize measurements.
“The light intensity and camera setting were kept constant across the sections in order to standardize measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere are sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E.
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987;Simerly and Swanson, 1987;Micevych et al., 1988;Oro et al., 1988).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe data suggest that in addition to a sex difference in the number of cells that produce AVP, there is also a sex difference in estrogen as well as androgen responsiveness in individual AVP-producing cells in the BST.
“These data suggest that in addition to a sex difference in the number of cells that produce AVP there is also a sex difference in estrogen as well as androgen responsiveness in individual AVP-producing cells in the BST.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, they show that there are sex differences in the responsiveness of individual BST cells to testosterone metabolites, in particular to DHT, which if given in combination with E increased the number of AVP mRNA-labeled cells in males but not in females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMale rats have higher levels of aromatase and higher numbers of androgen receptors in the BST than female rats.
“Since male rats have higher levels ofaromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the aromatization of testosterone into E, as well as higher numbers of androgen receptors in the BST than female rats (Roselli,199 l)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roselli,199 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSexual differentiation of AVP projections of the BST entails developmental decisions about how many BST cells express AVP and the efficacy of mechanisms mediating gonadal hormone effects on AVP gene expression in individual cells.
“The sex differences found in the present study suggest that sexual differentiation of AVP projections of the BST entails a number of developmental decisions, among which a decision as to how many BST cells will express AVP and a decision on the efficacy of the mechanisms that mediate gonadal hormone effects on AVP gene expression in individual cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent study suggests that the developmental decisions underlying sexual differentiation of AVP projections depend on differences in the levels of gonadal hormones in the first weeks after birth.
“A recent study suggests that these decisions depend on differences in the levels of gonadal hormones in the first weeks after birth (Wang et al., 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 1993 source
The paper relies on this without support.
The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
“implanted with Silastic tubing (2.5 cm long, 1.5 mm id., 2.4 mm o.d.) filled with testosterone, which previously yielded plasma testosterone levels of 2.4-3.6 &ml, which is in the physiological range for males (De Vries et al., 1984).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
“The dimensions of the Silastic tubing for E (1 cm long, 1 mm i.d., 2 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 50-90 ne/ml E. which comnletelv suuuressed LH release in males, while the dim&sions used for DHT (3 cm, 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 0.9-l .8rig/ml DHT, which fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles in castrated rats (De Vries et al., 1986).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This sex difference in AVP expression is organized during early postnatal life by steroid hormone actions on ER and AR.
“Moreover, this sex difference is organized during early postnatal life by steroid hormone actions on ER and AR.[24][25][26]”
From Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion reports that differences in gonadal hormones during the first weeks after birth help determine the sexual differentiation of AVP-producing cells in the rat BST. The paper also discusses estrogen- and androgen-receptor mechanisms affecting AVP expression, but it does not establish that actions on both receptors during early postnatal life organize the sex difference; those receptor mechanisms are discussed in the context of hormone responsiveness and remain partly hypothetical. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Cites
Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain.
Young, W. S., Bonner, T. I., & Brann, M. R. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9827 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats
DeVries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffé, A. R., & Swaab, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902330206 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Distribution and regulation of aromatase activity in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system
ROSELLI, C. E., HORTON, L. E., & RESKO, J. A. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-6-2471 · Cited by 415 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females ( Roselli et al., 1985a, b; Roselli, 1991) testosterone may enhance its own conversion into E and therefore its actions on AVP mRNA expression in males more than in females.”
BackgroundDe Vries, G. J., Buds, R. M., & Swaab, D. F. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90989-6 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous system
Breedlove, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-11-04133.1992 · Cited by 304 · cited 1× · see citing works
“00/O sex differences have been found in the brain that depend on the sex differences in gonadal steroid levels during development (Yahr, 1988; De Vries, 1990; Breedlove, 1992).”
Backgroundvan Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R., & Vries, G. J. D. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90348-8 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Gonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain
De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., & Sluiter, A. A. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91157-0 · Cited by 224 · cited 3× · see citing works
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone ( De Vries et al., 1984, 1985; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Miller et al., 1989a, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, L., Blaustein, J. D., & De Vries, G. J. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.6.8194487 · Cited by 189 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…sex differences in steroid responsiveness of AVP-producing cells in the BST may be based on differences in androgen and estrogen receptors within these cells, since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990; Zhou et al., 1993).”
BackgroundBamshad, M., Novak, M. A., & De Vries, G. J. (1993) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00480.x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationLieberburg, I. M., & McEwen, B. S. (1977) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-100-2-588 · Cited by 165 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Since testosterone has to be aromatized into E before it can influence estrogen receptors (Lieberburg and McEwen, 1975; Naftolin et al., 1975) the higher levels of aromatase found in the BST of males (Roselli, 199 1) suggest that under similar testosterone treatment AVP-producing cells in the BST of males may be expos…”
BackgroundAndrogen-dependent vasopressinergic neurons are involved in social recognition in rats
Bluthe, R.-M., Schoenen, J., & Dantzer, R. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90073-k · Cited by 164 · cited 2× · see citing works
“AVP projections of the BST are probably involved in social recognition memory, temperature regulation, and aggressive behavior (Pittman et al., 1988; Bluthe et al., 1990; Koolhaas et al., 1990) and presumably in osmoregulation and reproductive”
BackgroundDe Vries, G. J., Duetz, W., Buijs, R. M., van Heerikhuize, J., & Vreeburg, J. T. M. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91519-2 · Cited by 153 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…plasma levels of 50-90 ne/ml E. which comnletelv suuuressed LH release in males, while the dim&sions used for DHT (3 cm, 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 0.9-l .8 rig/ml DHT, which fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles in castrated rats (De Vries et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialROSELLI, C. E. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-3-1310 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
MILLER, M. A., URBAN, J. H., & DORSA, D. M. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-125-5-2335 · Cited by 134 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Since, in males, AVP mRNA labeling of individual BST cells reacts within a day to a reduction in gonadal hormone levels (Miller et al., 1992) the sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling reported by Miller et al. (1989b) could have been caused by sex differences in gonadal hormone levels.”
BackgroundMedial amygdala and aggressive behavior: Interaction between testosterone and vasopressin
Koolhaas, J. M., Brink, T. H. C. V. D., Roozendaal, B., & Boorsma, F. (1990) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1990)16:3/4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Axelson, J. F., & van Leeuwen, F. W. (1990) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00852.x · Cited by 133 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Alternatively, sex differences in steroid responsiveness of AVP-producing cells in the BST may be based on differences in androgen and estrogen receptors within these cells, since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors ( Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990; Zhou et al., 1993).”
BackgroundTime-Course and Steroid Specificity of Aromatase Induction in Rat Hypothalamus-Preoptic Area1
Roselli, C. E., HORTON, L. E., & Resko, J. A. (1987) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod37.3.628 · Cited by 129 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example , since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females (Roselli et al., 1985a,b; Roselli, 1991) testosterone may enhance its own conversion into E and therefore its actions on AVP mRNA expression in males more than in females.”
BackgroundSex differences in hormonal responses of vasopressin pathways in the rat brain
De Vries, G. J., & Al‐Shamma, H. A. (1990) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.480210503 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
MILLER, M. A., Vician, L. J., Clifton, D. K., & Dorsa, D. M. (1989) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(89)90152-6 · Cited by 126 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Since, in males, AVP mRNA labeling of individual BST cells reacts within a day to a reduction in gonadal hormone levels (Miller et al., 1992) the sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling reported by Miller et al. (1989b) could have been caused by sex differences in gonadal hormone levels.”
BackgroundWang, Z., Bullock, N. A., & De Vries, G. J. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.132.6.8504734 · Cited by 123 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although the development of this sex difference depends on the presence of gonadal steroids shortly after birth (Wang et al., 1993) it is unclear specifically which cellular features underlie the expression of this difference.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiller, M., DeVries, G., al-Shamma, H., & Dorsa, D. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-08-02881.1992 · Cited by 122 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The in situ hybridization closely followed a procedure originally developed by Dr. Scott Young (Young et al., 1986) and modified by Drs. Dan Dorsa and Margaret Miller (Miller et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMicevych, P., Akesson, T., & Elde, R. (1988) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902690306 · Cited by 104 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987; Simerly and Swanson, 1987; Micevych et al., 1988; Oro et al., 1988).”
BackgroundSeptal release of vasopressin in response to osmotic, hypovolemic and electrical stimulation in rats
Demotes‐Mainard, J., Chauveau, J., Rodriguez, F., Vincent, J. D., & Poulain, D. A. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90082-x · Cited by 102 · cited 2× · see citing works
“functions (Epstein et al., 1983; Demotes-Mainard et al., 1986; Bamshad et al., 1993).”
BackgroundBROWN, T. J., HOCHBERG, R. B., ZIELINSKI, J. E., & MACLUSKY, N. J. (1988) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-123-4-1761 · Cited by 92 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although no sex differences have been found in the number of estrogen receptors in the BST (Brown et al., 1988, 1992) there are indeed sex differences in the number of androgen receptors associated with the cell nuclear fraction of the BST (Roselli, 199 1).”
BackgroundOro, A. E., Simerly, R. B., & Swanson, L. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000124916 · Cited by 72 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987; Simerly and Swanson, 1987; Micevych et al., 1988; Oro et al., 1988).”
BackgroundMalsbury, C. W., & McKay, K. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91258-3 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987; Simerly and Swanson, 1987; Micevych et al., 1988; Oro et al., 1988).”
BackgroundBrot, M. D., De Vries, G. J., & Dorsa, D. M. (1993) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(93)90069-s · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recently, we have found that local application of DHT in the brain of castrated rats can moderately elevate AVP mRNA labeling in the BST, suggesting that central actions of DHT may depend on its concentration (Brot et al., 1993).”
BackgroundVasopressin involvement in antipyresis, social communication, and social recognition: a synthesis.
Dantzer, R., & Bluthé, R.-M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Expression of the Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes
Young, W. S. (1992) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00201.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Processing and Analysis of Neuroanatomical Images
Shipley, M. T., Luna, J., & McLean, J. H. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2055-6_13 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chapter 10 Regulation of vasopressin and oxytocin gene expression by estrogen and thryroid hormone
Adan, R. A. H., & Burbach, J. P. H. (1992) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61169-3 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Since there are no clearly recognizable androgen-and estrogen-responsive elements on the promoter region ofthe AVP gene (Adan and Burbach, 1992; Young, 1992) the nature of this interaction is unclear.”
BackgroundSexual Differentiation of Behavior in the Context of Developmental Psychobiology
Yahr, P. (1988) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_6 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“00/O sex differences have been found in the brain that depend on the sex differences in gonadal steroid levels during development (Yahr, 1988; De Vries, 1990; Breedlove, 1992).”
BackgroundA way in which estradiol might play a role in the sexual behavior of male rats
Södersten, P. (1980) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0018-506x(80)90035-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Enhanced fever following castration: possible involvement of brain arginine vasopressin
Pittman, Q. J., Malkinson, T. J., Kasting, N. W., & Veale, W. L. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.3.r513 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“AVP projections of the BST are probably involved in social recognition memory, temperature regulation, and aggressive behavior (Pittman et al., 1988; Bluthe et al., 1990; Koolhaas et al., 1990) and presumably in osmoregulation and reproductive”
BackgroundRoselli, C. E., & Fasasi, T. A. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90024-d · Cited by 35 · cited 1× · see citing works
“E might also increase the effectiveness of androgen receptors of AVPproducing cells by altering the duration of androgen receptor occupation, as has been observed in the preoptic area of male rats (Roselli and Fasasi, 1992).”
BackgroundBrown, T. J., Naftolin, F., & Maclusky, N. J. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90239-6 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although no sex differences have been found in the number of estrogen receptors in the BST (Brown et al., 1988, 1992) there are indeed sex differences in the number of androgen receptors associated with the cell nuclear fraction of the BST (Roselli, 199 1).”
Background
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Simonneaux, V., & Ribelayga, C. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.2.2 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
“…displays gender and seasonal variations, and is dependent on sex hormone concentrations in some brain areas, such that the increase in VP is correlated to an increase in testosterone concentration (see De Vries et al., 1984, 1986, 1994; Hermes et al., 1990; Pévet et al., 1987, for review).”
BackgroundGoodson, J. L., & Bass, A. H. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00043-1 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model
Sue Carter, C., Courtney Devries, A., & Getz, L. L. (1995) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)00070-h · Cited by 615 · see citing works
The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior
Ngun, T. C., Ghahramani, N., Sánchez, F. J., Bocklandt, S., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.10.001 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“Autism There is a high male to female ratio in the prevalence of autism [165] Gonadal hormones affecting oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors [166; 167] Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the OT receptor in the Chinese Han [168] and American Caucasian population [169], SNPs in the vasopressin recepto…”
BackgroundLust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction
Fisher, H. E. (1998) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
De Vries, G. J., & Panzica, G. C. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.050 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“In both species, testosterone activates AVP/AVT expression mainly by acting via estrogenic metabolites (De Vries et al., 1986, 1994; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSteroid hormones and neurosteroids in normal and pathological aging of the nervous system
Schumacher, M., Weill‐Engerer, S., Lière, P., Robert, F., Franklin, R. J. M., García‐Segura, L. M., Lambert, J. J., Mayo, W., Melcangi, R. C., Párducz, Á., et al. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.09.004 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“Testosterone influences neuroplastic changes in different nuclei of the limbic system (Johnson et al., 1989; Malsbury and McKay, 1994; De Vries et al., 1994) and also exerts neuroprotective effects, which can be mediated either directly or indirectly via its aromatization to estradiol (Balthazart…”
BackgroundEffects of early life stress on adult male aggression and hypothalamic vasopressin and serotonin.
Veenema, A. H., Blume, A., Niederle, D., Buwalda, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05045.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Risold, P. Y., & Swanson, L. W. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00008-8 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Interplay of oxytocin, vasopressin, and sex hormones in the regulation of social recognition
Gabor, C. S., Phan, A., Clipperton-Allen, A. E., Kavaliers, M., & Choleris, E. (2012) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0026464 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Anatomy, Development, and Function of Sexually Dimorphic Neural Circuits in the Mammalian Brain
Vries, G. J. D., & Simerly, R. B. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50066-4 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
de Boer, S. F., van der Vegt, B. J., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2003) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025766415159 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Rhodes, M. E., & Rubín, R. T. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00011-9 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Oxytocin and social motivation
Gordon, I., Martin, C., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“The effects of AVP on sexual behavior and partner preference formation seem to be more important in males, especially considering the fact that AVP has been found to be more abundant in males (De Vries et al., 1994; Insel and Hulihan, 1995).”
CUSHING, B., & KRAMER, K. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.001 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of social information processing in rats and mice
Choleris, E., Clipperton-Allen, A. E., Phan, A., & Kavaliers, M. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“The AVP enhancing effects of testosterone may be, at least in part, mediated by its aromatization to estrogens, since administration of estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone (but see [115]), reversed castration-induced reduction of AVP in male rats [31,66].”
Albers, H. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.07.001 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“…of AVT/AVP in select groups of AVT/AVP neurons in adults (Mayes et al., 1988; De Vries, 1990; Dubois-Dauphin et al., 1994), and these activational effects account for some but not all of the sex differences observed in the AVT/AVP system (De Vries and al Shamma, 1990; De Vries et al., 1994).”
BackgroundChapter 1.1 Anatomy and function of extrahypothalamic vasopressin systems in the brain
Vries, G. J. D., & MILLER, M. A. (1999) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61558-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Veenema, A. H., Beiderbeck, D. I., Lukas, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.006 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“…system of the BST-LS circuit is sexually dimorphic in rats, with males having more AVP cells in the BST and denser AVP projections to the LS than females (De Vries et al., 1981; van Leeuwen et al., 1985), and these variables are strongly regulated by gonadal steroids (De Vries et al., 1983, 1994).”
BackgroundLonstein, & Vries, G. J. D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00361.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the brain
DEVRIES, G. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00402-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“However, in combination with estradiol, it enhances AVP expression to control male levels (De Vries et al., 1986, 1994; Wang and De Vries, 1995).”
BackgroundNomura, M., McKenna, E., Korach, K. S., Pfaff, D. W., & Ogawa, S. (2002) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00525-9 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Patisaul, H. B., Whitten, P. L., & Young, L. J. (1999) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00058-3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Bester‐Meredith, J. K., & Marler, C. A. (2001) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1666 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“In addition, our study found no correlation between hormone concentrations and AVP-ir staining even though adult concentrations of T (van Leeuwen et al., 1985; De Vries, Duetz, Bujis, Van Heerikhuize, and Vreeburg, 1986; De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990; Wang and De Vries, 1993; De Vries, Wang, Bullock, and Numan, 1994; W…”
BackgroundBosch, O. J., Müsch, W., Bredewold, R., Slattery, D. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.012 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994).”
MethodCell death and sexual differentiation of the nervous system
Forger, N. G. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.006 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Godwin, J., Sawby, R., Warner, R. R., Crews, D. P., & Grober, M. S. (2000) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000006643 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Blaustein, J. D., & Erskine, M. S. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50004-4 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Aste, N., Balthazart, J., Absil, P., Grossmann, R., M�lhbauer, E., Viglietti‐Panzica, C., & Panzica, G. (1998) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980629)396:2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The effect of gonadal hormones and gender on anxiety and emotional learning
Toufexis, D. J., Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.020 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Smith, W., Major, D. E., & Vries, G. J. D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91784-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationVasopressin released within the central amygdala promotes maternal aggression
Bosch, O. J., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07115.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Bosch et al., 2007).”
MethodForlano, P. M., Deitcher, D. L., & Bass, A. H. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20397 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bosch, O. J., Pförtsch, J., Beiderbeck, D. I., Landgraf, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01984.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chronic intracerebral prolactin attenuates neuronal stress circuitries in virgin rats
Donner, N. C., Bredewold, R., Maloumby, R., & Neumann, I. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05416.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Rood, B. D., Stott, R. T., You, S., Smith, C. J. W., Woodbury, M. E., & De Vries, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23288 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Auger, C. J., Coss, D., Auger, A. P., & Forbes‐Lorman, R. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100314108 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Although testosterone reinstates AVP expression in the BST following castration (10), it is essentially estradiol, a metabolite of testosterone, that is the major factor regulating AVP expression.”
BackgroundScordalakes, E. M., & Rissman, E. F. (2004) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2004.00036.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Indeed, E2 treatments in castrated rats are unable to elevate AVP mRNA to the same level as combined E2 and DHT treatment (Brot et al. 1993; De Vries et al. 1994).”
BackgroundHan, T. M., & De Vries, G. J. (2003) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.10157 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“These implants are sufficient for initiating and maintaining AVP mRNA expression in the BST of adult rats (De Vries et al., 1994).”
InfluentialBosch, O. J., Krömer, S. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04576.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994).”
MethodGoodson, J. L., Lindberg, L., & Johnson, P. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.08.006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“effects ( De Vries et al., 1994; Panzica et al., 1998, 1999a,b), and recent data in mice indicate that the dimorphism is also partially produced as a direct function of chromosomal sex (De Vries et al., 2002).”
BackgroundOxytocin and vasopressin: genetics and behavioral implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Beiderbeck, D. I., Reber, S. O., Havasi, A., Bredewold, R., Veenema, A. H., & Neumann, I. D. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.011 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Preoptic AVT Immunoreactive Neurons of a Teleost Fish with Alternative Reproductive Tactics
Foran, C. M., & Bass, A. H. (1998) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1006/gcen.1998.7113 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-30395-2_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Harrison, R. J., Connor, D. F., Nowak, C., Nash, K. V., & Melloni, R. H. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00057-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Patisaul, H. B., Danforth, M. D., Whitten, P. L., & Young, L. J. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.7.8241 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Double duty for sex differences in the brain
De Vries, G. J., & Boyle, P. A. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00192-7 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Differential Lateral Septal Vasopressin in Wild-type Rats: Correlation with Aggression
Everts, H. G. J., de Ruiter, A. J. H., & Koolhaas, J. M. (1997) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1375 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay
Kramer, K. M., Cushing, B. S., Carter, C. S., Wu, J., & Ottinger, M. A. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z04-098 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Centrally adminis- © 2004 NRC Canada tered AVP resulted in a significant increase in social behavior in prairie voles (Cho et al. 1999; Young et al. 1999); in both rats and voles, males produce more AVP than females (De Vries et al. 1994; De Vries and Villalba 1997).”
BackgroundKoolhaas, J. M., Everts, H., de Ruiter, A. J. H., de Boer, S. F., & Bohus, B. (1999) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61586-1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Viau, V., Soriano, L., & Dallman, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00653.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“With respect to androgen-dependent influences on AVP mRNA expression in the MeA and BNST, these findings are in agreement with previous studies ( 16 , 27).”
InfluentialNovel cellular phenotypes and subcellular sites for androgen action in the forebrain
DonCarlos, L. L., Sarkey, S., Lorenz, B., Azcoitia, Í., García‐Ovejero, D., Huppenbauer, C. B., & García‐Segura, L. M. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.020 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Shen, E., Ahern, T. H., Cheung, I. K., Straubhaar, J., Dincer, A., Houston, I. B., Vries, G. J. D., Akbarian, S., & Forger, N. G. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.006 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“It is not clearwhether this is an example of androgen receptor-dependent modulation of the brain epigenome, however, because testosterone can be aromatized to estrogenic metabolites, which are actually more potent than androgens in maintaining BNST vasopressin expression (De Vries et al., 1994).”
Zuloaga, D. G., Heck, A., Guzman, R. M. D., & Handa, R. J. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00319-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Self-citationTaylor, P. V., Veenema, A. H., Paul, M. J., Bredewold, R., Isaacs, S., & de Vries, G. J. (2012) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-3-15 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In situ hybridization was performed as published previously [16,17] using a mixture of two oligodeoxyribose antisense probes.”
MethodVasopressin selectively impairs emotion recognition in men
Uzefovsky, F., Shalev, I., Israel, S., Knafo‐Noam, A., & Ebstein, R. P. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.018 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“AVP’s role as the initiator of male social behavior is further supported by the finding that androgens control AVP synthesis in several brain areas (De Vries et al., 1994).”
BackgroundFunctional compensation in Hedgehog signaling during mouse prostate development
Doles, J. D., Cook, C. H., Shi, X., et al. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Newly proliferated cells in the adult male amygdala are affected by gonadal steroid hormones
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“Because androgen receptor immunoreactivity in the MeA of castrated male rats can be increased by estrogen treatment (Lynch and Story, 2000), the effects of DHT on the central nervous system may rely on the presence of estrogen (DeVries et al., 1994).”
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“Finally, E regulates the effects of the neuropeptides oxytocin and arginine vasopressin [ 10 ,16,22,47] .R egulating the response to oxytocin and vasopressin may be critical to the ‘‘proper’’ or species-specific expression of social behavior as these neuropeptides facilitate social interactions, such as pair bond form…”
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“magnocellular vs the sexually dimorphic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis that express both ERα and ERβ [14,32,41,65]).”
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“…shown that removing circulating gonadal steroid hormones in adult males and females via gonadectomy leads to a near complete depletion of AVPir cell bodies and fibers in the MeP and pBNST, as well as AVP-ir fibers in the LS (De Vries et al., 1984, 1994; Rood et al., 2013; Wang & De Vries, 1995).”
BackgroundPaternal Behavior and Aggression: Endocrine Mechanisms and Nongenomic Transmission of Behavior
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“…hormone levels in adulthood, since they persist in males and females which are treated with similar levels of testosterone (De Vries and Al Shamma, 1990; De Vries et al., 1994a,b) or estradiol (Bakker et al., 2006), but are primarily due to differences in hormone levels during development.”
InfluentialNeurobehavioral actions of coumestrol and related isoflavonoids in rodents
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“Implants were chosen over injections because they release a steady dose of estrogen over the entire course of treatment, and similar-sized tubing has previously been shown to deliver physiological levels of 17b estradiol in rats [8].”
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“In addition, oestrogen regulates the effects of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin (De Vries et al. 1994; Szot & Dorsa 1994), and ERa appears to have a role in prosocial behaviour (Cushing & Wynne-Edwards (2006).”
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“Interestingly, both E2 and DHT are required to restore AVP immunoreactivity to the level seen in intact male rats, with E2 restoring approximately 90% and DHT restoring about 10% of AVP-expressing cells (11).”
BackgroundContributions of estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β to the regulation of behavior
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“Testosterone, and to a lesser extent estradiol, up-regulates AVP expression in brain regions involved in aggression [62,63].”
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“It must be noted that estrogen is implicated in the regulation of AVP expression in the BNST [37] and most animals in the present study were estrogen primed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of oxytocin and vasopressin in emotional and social behaviors
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Modulation of social behavior by distinct vasopressin sources
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“Steroidal effects on AVP peptide and AVP mRNA expression occur during early development as well as in adulthood, reflecting organizational and activational effects of steroid hormones, respectively (67, 68).”
BackgroundEstradiol abolishes autologous down regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in brain
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Oxytocin and excitation/inhibition balance in social recognition
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Galanin – 25 years with a multitalented neuropeptide
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“De Vries et al. (1994a) demonstrated that estrogen replacement resulted in an increase of AVP message within the BNST in both castrated males and a significant but smaller increase in OVX females.”
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Estradiol Mediates Effects of Testosterone on Vasotocin Immunoreactivity in the Adult Quail Brain
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“In fact, female and male gonadectomized adult rats treated with equal amounts of testosterone still show a marked difference in the levels of AVP mRNA expression in the BST (De Vries et al. 1994), thus suggesting that organizational effects underlie the activational effects in adult life.”
Background
- Authors
- De Vries, G., Wang, Z., Bullock, N., & Numan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1994-03-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1789-1794
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6577591
- OpenAlex
- W2101036608
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Digital Archive @ GSU (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Counseling And Psychological Services Dissertations (Georgia State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH RO1 MH47538)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- sex differences, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, vasopressin, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, gonadectomy, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Castration, Drug Combinations, Estradiol, Female, Male, Rats, Inbred Strains, RNA, Messenger, Sex Characteristics, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Thalamus, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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