The DOI matches its Crossref record; 261 of the 284 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 59 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance
Open accessAbstract
Much of the current science on, and mathematical modeling of, dynamic changes in human performance within and between days is dominated by the two-process model of sleep–wake regulation, which posits a neurobiological drive for sleep that varies homeostatically (increasing as a saturating exponential during wakefulness and decreasing in a like manner during sleep), and a circadian process that neurobiologically modulates both the homeostatic drive for sleep and waking alertness and performance. Endogenous circadian rhythms in neurobehavioral functions, including physiological alertness and cognitive performance, have been demonstrated using special laboratory protocols that reveal the interaction of the biological clock with the sleep homeostatic drive. Individual differences in circadian rhythms and genetic and other components underlying such differences also influence waking neurobehavioral functions. Both acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive and degrade waking neurobehavioral functions as reflected in sleepiness, attention, cognitive speed, and memory. Recent evidence indicating a high degree of stability in neurobehavioral responses to sleep loss suggests that these trait-like individual differences are phenotypic and likely involve genetic components, including circadian genes. Recent experiments have revealed both sleep homeostatic and circadian effects on brain metabolism and neural activation. Investigation of the neural and genetic mechanisms underlying the dynamically complex interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian systems is beginning. A key goal of this work is to identify biomarkers that accurately predict human performance in situations in which the circadian and sleep homeostatic systems are perturbed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence on how circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, and masking factors jointly shape human alertness and cognitive performance, with particular attention to the two-process model and its limits under chronic sleep restriction. It also reviews interindividual differences, genetic markers, and neuroimaging findings, concluding that biomarkers predicting performance under circadian/sleep perturbation remain a high priority.
Key findings
- The two-process model (homeostatic process S plus circadian process C) explains acute total sleep deprivation but fails to predict escalating vigilant-attention declines under chronic sleep restriction; forced desynchrony studies show the interaction is nonlinear and nonadditive.
- Chronic sleep loss is common: 35–40% of the adult US population report sleeping less than 7 h on weekday nights; shift work affects approximately one out of five working Americans, with 15% of full-time salaried workers usually working shifts that include nights; the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2007 that shift work involving circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans.
- The McCauley et al. model predicts a critical daily wake duration of 20.2 h; daily wake above ca. 15.8 h but below 20.2 h (total sleep time 3.8–8.2 h) converges to stable performance deficits, whereas above 20.2 h performance impairments escalate; a single night of recovery sleep is predicted and experimentally confirmed to be inadequate after prolonged sleep restriction.
- Trait-like individual differences are large: intraclass correlation coefficients account for 50–90% of the variance in neurobehavioral measures after acute total sleep deprivation; in monozygotic twins, 56.2% of total variance was due to between-pair variance versus 14.5% in dizygotic twins; morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.
Methods
- The paper is a narrative review; it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis.
- It synthesizes human laboratory protocols (constant routine, forced desynchrony), acute total and chronic partial sleep deprivation/restriction studies, chronotype and clock-gene association studies, and neuroimaging methods including PET, BOLD fMRI, arterial spin-labeled perfusion fMRI, and resting-state functional connectivity fMRI.
- The main analysis is a qualitative integration of findings around the two-process model, interindividual variability, and neural/genetic mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated: the two-process model fails to adequately predict chronic sleep-restriction effects; the circadian and homeostatic interaction is nonlinear/nonadditive, making relative contributions difficult or impossible to quantify and variable across conditions and subjects.
- Stated: task-related BOLD fMRI measures only relative signal changes, lacks absolute quantification, and cannot easily dissociate sleep loss, time-of-day, or circadian effects on brain function from behavioral performance confounds; few neuroimaging studies have examined chronic partial sleep loss and recovery.
- Stated: genetic associations (e.g., CLOCK 3111C, PER3 VNTR) are inconsistent and need replication, and in vitro fibroblast rhythms do not necessarily correlate with in vivo physiological rhythms. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, no systematic methods or risk-of-bias assessment are reported.
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Claims the paper makes
25 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.86,166”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [86] Basner M Dinges DF Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss Sleep 2011 34 581 591 21532951 PMC3079937 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) identifies vigilant attention measured by the PVT as sensitive to sleep deprivation, and the discussion on p. 2 reports slower responses and a steady increase in attention lapses. The paper also says PVT performance deteriorates with time on task, but the cited passages do not establish that impairment begins early in sleep deprivation and grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [166] Basner M Mollicone DJ Dinges DF Validity and sensitivity of a brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation Acta Astronaut 2011 69 949 959 22025811 PMC3197786 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says sleep deprivation slows PVT responses and increases lapses, and the Results report significant effects of time during both total and partial sleep deprivation. These passages support impaired vigilant attention and psychomotor speed, but they do not establish that impairment begins early or grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. The Introduction’s statement that effects increase with time on task concerns time spent taking the test, not duration of sleep deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, data from unrelated individuals further indicate that common genetic polymorphisms involved in sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie these large interindividual differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults.164,181,183”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [164] Goel N Rao H Durmer JS Dinges DF Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation Semin Neurol 2009 29 320 339 19742409 PMC3564638 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Genetics of Sleep Deprivation’ section says that large, stable differences in neurobehavioral responses among healthy subjects strongly suggest a genetic component, and it discusses relevant polymorphisms. But its PER3 findings came from a small, specially recruited group and are described as preliminary; the paper does not establish the claimed inference from data on unrelated individuals across sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [181] Goel N Genetics of sleep timing, duration and homeostasis in humans Sleep Med Clin 2011 6 171 182 23450791 PMC3582029 source
The Synopsis (page unavailable) says candidate-gene findings point to biomarkers of differential neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep loss in healthy adults. The Adenosine-Related Polymorphisms section (page unavailable) likewise says common polymorphisms involved in circadian, sleep-wake, and cognitive regulation appear to underlie individual differences in responses to sleep deprivation. The copy does not explicitly call the individuals unrelated, but the claim's hedged central conclusion matches the review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [183] Goel N Dinges DF Predicting risk in space: genetic markers for differential vulnerability to sleep restriction Acta Astronaut 2012 77 207 213 23524958 PMC3602842 source
Section 3, “Genetic Markers of Differential Vulnerability to Sleep Loss” (page not provided), states that available data suggest common polymorphisms involved in sleep-wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie aspects of the large differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults. This closely matches the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but the former can reach levels of deficit equivalent to total sleep loss when the sleep restriction is severe enough (i.e., the consecutive days of restricted sleep continue long enough).10,32”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The model consists of a homeostatic process (S) and a circadian process (C), which combine to determine the timing of sleep onset and offset.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Borbély AA A two-process model of sleep regulation Hum Neurobiol 1982 1 195 204 7185792
- Not checked yetcites [21] Daan S Beersma DGM Borbély AA Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker Am J Physiol 1984 246 R161 R178 6696142
- Not checked yetcites [22] Achermann P Borbély AA Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process Biol Cybern 1994 71 115 121 8068773 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We have repeatedly demonstrated that there are large and highly replicable, trait-like individual differences in the magnitude of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep homeostatic, and cognitive performance vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation170,171 and to chronic sleep restriction.32,148,172,173”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness and fatigue Neurology 2010 75 1509 1519 20975052 PMC2974463 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Goel N Banks S Lin L Mignot E Dinges DF Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associates with individual differences in sleep physiologic responses to chronic sleep loss PLoS One 2011 6 e29283 22216231 PMC3246458 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.129”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS > 5.2. Genetics of individual differences in chronotype and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Barclay NL Gregory AM Quantitative genetic research on sleep: a review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties Sleep Med Rev 2013 17 29 40 22560641 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent forced desynchrony protocols, which serve to experimentally reveal the variance in neurobehavioral functions attributable primarily to endogenous circadian control and the variance attributable primarily to the sleep homeostatic drive, have revealed that circadian dynamics can expose large neurobehavioral vulnerability during chronic sleep restriction.26,27”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cohen DA Wang W Wyatt JK Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance Sci Transl Med 2010 2 14ra13 PMC2892834 20371466 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Zhou X Ferguson SA Matthews RW Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony Sleep 2011 34 931 941 21731143 PMC3119835
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, neurobehavioral measures reflect to varying degrees a combination of endogenous circadian rhythmicity, sleep homeostatic drive, and masking effects interacting to produce behavioral outcomes.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.3. Masking factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are less severe than those observed after acute total sleep deprivation”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These studies demonstrated that sleep restriction induced decreased vigilant attention, as measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT),25 most prominently during circadian night, even with short prior wake duration.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Lim J Dinges DF Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008 1129 305 322 18591490 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Czeisler CA Duffy JF Shanahan TL Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker Science 1999 284 2177 2181 10381883 source
- Partly supportedcites [95] Smith MR Burgess HJ Fogg LF Eastman CI Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period PLoS One 2009 4 e6014 19564915 PMC2699031 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Period Length (tau); page not available) show differences in tau among the adults studied, supporting the first part of the claim. The Methods (Methods for Measuring Tau; page not available) say tau was calculated from only one of each subject’s two sessions, and our copy does not establish robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [96] Lázár AS Santhi N Hasan S Circadian period and the timing of melatonin onset in men and women: predictors of sleep during the weekend and in the laboratory J Sleep Res 2013 22 155 159 23216995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 7) report that circadian period varied among individuals from 23h50min to 24h31min, supporting the interindividual-differences claim. The Methods (p. 6) describe determining each participant’s period during a protocol, but our copy does not report repeated measurements showing robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [97] Hasan S Santhi N Lázár AS Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real-time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin FASEB J 2012 26 2414 2423 22371527 PMC3360144 source
The Results report a range of in vivo circadian periods among healthy participants (23.7–24.7 h). The Discussion states that both in vivo and in vitro periods are constant characteristics of an individual, supporting the claimed within-person stability. The paper's repeated-measurement analysis specifically tested stability of the in vitro period. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [98] Chang AM Buch AM Bradstreet DS Klements DJ Duffy JF Human diurnal preference and circadian rhythmicity are not associated with the CLOCK 3111C/T gene polymorphism J Biol Rhythms 2011 26 276 279 21628555 PMC3689429 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study description (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says circadian period was measured in a subset of healthy individuals, which supports the claim's context of variation across people. The copy does not report repeated period measurements within individuals or establish robust within-individual stability; its Results passage addresses differences between CLOCK allele groups instead. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Some individuals are highly vulnerable to neurobehavioral performance deficits when sleep deprived, others demonstrate remarkable levels of neurobehavioral resistance to sleep loss, and others show intermediate responses.171,174”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Supportedcites [174] Goel N Dinges DF Behavioral and genetic markers of sleepiness J Clin Sleep Med 2011 7 S19 S21 22003324 PMC3190416 source
The section “Stable trait-like Individual Differences in Response to Sleep loss” explicitly describes highly vulnerable, resistant, and intermediate cognitive performance responses to sleep deprivation (Types 3, 1, and 2). The Conclusions likewise describe substantial individual differences in neurobehavioral deficits from sleep loss. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We showed that this polymorphism related to individual differences in sleep homeostatic responses, but not cognitive performance responses to chronic sleep restriction.148”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
The Discussion reports higher slow-wave activity and energy in PER3 5/5 subjects during chronic partial sleep deprivation, but equivalent declines in cognitive performance across genotypes. It concludes that the polymorphism relates to sleep homeostatic responses, not differential vulnerability to neurobehavioral effects. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.39”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.2. Objective measures of cognitive performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lim J Dinges DF A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables Psychol Bull 2010 136 375 389 20438143 PMC3290659 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The homeostatic process represents the drive for sleep that increases as a saturating exponential during wakefulness (as can be observed when wakefulness is maintained beyond habitual bedtime into the night and subsequent day) and decreases as a saturating exponential during sleep (which represents recuperation obtained from sleep).”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation affects a wide range of cognitive domains (including attention, working memory, abstraction, and decision making) and results in decreases in both the encoding of new information and memory consolidation.165”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Diekelmann S Born J The memory function of sleep Nat Rev Neurosci 2010 11 114 126 20046194 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian process represents daily oscillatory modulation of these threshold levels.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while the two-process model has been very successful in explaining changes in neurobehavioral performance in acute total sleep deprivation paradigms, it fails to adequately predict the escalating declines in vigilant attention observed under chronic sleep-restriction conditions.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“who varied the amount of baseline nightly sleep prior to chronic sleep restriction and found that it affected both the rate at which alertness was degraded and the rate at which deficits were reversed by repeated nights of recovery sleep.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Bliese PD Balkin TJ Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery Sleep 2009 32 311 321 19294951 PMC2647785 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals cognitively vulnerable to sleep deprivation showed reduced frontoparietal activation, while resilient individuals showed increased parietal activation associated with lapses of attention during total sleep deprivation201”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.2. Neuroimaging of sleep deprivation and circadian variations in brain metabolism and neural activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Chee MWL Tan JC Lapsing when sleep deprived: neural activation characteristics of resistant and vulnerable individuals Neuroimage 2010 51 835 843 20171288 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains unclear, however, whether the same individuals vulnerable to the adverse neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are also vulnerable to acute total sleep deprivation.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, interindividual differences in circadian parameters, especially phase, and differential vulnerability to sleep loss also markedly affect neurobehavioral responses, suggesting genetic underpinnings.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for differential neurobehavioral vulnerabilities to sleep loss are unknown, and thus far have not been accounted for by demographic factors, IQ, or sleep need.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies reported inconsistent results, likely due to small sample sizes, different populations, varying doses of sleep restriction, and different outcome measures.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Lo JC Groeger JA Santhi N Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase PLoS One 2012 7 e45987 23029352 PMC3454374 source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Tassi P Schimchowitsch S Rohmer O Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation on daytime alertness and cognitive performance of healthy snorers and non-snorers Sleep Med 2012 13 29 35 22177345 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Philip P Sagaspe P Prague M Acute versus chronic partial sleep deprivation in middle-aged people: differential effect on performance and sleepiness Sleep 2012 35 997 1002 22754046 PMC3369235 source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Drake CL Roehrs TA Burduvali E Bonahoom A Rosekind M Roth T Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss Psychophysiology 2001 38 979 987 12240674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sleep homeostat and neurobehavioral performance are affected by acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction, although the two forms of sleep loss likely differentially affect neural and behavioral responses.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“56.2% of the total variance in the monozygotic twins was due to variance between pairs whereas only 14.5% of the total variance in dizygotic twins was due to variance between pairs (Fig. 7.3)”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182] Kuna ST Maislin G Pack FM Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins Sleep 2012 35 1223 1233 22942500 PMC3413799
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian drive for wakefulness, the homeostatic drive for sleep, and masking factors simultaneously interact to affect neurobehavioral functioning.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The biological clock that modulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus.
“The endogenous circadian regulating system (i.e., biological clock) that modulates the timing of both sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“sleep deprivation leads to cognitive impairment and reduced attention(43-46).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Sleep is a vital biological function that directly impacts physical and mental health [14,15].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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From circadian clock gene expression to pathologies
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“The genetic basis of DSPD and ASPD related to phenotypic chronotype has been investigated in recent years, both demonstrating links to core clock genes.(130,153,154) DSPD, themost commonCRSD in the general population,”
Body Temperature and Performance under Different Routines
Kleitman, N., & Jackson, D. P. (1950) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1950.3.6.309 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“Under entrained conditions, higher and lower core body temperature values typically correspond to good and poor performance, respectively.(56,59,60)”
Chronotype and Sex Effects on Sleep Architecture and Quantitative Sleep EEG in Healthy Young Adults
Mongrain, V., Carrier, J., & Dumont, M. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.7.819 · Cited by 117
Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance
Minkel, J. D., & Dinges, D. F. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045046-9.01622-3 · Cited by 115
Self-citationLim, J., Choo, W. C., & Chee, M. W. L. (2007) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.1.61 · Cited by 115
Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period
Smith, M. R., Burgess, H. J., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006014 · Cited by 113
Assessment of circadian function in fibroblasts of patients with bipolar disorder
Yang, S., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Wang, K., Berrettini, W., & Bućan, M. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.10 · Cited by 113
Barclay, N. L., Eley, T. C., Mill, J. S., Wong, C. C. Y., Zavos, H. M. S., Archer, S. N., & Gregory, A. M. (2011) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31210 · Cited by 113
Sleep duration is a potential risk factor for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chao, C.-Y., Wu, J.-S., Yang, Y.-C., Shih, C.-C., Wang, R.-H., Lu, F.-H., & Chang, C.-J. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.031 · Cited by 110
Johns, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00274.x · Cited by 109
A systematic review of the neurobehavioural and physiological effects of shiftwork systems
Driscoll, T. R., Grunstein, R. R., & Rogers, N. L. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.11.001 · Cited by 104 · cited 1×
“working evenings, nights, or rotating shifts and is often associated with shorter-than-normal and disrupted sleep periods at an adverse circadian phase.(18) The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2007 that shift work involving circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans.”
Gambling when sleep deprived: don't bet on stimulants
Killgore, W. D. S., Grugle, N. L., & Balkin, T. J. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.635230 · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“lants to counteract the effects of sleep deprivation seems to depend on the cognitive domain studied.(168)”
Drummond, S. P. A., Anderson, D. E., Straus, L. D., Vogel, E. K., & Perez, V. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035653 · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“Some studies have reported differences in behavioral, sleep homeostatic and/or physiological responses to both types of deprivation.(32,176,177) Moreover, only a few experiments”
Heritability of Performance Deficit Accumulation During Acute Sleep Deprivation in Twins
Kuna, S. T., Maislin, G., Pack, F. M., Staley, B. A., Hachadoorian, R., Coccaro, E. F., & Pack, A. I. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2074 · Cited by 101 · cited 1×
“In support of this statement, a recent study by Kuna et al.(182)”
Two Pedigrees of Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome in Japan
Satoh, K., Mishima, K., Inoue, Y., Ebisawa, T., & Shimizu, T. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.4.416 · Cited by 101 · cited 1×
“In one study, ASPD was shown to be associated with a mutation in PER2,(160) although a later study failed to replicate this finding.(161) Another report implicatedmutations in casein kinase I delta in ASPD.”
Buysse, D. J., Nofzinger, E. A., Germain, A., Meltzer, C. C., Wood, A., Ombao, H., Kupfer, D. J., & Moore, R. Y. (2004) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.7.1245 · Cited by 98 · cited 1×
“increased relative glucose metabolism in the brainstem and hypothalamic arousal systems and decreased relative metabolism in the posterior cortical regions during evening wakefulness compared with morning wakefulness.(191) Moreover, variations in regional brain glucose metabolism have”
Mollicone, D. J., Dongen, H. P. A. V., Rogers, N. L., & Dinges, D. F. (2008) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.005 · Cited by 98 · cited 2×
“The effects of cognitive performance testing on subsequent posttest subjective alertness ratings are evident only when sleep loss has commenced and this effect is modulated by circadian variation.(28)”
Self-citationInteractive Effects of Sleep Deprivation, Time of Day, and Driving Experience on a Driving Task
Lenné, M. G., Triggs, T. J., & Redman, J. R. (1998) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/21.1.38 · Cited by 96 · cited 1×
“Moreover, their relative contributions may vary across different experimental conditions(55,90) and among subjects.(93)”
Association between weight gain, obesity, and sleep duration: a large-scale 3-year cohort study
Kobayashi, D., Takahashi, O., Deshpande, G. A., Shimbo, T., & Fukui, T. (2012) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-011-0583-0 · Cited by 95
DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness, and fatigue
Goel, N., Banks, S., Mignot, E., & Dinges, D. F. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f9615d · Cited by 92 · cited 1×
“We have repeatedly demonstrated that there are large and highly replicable, trait-like individual differences in the magnitude of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep homeostatic, and cognitive performance vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation(170,171) and to chronic sleep restriction.(32,148,172,173) Some individuals…”
Sleep deprivation and its effects on object-selective attention
Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Parimal, S., & Zagorodnov, V. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.067 · Cited by 92
Effect of Non-Twenty-Four-Hour Routines of Living on Oral Temperature and Heart Rate
Kleitman, N., & Kleitman, E. (1953) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1953.6.5.283 · Cited by 89
Eastman, C. I., Molina, T. A., Dziepak, M. E., & Smith, M. R. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.700670 · Cited by 88 · cited 1×
“Women also have been reported to have a shorter average intrinsic circadian period than men,(113) though not consistently,(114) and blacks have been reported to have a shorter average intrinsic circadian period than whites.(114) These differences in circadian phase preference (and possibly in circadian period) appear…”
Mongrain, V., Carrier, J., & Dumont, M. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04561.x · Cited by 87
Circadian Clocks and Mood-Related Behaviors
Albrecht, U. (2013) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_9 · Cited by 86
Circadian Preference Modulates the Neural Substrate of Conflict Processing across the Day
Schmidt, C., Peigneux, P., Leclercq, Y., Virginie Sterpenich, A., Vandewalle, G., Phillips, C. L. M., Berthomier, P., Berthomier, C., Tinguely, G., Gais, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029658 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“chronotypes from the subjective morning to the subjective evening but decreased in morning chronotypes under the same conditions.(239)”
Bodenmann, S., Xu, S., Luhmann, U., Arand, M., Berger, W., Jung, H., & Landolt, H. (2009) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.222 · Cited by 85 · cited 1×
“we found that the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism predicted individual differences in sleep homeostatic responses to chronic sleep restriction,(173) but such prediction has not been shown to acute total sleep deprivation.(185) Clearly, more studies are warranted to investigate”
Sleep Deprivation Impairs Object-Selective Attention: A View from the Ventral Visual Cortex
Lim, J., Tan, J. C., Parimal, S., Dinges, D. F., & Chee, M. W. L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009087 · Cited by 84
Self-citationPhilip, P., Sagaspe, P., Prague, M., Tassi, P., Capelli, A., Bioulac, B., Commenges, D., & Taillard, J. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1968 · Cited by 84
Sleep, Wake and Phase Dependent Changes in Neurobehavioral Function under Forced Desynchrony
Zhou, X., Ferguson, S. A., Matthews, R. W., Sargent, C., Darwent, D., Kennaway, D. J., & Roach, G. D. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1130 · Cited by 82
Hull, J. T., Wright, K. P., & Czeisler, C. A. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403253584 · Cited by 82
Chee, M. W. L., Goh, C. S. F., Namburi, P., Parimal, S., Seidl, K. N., & Kastner, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.058 · Cited by 81
Marek, T., Fąfrowicz, M., Golonka, K., Mojsa‐Kaja, J., Ogińska, H., Tucholska, K., Urbanik, A., Beldzik, E., & Domagalik, A. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.489400 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“attentional system including the inferior parietal and frontal eye field regions during a Stroop-like task, suggesting that bottom-up attention orientation may be vulnerable to circadian factors.(235)”
Time of day effects in simple repetitive tasks: Some possible mechanisms
Monk, T. H., & Leng, V. C. (1982) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90035-x · Cited by 79
Poudel, G. R., Innes, C., & Jones, R. D. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1994 · Cited by 79
Sleep Deprivation Increases Cerebral Serotonin 2A Receptor Binding in Humans
Elmenhorst, D., Kroll, T., Matusch, A., & Bauer, A. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2230 · Cited by 79
Sleep deprivation alters valuation signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Libedinsky, C., Smith, D. V., Teng, C. S., Namburi, P., Chen, V. W., Huettel, S. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00070 · Cited by 79
Classifying fMRI-derived resting-state connectivity patterns according to their daily rhythmicity
Blautzik, J., Vetter, C., Peres, I., Gutyrchik, E., Keeser, D., Berman, A., Kirsch, V., Mueller, S., Pöppel, E., Reiser, M. F., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.010 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“examine daily variations in resting brain functional connectivity and found that the DMN and sensorimotor network showed highly rhythmic connectivity patterns while the executive control network was most stable across the day.(255)”
Dubious bargain: trading sleep for Leno and Letterman
Basner, M., & Dinges, D. F. (2009) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.6.747 · Cited by 76 · cited 2×
“those who did not work did not differ in the times when they retired at night.(15) We speculate that some of this sleep-restriction behavior may be explained by respondents with a late evening circadian phase preference, who awaken early by alarm clock to commute for paid work.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The sleep-deprived human brain
Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.55 · Cited by 1,200
Sleep quality: An evolutionary concept analysis
Nelson, K. L., Davis, J. E., & Corbett, C. F. (2021) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12659 · Cited by 733
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging
Mattis, J., & Sehgal, A. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003 · Cited by 369
“Sleep disruption–- be it shorter sleep duration or poorer sleep quality – is correlated with worsened cognitive performance [1–4].”
BackgroundMukherjee, S., Patel, S. R., Kales, S. N., Ayas, N., Strohl, K. P., Gozal, D., & Malhotra, A. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201504-0767st · Cited by 325
“There is marked individual variation in the amount of sleep that an individual will need throughout the life span to ensure good health (12, 13).”
BackgroundStress & sleep: A relationship lasting a lifetime
Martire, V. L., Caruso, D., Palagini, L., Zoccoli, G., & Bastianini, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.024 · Cited by 317
Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, N., Basner, M., Rao, H., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 155-190
- ISSN
- 1877-1173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3963479
- OpenAlex
- W1902549
- Semantic Scholar
- 0fbc3ce96cbbb5ca7f45ca6479e48a0a3ba75ae0
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 284
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 79.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL102119, HL102119)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR004281, R01NR004281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, human performance, two-process model, sleep homeostasis, circadian genes, individual differences, sleepiness, cognitive performance, attention, memory, brain metabolism, neuronal activation, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis
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