The DOI matches its Crossref record; 261 of the 284 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 59 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance
Open accessAbstract
Much of the current science on, and mathematical modeling of, dynamic changes in human performance within and between days is dominated by the two-process model of sleep–wake regulation, which posits a neurobiological drive for sleep that varies homeostatically (increasing as a saturating exponential during wakefulness and decreasing in a like manner during sleep), and a circadian process that neurobiologically modulates both the homeostatic drive for sleep and waking alertness and performance. Endogenous circadian rhythms in neurobehavioral functions, including physiological alertness and cognitive performance, have been demonstrated using special laboratory protocols that reveal the interaction of the biological clock with the sleep homeostatic drive. Individual differences in circadian rhythms and genetic and other components underlying such differences also influence waking neurobehavioral functions. Both acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive and degrade waking neurobehavioral functions as reflected in sleepiness, attention, cognitive speed, and memory. Recent evidence indicating a high degree of stability in neurobehavioral responses to sleep loss suggests that these trait-like individual differences are phenotypic and likely involve genetic components, including circadian genes. Recent experiments have revealed both sleep homeostatic and circadian effects on brain metabolism and neural activation. Investigation of the neural and genetic mechanisms underlying the dynamically complex interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian systems is beginning. A key goal of this work is to identify biomarkers that accurately predict human performance in situations in which the circadian and sleep homeostatic systems are perturbed.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence on how circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, and masking factors jointly shape human alertness and cognitive performance, with particular attention to the two-process model and its limits under chronic sleep restriction. It also reviews interindividual differences, genetic markers, and neuroimaging findings, concluding that biomarkers predicting performance under circadian/sleep perturbation remain a high priority.
Key findings
- The two-process model (homeostatic process S plus circadian process C) explains acute total sleep deprivation but fails to predict escalating vigilant-attention declines under chronic sleep restriction; forced desynchrony studies show the interaction is nonlinear and nonadditive.
- Chronic sleep loss is common: 35–40% of the adult US population report sleeping less than 7 h on weekday nights; shift work affects approximately one out of five working Americans, with 15% of full-time salaried workers usually working shifts that include nights; the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2007 that shift work involving circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans.
- The McCauley et al. model predicts a critical daily wake duration of 20.2 h; daily wake above ca. 15.8 h but below 20.2 h (total sleep time 3.8–8.2 h) converges to stable performance deficits, whereas above 20.2 h performance impairments escalate; a single night of recovery sleep is predicted and experimentally confirmed to be inadequate after prolonged sleep restriction.
- Trait-like individual differences are large: intraclass correlation coefficients account for 50–90% of the variance in neurobehavioral measures after acute total sleep deprivation; in monozygotic twins, 56.2% of total variance was due to between-pair variance versus 14.5% in dizygotic twins; morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.
Methods
- The paper is a narrative review; it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis.
- It synthesizes human laboratory protocols (constant routine, forced desynchrony), acute total and chronic partial sleep deprivation/restriction studies, chronotype and clock-gene association studies, and neuroimaging methods including PET, BOLD fMRI, arterial spin-labeled perfusion fMRI, and resting-state functional connectivity fMRI.
- The main analysis is a qualitative integration of findings around the two-process model, interindividual variability, and neural/genetic mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated: the two-process model fails to adequately predict chronic sleep-restriction effects; the circadian and homeostatic interaction is nonlinear/nonadditive, making relative contributions difficult or impossible to quantify and variable across conditions and subjects.
- Stated: task-related BOLD fMRI measures only relative signal changes, lacks absolute quantification, and cannot easily dissociate sleep loss, time-of-day, or circadian effects on brain function from behavioral performance confounds; few neuroimaging studies have examined chronic partial sleep loss and recovery.
- Stated: genetic associations (e.g., CLOCK 3111C, PER3 VNTR) are inconsistent and need replication, and in vitro fibroblast rhythms do not necessarily correlate with in vivo physiological rhythms. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, no systematic methods or risk-of-bias assessment are reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
25 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.86,166”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [86] Basner M Dinges DF Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss Sleep 2011 34 581 591 21532951 PMC3079937 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) identifies vigilant attention measured by the PVT as sensitive to sleep deprivation, and the discussion on p. 2 reports slower responses and a steady increase in attention lapses. The paper also says PVT performance deteriorates with time on task, but the cited passages do not establish that impairment begins early in sleep deprivation and grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [166] Basner M Mollicone DJ Dinges DF Validity and sensitivity of a brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation Acta Astronaut 2011 69 949 959 22025811 PMC3197786 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says sleep deprivation slows PVT responses and increases lapses, and the Results report significant effects of time during both total and partial sleep deprivation. These passages support impaired vigilant attention and psychomotor speed, but they do not establish that impairment begins early or grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. The Introduction’s statement that effects increase with time on task concerns time spent taking the test, not duration of sleep deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies from our laboratory and others indicate these phenotypic responses occur as a normal distribution,170,175”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Could not verifycites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantial inter-individual variability in responses to sleep loss, and the Discussion describes trait-like differences. Neither states that those responses follow a normal distribution. Searches for normal distribution, normally distributed, Gaussian, and bell-shaped responses found no passage addressing the distribution’s shape. (LLM, conf=0.72)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, data from unrelated individuals further indicate that common genetic polymorphisms involved in sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie these large interindividual differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults.164,181,183”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [164] Goel N Rao H Durmer JS Dinges DF Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation Semin Neurol 2009 29 320 339 19742409 PMC3564638 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Genetics of Sleep Deprivation’ section says that large, stable differences in neurobehavioral responses among healthy subjects strongly suggest a genetic component, and it discusses relevant polymorphisms. But its PER3 findings came from a small, specially recruited group and are described as preliminary; the paper does not establish the claimed inference from data on unrelated individuals across sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [181] Goel N Genetics of sleep timing, duration and homeostasis in humans Sleep Med Clin 2011 6 171 182 23450791 PMC3582029 source
The Synopsis (page unavailable) says candidate-gene findings point to biomarkers of differential neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep loss in healthy adults. The Adenosine-Related Polymorphisms section (page unavailable) likewise says common polymorphisms involved in circadian, sleep-wake, and cognitive regulation appear to underlie individual differences in responses to sleep deprivation. The copy does not explicitly call the individuals unrelated, but the claim's hedged central conclusion matches the review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [183] Goel N Dinges DF Predicting risk in space: genetic markers for differential vulnerability to sleep restriction Acta Astronaut 2012 77 207 213 23524958 PMC3602842 source
Section 3, “Genetic Markers of Differential Vulnerability to Sleep Loss” (page not provided), states that available data suggest common polymorphisms involved in sleep-wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie aspects of the large differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults. This closely matches the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but the former can reach levels of deficit equivalent to total sleep loss when the sleep restriction is severe enough (i.e., the consecutive days of restricted sleep continue long enough).10,32”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The model consists of a homeostatic process (S) and a circadian process (C), which combine to determine the timing of sleep onset and offset.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Borbély AA A two-process model of sleep regulation Hum Neurobiol 1982 1 195 204 7185792
- Not checked yetcites [21] Daan S Beersma DGM Borbély AA Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker Am J Physiol 1984 246 R161 R178 6696142
- Not checked yetcites [22] Achermann P Borbély AA Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process Biol Cybern 1994 71 115 121 8068773 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We have repeatedly demonstrated that there are large and highly replicable, trait-like individual differences in the magnitude of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep homeostatic, and cognitive performance vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation170,171 and to chronic sleep restriction.32,148,172,173”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness and fatigue Neurology 2010 75 1509 1519 20975052 PMC2974463 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Goel N Banks S Lin L Mignot E Dinges DF Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associates with individual differences in sleep physiologic responses to chronic sleep loss PLoS One 2011 6 e29283 22216231 PMC3246458 source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.129”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS > 5.2. Genetics of individual differences in chronotype and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Barclay NL Gregory AM Quantitative genetic research on sleep: a review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties Sleep Med Rev 2013 17 29 40 22560641 source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent forced desynchrony protocols, which serve to experimentally reveal the variance in neurobehavioral functions attributable primarily to endogenous circadian control and the variance attributable primarily to the sleep homeostatic drive, have revealed that circadian dynamics can expose large neurobehavioral vulnerability during chronic sleep restriction.26,27”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cohen DA Wang W Wyatt JK Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance Sci Transl Med 2010 2 14ra13 PMC2892834 20371466 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Zhou X Ferguson SA Matthews RW Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony Sleep 2011 34 931 941 21731143 PMC3119835
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, neurobehavioral measures reflect to varying degrees a combination of endogenous circadian rhythmicity, sleep homeostatic drive, and masking effects interacting to produce behavioral outcomes.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.3. Masking factors
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are less severe than those observed after acute total sleep deprivation”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Czeisler CA Duffy JF Shanahan TL Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker Science 1999 284 2177 2181 10381883 source
- Partly supportedcites [95] Smith MR Burgess HJ Fogg LF Eastman CI Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period PLoS One 2009 4 e6014 19564915 PMC2699031 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Period Length (tau); page not available) show differences in tau among the adults studied, supporting the first part of the claim. The Methods (Methods for Measuring Tau; page not available) say tau was calculated from only one of each subject’s two sessions, and our copy does not establish robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [96] Lázár AS Santhi N Hasan S Circadian period and the timing of melatonin onset in men and women: predictors of sleep during the weekend and in the laboratory J Sleep Res 2013 22 155 159 23216995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 7) report that circadian period varied among individuals from 23h50min to 24h31min, supporting the interindividual-differences claim. The Methods (p. 6) describe determining each participant’s period during a protocol, but our copy does not report repeated measurements showing robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [97] Hasan S Santhi N Lázár AS Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real-time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin FASEB J 2012 26 2414 2423 22371527 PMC3360144 source
The Results report a range of in vivo circadian periods among healthy participants (23.7–24.7 h). The Discussion states that both in vivo and in vitro periods are constant characteristics of an individual, supporting the claimed within-person stability. The paper's repeated-measurement analysis specifically tested stability of the in vitro period. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [98] Chang AM Buch AM Bradstreet DS Klements DJ Duffy JF Human diurnal preference and circadian rhythmicity are not associated with the CLOCK 3111C/T gene polymorphism J Biol Rhythms 2011 26 276 279 21628555 PMC3689429 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study description (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says circadian period was measured in a subset of healthy individuals, which supports the claim's context of variation across people. The copy does not report repeated period measurements within individuals or establish robust within-individual stability; its Results passage addresses differences between CLOCK allele groups instead. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Some individuals are highly vulnerable to neurobehavioral performance deficits when sleep deprived, others demonstrate remarkable levels of neurobehavioral resistance to sleep loss, and others show intermediate responses.171,174”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Supportedcites [174] Goel N Dinges DF Behavioral and genetic markers of sleepiness J Clin Sleep Med 2011 7 S19 S21 22003324 PMC3190416 source
The section “Stable trait-like Individual Differences in Response to Sleep loss” explicitly describes highly vulnerable, resistant, and intermediate cognitive performance responses to sleep deprivation (Types 3, 1, and 2). The Conclusions likewise describe substantial individual differences in neurobehavioral deficits from sleep loss. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We showed that this polymorphism related to individual differences in sleep homeostatic responses, but not cognitive performance responses to chronic sleep restriction.148”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
The Discussion reports higher slow-wave activity and energy in PER3 5/5 subjects during chronic partial sleep deprivation, but equivalent declines in cognitive performance across genotypes. It concludes that the polymorphism relates to sleep homeostatic responses, not differential vulnerability to neurobehavioral effects. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.39”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.2. Objective measures of cognitive performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lim J Dinges DF A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables Psychol Bull 2010 136 375 389 20438143 PMC3290659 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The homeostatic process represents the drive for sleep that increases as a saturating exponential during wakefulness (as can be observed when wakefulness is maintained beyond habitual bedtime into the night and subsequent day) and decreases as a saturating exponential during sleep (which represents recuperation obtained from sleep).”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation affects a wide range of cognitive domains (including attention, working memory, abstraction, and decision making) and results in decreases in both the encoding of new information and memory consolidation.165”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Diekelmann S Born J The memory function of sleep Nat Rev Neurosci 2010 11 114 126 20046194 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian process represents daily oscillatory modulation of these threshold levels.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while the two-process model has been very successful in explaining changes in neurobehavioral performance in acute total sleep deprivation paradigms, it fails to adequately predict the escalating declines in vigilant attention observed under chronic sleep-restriction conditions.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“who varied the amount of baseline nightly sleep prior to chronic sleep restriction and found that it affected both the rate at which alertness was degraded and the rate at which deficits were reversed by repeated nights of recovery sleep.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Bliese PD Balkin TJ Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery Sleep 2009 32 311 321 19294951 PMC2647785 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals cognitively vulnerable to sleep deprivation showed reduced frontoparietal activation, while resilient individuals showed increased parietal activation associated with lapses of attention during total sleep deprivation201”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.2. Neuroimaging of sleep deprivation and circadian variations in brain metabolism and neural activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Chee MWL Tan JC Lapsing when sleep deprived: neural activation characteristics of resistant and vulnerable individuals Neuroimage 2010 51 835 843 20171288 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains unclear, however, whether the same individuals vulnerable to the adverse neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are also vulnerable to acute total sleep deprivation.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, interindividual differences in circadian parameters, especially phase, and differential vulnerability to sleep loss also markedly affect neurobehavioral responses, suggesting genetic underpinnings.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for differential neurobehavioral vulnerabilities to sleep loss are unknown, and thus far have not been accounted for by demographic factors, IQ, or sleep need.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies reported inconsistent results, likely due to small sample sizes, different populations, varying doses of sleep restriction, and different outcome measures.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Lo JC Groeger JA Santhi N Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase PLoS One 2012 7 e45987 23029352 PMC3454374 source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Tassi P Schimchowitsch S Rohmer O Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation on daytime alertness and cognitive performance of healthy snorers and non-snorers Sleep Med 2012 13 29 35 22177345 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Philip P Sagaspe P Prague M Acute versus chronic partial sleep deprivation in middle-aged people: differential effect on performance and sleepiness Sleep 2012 35 997 1002 22754046 PMC3369235 source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Drake CL Roehrs TA Burduvali E Bonahoom A Rosekind M Roth T Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss Psychophysiology 2001 38 979 987 12240674 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sleep homeostat and neurobehavioral performance are affected by acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction, although the two forms of sleep loss likely differentially affect neural and behavioral responses.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“56.2% of the total variance in the monozygotic twins was due to variance between pairs whereas only 14.5% of the total variance in dizygotic twins was due to variance between pairs (Fig. 7.3)”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182] Kuna ST Maislin G Pack FM Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins Sleep 2012 35 1223 1233 22942500 PMC3413799
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian drive for wakefulness, the homeostatic drive for sleep, and masking factors simultaneously interact to affect neurobehavioral functioning.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The biological clock that modulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus.
“The endogenous circadian regulating system (i.e., biological clock) that modulates the timing of both sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep is a vital biological function that directly impacts physical and mental health [14,15].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“sleep deprivation leads to cognitive impairment and reduced attention(43-46).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri
Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910340409 · Cited by 9,812 · cited 1×
“Another emerging imaging method for studying sleep deprivation and time-of-day or circadian phase effects on brain activity is resting-state functional connectivity fMRI (FC-fMRI), which usually uses low frequency fluctuations of resting-state BOLD signal to examine intrinsic and spontaneous neural activity in the abs…”
The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks
Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102 · Cited by 8,553
Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2201 · Cited by 6,700 · cited 1×
“Another emerging imaging method for studying sleep deprivation and time-of-day or circadian phase effects on brain activity is resting-state functional connectivity fMRI (FC-fMRI), which usually uses low frequency fluctuations of resting-state BOLD signal to examine intrinsic and spontaneous neural activity in the abs…”
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Daroff, R. B. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.1.160 · Cited by 5,023
A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness- eveningness in human circadian rhythms
Home, J. K. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,783
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Greenblatt, D. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530270020006 · Cited by 4,406
Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects
Damoiseaux, J. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Barkhof, F., Scheltens, P., Stam, C. J., Smith, S. M., & Beckmann, C. F. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601417103 · Cited by 4,326
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041
(1976) · PubMed · Cited by 3,979
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hockey, 1972, Diurnal variation in human performance: a review, 1
- Rao, 2011, Differential effects of total sleep deprivation on regional cortical activity at rest and during Psychomotor Vigilance Test performance, Sleep, 34, A97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–399 of 399
Genetic contribution to sleep homeostasis in early adolescence
Markovic, A., Rusterholz, T., Achermann, P., Kaess, M., & Tarokh, L. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16568 · Cited by 1
“Studies in humans taking the candidate gene approach have found no single polymorphism that predicts the response to sleep restriction when controlling for baseline amounts of SWA (reviewed in Goel et al., 2013).”
Pasetes, L. N., & Goel, N. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70031 · Cited by 1
Self-citationEchoes in the night: How sleep quality influences auditory health
Zhang, P., An, X., Yang, R., Qi, M., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., Zheng, Z., Dong, X., Wang, W., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.04.039 · Cited by 1
Hamilton, A., Whiley, L., Kadyrov, M., & Chapman, B. (2025) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2025.101278 · Cited by 1
Time-of-day study on brain metabolism using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Giraud, C., Poinas, A., Bonnin, L., Pellerin, L., Guillevin, C., & Guillevin, R. (2025) · Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2025.101395 · Cited by 1
Association Between Shift Work and Auditory–Cognitive Processing in Middle-Aged Healthcare Workers
Roque, M., Marques, T. R., & Serrano, M. (2025) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres15060145 · Cited by 1
“…from two interacting processes, namely the homeostatic process, in which sleep pressure accumulates during wakefulness and dissi-pates during sleep [6], and the circadian process, which drives endogenous fluctuations in sleep propensity and wakefulness tendency across the 24-h biological cycle [7].”
Modeling the impact of stress, caffeine, and sleep on reaction time in Moroccan air traffic control
Aich, M., Aoufi, J. E., & Moussa, A. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00569-4 · Cited by 1
“While the regression suggests that an extra 60 mg of caffeine (about the size of a small espresso) might theoretically result in roughly seven minutes less sleep on average (y = –0.002x + 7.72), this relationship was not statistically significant. dose alone in determining sleep loss [12, 21, 32].”
InfluentialDepth Perception Cues in VR Under Sleep Deprivation
Zaman, A. R. T., Baumeister, J., Kruijff, E., Veas, E. E., Krajnc, A., & ElSayed, N. (2026) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr67842.2026.00053 · Cited by 1
“Fatigue from extended wakefulness interacts with circadian phase and can degrade visual perception and visuomotor control; performance is poorest when high homeostatic sleep pressure coincides with the biological night [17, 24, 56].”
COURSE SCHEDULING ACCORDING TO STUDENT STRESS
Ma, S., Akgündüz, A., & Zeng, Y. (2015) · Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA) · doi:10.24908/pceea.v0i0.5849 · Cited by 1
Circadian rhythms and sleep–circadian interactions
Murray, S. L., & Thimgan, M. S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802412-6.00003-0 · Cited by 1
Sleep, Sleep Alterations, Stress—Combined Effects on Memory?
Rimmele, U., & Tambini, A. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5214 · Cited by 1
The Neurological Consequences of Sleep Deprivation
Keenan, L., & Gundy, K. V. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54359-4_4 · Cited by 1
Study on Cognitive Behavior and Subjective Evaluation Index of Seafarer's Alertness
Liang, J. M., Wang, X., Li, S., et al. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06388-6_22 · Cited by 1
Space brain research: progress and prospect
Yi, X., Xiaoping, C., Xu, X., Chengyu, L., Poo, M., & Chen, S. (2023) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/ssv-2022-0196 · Cited by 1
Development of a Bio-Mathematical Crew Fatigue Model for Business Aviation Operators
Baldo, L., Giardino, M., Floriani, A., Gajetti, M., & Maggiore, P. (2023) · European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL) · doi:10.3850/978-981-18-8071-1_p377-cd · Cited by 1
“…only is fatigue considered a very central issue for what concerns safety and performance, but fatigue is often related to serious illness and negative long-term effects, such as obesity Goel et al. (2013), cardiovascular problems Goffeng et al. (2019), mental health Pellegrino and Marqueze (2019).”
Disruption in Sleep and Circadian Rhythm: A Potential Accelerator in Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
Khan, A. H., Abdullah, A., Mustafa, M. S., & Qadeer, M. A. (2023) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531231200958 · Cited by 1
Albornoz-Miranda, M., & Góngora-Jercic, G. (2023) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2023.0025 · Cited by 1
Chen, J., Zhang, R., Zhou, C., Lu, L. W., Feng, D., Zou, H., Gao, R., Zhang, X., Chen, P., Zhu, J., et al. (2024) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2023.9250038 · Cited by 3
Improvement of fatigue management methodology related to flight crew
Alomar, I., Alomar, S., & Stecenko, I. (2024) · Aviation · doi:10.3846/aviation.2024.22146 · Cited by 2
Bouthillier, J. L., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70043 · Cited by 1
“Both TSD and sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive (Goel et al. 2013) and are likely to improve sleep on subsequent nights.”
Modeling Search Behaviors during the Acquisition of Expertise in a Sequential Decision-Making Task
Moënne‐Loccoz, C., Vergara, R. C., López, V., Mery, D., & Cosmelli, D. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2017.00080 · Cited by 1
“…individual differences can have for such disparate but fundamental domains as educational interventions (Detterman and Thompson, 1997; Phillips and Lowenstein, 2011; Melby-Lervag et al., 2012) or human performance studies (Van Dongen, 2006; Parasuraman and Jiang, 2012; Goel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundДорохов, В. Б., Puchkova, A. N., Олегович, Т. А., Ermolaev, V. V., Викторовна, Т. Т., Slominsky, P. A., & Dementienko, V. V. (2018) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-018-0585-5 · Cited by 1
“Because of individual differences in the functioning of internal biological clocks, a person may be worse or better adapted to nonstandard working schedules and lack of sleep may be more or less severe [Goel et al., 2013].”
Chronobiology and Chronotherapy in Depression: Current Knowledge and Chronotherapeutic Promises
Rojas, M., Chávez-Castillo, M., Pírela, D., Ortega, Á., Salazar, J. J., Cano, C., Chacín, M., Riaño-Garzón, M., Batista, M. J., Díaz-Camargo, E. A., et al. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082216999201124152432 · Cited by 1
Sleep and Circadian Effects of Space
Barger, L. K., Dinges, D. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12191-8_86 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe cold driver: Driving performance under thermal stress
Morris, D. M. (2015) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 1
Influence of Night Work on Performance during Lunar Telerobotic Operations
Glaros, Z. L. (2020) · doi:10.31979/etd.58xt-r8s3 · Cited by 1
Consequences of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Energy Balance in Healthy Adults
Spaeth, A. M. (2014) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Stahn, A. C., & Gunga, H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386947-0.00002-2
The association of circadian typology with cognition and smoking status
Zaki, N. F. W., & El-Hadidy, M. A. (2016) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000488667.63244.8a
DelRaso, N. J., Harville, D. L., Chamberlain, M. L., Anderson, P. E., Sibomana, I., Raymer, M. L., & Reo, N. V. (2015) · Current Metabolomics · doi:10.2174/2213235x04666151117211154
“The changes observed during this time period (1100 – 1900 h) may reflect natural alterations in alertness with circadian rhythm [45].”
Backgroundde Souza, B. C. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Odontologia · doi:10.18363/rbo.v74n3.p.225 · Cited by 1
Ambient Intelligent Systems: The Role of Non-Intrusive and Sensitive Approaches
Nováis, P., Carneiro, D. R., Pêgo, J. M., et al. (2017) · International Joint Conference on Computational Intelligence · doi:10.5220/0006810900010001
Detection, Prediction and Modelling of Mental Fatigue in Naturalistic Environment
Al-Libawy, H. (2018) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03015856
Circadian synchrony impacts on individuals' judgements, risk taking and belief perseverance
Khan, M. (2018) · Research Repository (Kingston University London)
Petit, G., Abeln, V., Summerer, L., Schneider, S., & Huber, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/516567
Carbone, M. G., Maiello, M., Pagni, G., Tagliarini, C., Pacciardi, B., & Maremmani, I. (2019) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0000000000000183
ECG SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY AND LATE RISERS: A POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY
Hassan, M. A., Rahman, S. U., & You, Z. (2019) · doi:10.33965/tpmc2019_201907c029
Development of new rapid-action treatments in mood disorders
Brietzke, E. M., Mansur, R. B., Gomes, F. A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821033-8.00007-1
Dumpala, S. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.203959
Conceptualization of Aviation Cabin Crew’s Fatigue Risk Assessment
Çevik, İ., Bam, B., Dahanayake, A., & Elfvengren, K. (2020) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/faia200837
“Fatigue is associated with lack of sleep or sleep deprivation [20][21].”
BackgroundSleepy Psychotherapists: How Clinicians’ Biological Factors May Affect the Conduct of Psychotherapy
Yager, J. (2021) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200030
Gut Microbiota Mediates Oolong Tea Polyphenols Alleviation of Circadian Rhythm DisturbancePreprint
Yan, R., Ho, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Wu, Z., Weng, P., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-769896/v1
“Disturbance of circadian rhythm is usually accompanied by sleep disturbance, which was one of the main health problems nowadays [4].”
BackgroundRisk Assessment In The Military: A Work/Rest Schedule-Based Tool For The Usn Surface Fleet
Badua, A. V., Shattuck, N. L., & Matsangas, P. (2021) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181321651077
[Interest of the local regional anesthesia in lumbar sympathectomy (author's transl)].
Glanddier, G., Levadoux, H., & Lr, J. (1977) · PubMed
LOPEZ, Z. Z., & VERA, O. L. (2022) · Revista de Investigación Ciencia Tecnología y Desarrollo · doi:10.17162/rictd.v7i1.1687
Yoshida, S., Miyaguchi, H., & Nakamura, T. (2021) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14462343
Sleep and Circadian Effects of Space
Barger, L. K., Dinges, D. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_86-1
Self-citationStahn, A. C., & Gunga, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815942-2.00002-x
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0011
liu, H., Zhang, X., Yao, X., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4159553
Zeliger, H. I. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91890-9.00023-4
The prevalence of sleep disorders among elderly females complaining of subjective cognitive decline
Afifi, E. G., Wahba, H. M. F., Abdelrahman, E. E., & Khater, M. S. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology · doi:10.21608/ejgg.2021.275620
Time in Space: Advances in the Study of Circadian Rhythms under Microgravity
Guo, J., Gan, X.-H., & Ma, H. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Space Science · doi:10.11728/cjss2021.01.145 · Cited by 1
Karatas, N., Yoshihara, Y., Tanabe, H., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35927-9_34
Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the youth athlete
Rowland, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780192843968.003.0039 · Cited by 1
Sleep Deprivation: Its Neural Circuits and Influence on Memory
Li, J. (2023) · Berkeley Scientific Journal · doi:10.5070/bs327262051
Can nonlinear analysis of movement patterns reveal the status of the musculoskeletal system?
Fonseca, S. T., Souza, T. R., Aquino, M. R. C., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23987-8.00011-0
Qiu, Z., Wu, Y.-W., Qi, W.-L., et al. (2024) · Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research · doi:10.4174/astr.2024.106.2.68
“First, although long working hours may undoubtedly cause fatigue in surgeons, which in turn will affect their performance in surgery [22,23], in our research, all surgeries were conducted by surgeons with more than 10 years of surgical experience; and the cumulative work experience may counteract…”
BackgroundMa, K., & Dong, Q. G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23520021
Honmane, V., & Popatrao, J. B. (2024) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2024.60069
Genetic Markers of Individual Differences in Response to Sleep Loss
Casale, C. E., & Goel, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62723-1_15
Self-citationMedicinal fatigue management in military aviation
Wingelaar-Jagt, Y. Q. (2024) · doi:10.26481/dis.20240926yw
The Impact and Mechanisms of Time-of-Day on Healthy Food Decisions
郭, 博. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.1411780
Nelson, R. J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197639979.003.0004
Zhang, N., Wu, X., Cui, N., Shao, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.112563 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Y., Miao, H., Wang, C., Wu, B., Chen, X., & Chi, L. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70081
Body temperature and time perception in morning and evening types
Erdoğan, Ş., & Tavat, B. C. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114943
Ding, Y., Tang, W., Yin, Z., Wu, Z., & Yang, H. W. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106731
Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, and Brain Health
Devaru, N. C., Abubakar, M., Ahmed, S., Sarika, Talha, M., & Puppala, E. R. (2025) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-2790-8_13
Shirur, A. C., Mohapatra, S., & Mishra, S. (2025) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2025.09.002
Improved sleep as an adjunctive treatment for smoking cessation
Patterson, F., & Ashare, R. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13954-3.00029-2
Wong, Q. Y. A., Lim, J. J., Ng, J. Y., Lim, Y. Y. E., Sio, Y. Y., & Chew, F. T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25115981
Domaradzki, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15010111
MERTOĞLU, S. (2025) · Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.24938/kutfd.1808327
Diurnal Effect on Differential Sensitivity, Temporal Processing in School-going Children
Prasanna, B. R., Sathish, S. B., Karupaiah, K., & Prabhu, P. (2025) · Journal of Indian Speech Language & Hearing Association · doi:10.4103/jisha.jisha_27_25
Serio, G., Pacelli, C., Piccoli, C., Capitanio, N., Cibelli, G., Valenzano, A. A., Landini, F., Carlucci, L., & Palladino, P. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0338877
“Indeed, the expression of individual cognitive potential can be affected significantly by the interaction between physical and psychological fatigue [44,45], quality of sleep [46], anxiety [47], and psychological chronotype [48] – among others – in addition to the diet regime [49,50].”
Otero, R. B., Moreno, F. C., Amado-Sánchez, Y., & Díaz-Secades, L. A. (2026) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2026.112483
Domain-specific circadian rescue following sleep deprivation
Guo, B., Yan, K., Deng, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, X., Xue, C., Chai, Y., Quan, P., Goel, N., Basner, M., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag054
“…β and γ are scaling coeff icients quantifying their relative contributions; k is the intercept; t a is time awake (hours since awakening); T is the clock time; and ε is the residual variance, which is assumed to be normally distributed across time with a mean of zero and a variance of σ [ 2].”
InfluentialSelf-citationModeling the effects of flight itinerary on jetlag duration
Huang, S., Bin, Y. S., Caillaud, C., & Postnova, S. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag063
“…because forced wakefulness during daytime means staying awake during circadian low and trying to sleep when the wake-promoting circadian signal is high, resulting in reduced performance due to both circadian timing and increased homeostatic pressure until adaptation is achieved [ 1, 40, 58].”
Les troubles du sommeil chez les adolescents libanais
Chahoud, M. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/779271ccz032dz4465za5cbzd1a20fe6945e
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in the cortico-hippocampal coupling and memory consolidation
Ferraris, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3f54f650z6692z45e7z89dfz4cd46a512b83
The Utility and Impact of an Enhancing Stress Mindset : A Multi-Study Investigation
Procommenos, C. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/45c07c8ezf55dz4d7bz9ce7z1aa1e2565550
Inhibitory Decay and Supercritical Brain Dynamics During Sleep Deprivation
Zhang, D., Zhou, L., Wang, R., Han, Y., Zuo, Z., Tian, Y., & Zhou, K. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.75698
Francis, A., & Salloum, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.05.013
Sochal, M., Wojtera, A., Ditmer, M., Gabryelska, A., Tarasiuk, A., Turkiewicz, S., Karuga, F. F., Fichna, J., & Białasiewicz, P. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125209
“DS significantly impacts cognitive performance across multiple domains [7].”
InfluentialÖZKUL, E., BERBEROĞLU, H. T., Çiftçi, F., Çin, N. N. A., & Bayram, B. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2693220
The role of sleep in strengthening face learning and memory consolidation: A systematic review
Ke, H., Yuan, K., & Liu, K. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01472-8
Klier, K., Masur, L., & Düking, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1872518
Rath, D., Divekar, S., Kumar, M., Pawar, V., & Singh, A. (2026) · Journal of GMC Nagpur · doi:10.5005/jgmc-11030-0034
Mansouri, B., Alipour, M. R., Mohaddes, G., Malaei, B., Hamidi, N., Hesami-Shabestari, R., Hosseinkhani, M., & Farajdokht, F. (2026) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2026.150484
(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24041-6.00001-5
Berangkat Gelap, Pulang Gelap: Mengurai Fatigue Risk di Balik Jadwal Terbang Awak Pesawat
Febriani, D., Suwandini, L. S., & Wardani, L. M. I. (2026) · ULIL ALBAB Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin · doi:10.56799/jim.v5i9.19941
Jia, Y. A., & Gilbert, D. (2026) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2026.107402
Duverger, J. E., Moser, E., Boudreau, P., Ouimet, M. C., Boivin, D. B., & Saïdi, A. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26196104
Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, N., Basner, M., Rao, H., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 155-190
- ISSN
- 1877-1173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3963479
- OpenAlex
- W1902549
- Semantic Scholar
- 0fbc3ce96cbbb5ca7f45ca6479e48a0a3ba75ae0
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 284
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 79.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL102119, HL102119)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR004281, R01NR004281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, human performance, two-process model, sleep homeostasis, circadian genes, individual differences, sleepiness, cognitive performance, attention, memory, brain metabolism, neuronal activation, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
