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Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance
Open accessAbstract
Much of the current science on, and mathematical modeling of, dynamic changes in human performance within and between days is dominated by the two-process model of sleep–wake regulation, which posits a neurobiological drive for sleep that varies homeostatically (increasing as a saturating exponential during wakefulness and decreasing in a like manner during sleep), and a circadian process that neurobiologically modulates both the homeostatic drive for sleep and waking alertness and performance. Endogenous circadian rhythms in neurobehavioral functions, including physiological alertness and cognitive performance, have been demonstrated using special laboratory protocols that reveal the interaction of the biological clock with the sleep homeostatic drive. Individual differences in circadian rhythms and genetic and other components underlying such differences also influence waking neurobehavioral functions. Both acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive and degrade waking neurobehavioral functions as reflected in sleepiness, attention, cognitive speed, and memory. Recent evidence indicating a high degree of stability in neurobehavioral responses to sleep loss suggests that these trait-like individual differences are phenotypic and likely involve genetic components, including circadian genes. Recent experiments have revealed both sleep homeostatic and circadian effects on brain metabolism and neural activation. Investigation of the neural and genetic mechanisms underlying the dynamically complex interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian systems is beginning. A key goal of this work is to identify biomarkers that accurately predict human performance in situations in which the circadian and sleep homeostatic systems are perturbed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence on how circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, and masking factors jointly shape human alertness and cognitive performance, with particular attention to the two-process model and its limits under chronic sleep restriction. It also reviews interindividual differences, genetic markers, and neuroimaging findings, concluding that biomarkers predicting performance under circadian/sleep perturbation remain a high priority.
Key findings
- The two-process model (homeostatic process S plus circadian process C) explains acute total sleep deprivation but fails to predict escalating vigilant-attention declines under chronic sleep restriction; forced desynchrony studies show the interaction is nonlinear and nonadditive.
- Chronic sleep loss is common: 35–40% of the adult US population report sleeping less than 7 h on weekday nights; shift work affects approximately one out of five working Americans, with 15% of full-time salaried workers usually working shifts that include nights; the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2007 that shift work involving circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans.
- The McCauley et al. model predicts a critical daily wake duration of 20.2 h; daily wake above ca. 15.8 h but below 20.2 h (total sleep time 3.8–8.2 h) converges to stable performance deficits, whereas above 20.2 h performance impairments escalate; a single night of recovery sleep is predicted and experimentally confirmed to be inadequate after prolonged sleep restriction.
- Trait-like individual differences are large: intraclass correlation coefficients account for 50–90% of the variance in neurobehavioral measures after acute total sleep deprivation; in monozygotic twins, 56.2% of total variance was due to between-pair variance versus 14.5% in dizygotic twins; morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.
Methods
- The paper is a narrative review; it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis.
- It synthesizes human laboratory protocols (constant routine, forced desynchrony), acute total and chronic partial sleep deprivation/restriction studies, chronotype and clock-gene association studies, and neuroimaging methods including PET, BOLD fMRI, arterial spin-labeled perfusion fMRI, and resting-state functional connectivity fMRI.
- The main analysis is a qualitative integration of findings around the two-process model, interindividual variability, and neural/genetic mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated: the two-process model fails to adequately predict chronic sleep-restriction effects; the circadian and homeostatic interaction is nonlinear/nonadditive, making relative contributions difficult or impossible to quantify and variable across conditions and subjects.
- Stated: task-related BOLD fMRI measures only relative signal changes, lacks absolute quantification, and cannot easily dissociate sleep loss, time-of-day, or circadian effects on brain function from behavioral performance confounds; few neuroimaging studies have examined chronic partial sleep loss and recovery.
- Stated: genetic associations (e.g., CLOCK 3111C, PER3 VNTR) are inconsistent and need replication, and in vitro fibroblast rhythms do not necessarily correlate with in vivo physiological rhythms. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, no systematic methods or risk-of-bias assessment are reported.
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Claims the paper makes
25 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.86,166”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [86] Basner M Dinges DF Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss Sleep 2011 34 581 591 21532951 PMC3079937 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) identifies vigilant attention measured by the PVT as sensitive to sleep deprivation, and the discussion on p. 2 reports slower responses and a steady increase in attention lapses. The paper also says PVT performance deteriorates with time on task, but the cited passages do not establish that impairment begins early in sleep deprivation and grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [166] Basner M Mollicone DJ Dinges DF Validity and sensitivity of a brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation Acta Astronaut 2011 69 949 959 22025811 PMC3197786 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says sleep deprivation slows PVT responses and increases lapses, and the Results report significant effects of time during both total and partial sleep deprivation. These passages support impaired vigilant attention and psychomotor speed, but they do not establish that impairment begins early or grows progressively more severe as deprivation continues. The Introduction’s statement that effects increase with time on task concerns time spent taking the test, not duration of sleep deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies from our laboratory and others indicate these phenotypic responses occur as a normal distribution,170,175”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Could not verifycites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports substantial inter-individual variability in responses to sleep loss, and the Discussion describes trait-like differences. Neither states that those responses follow a normal distribution. Searches for normal distribution, normally distributed, Gaussian, and bell-shaped responses found no passage addressing the distribution’s shape. (LLM, conf=0.72)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, data from unrelated individuals further indicate that common genetic polymorphisms involved in sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie these large interindividual differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults.164,181,183”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [164] Goel N Rao H Durmer JS Dinges DF Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation Semin Neurol 2009 29 320 339 19742409 PMC3564638 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Genetics of Sleep Deprivation’ section says that large, stable differences in neurobehavioral responses among healthy subjects strongly suggest a genetic component, and it discusses relevant polymorphisms. But its PER3 findings came from a small, specially recruited group and are described as preliminary; the paper does not establish the claimed inference from data on unrelated individuals across sleep–wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [181] Goel N Genetics of sleep timing, duration and homeostasis in humans Sleep Med Clin 2011 6 171 182 23450791 PMC3582029 source
The Synopsis (page unavailable) says candidate-gene findings point to biomarkers of differential neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep loss in healthy adults. The Adenosine-Related Polymorphisms section (page unavailable) likewise says common polymorphisms involved in circadian, sleep-wake, and cognitive regulation appear to underlie individual differences in responses to sleep deprivation. The copy does not explicitly call the individuals unrelated, but the claim's hedged central conclusion matches the review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [183] Goel N Dinges DF Predicting risk in space: genetic markers for differential vulnerability to sleep restriction Acta Astronaut 2012 77 207 213 23524958 PMC3602842 source
Section 3, “Genetic Markers of Differential Vulnerability to Sleep Loss” (page not provided), states that available data suggest common polymorphisms involved in sleep-wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may underlie aspects of the large differences in neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep deprivation in healthy adults. This closely matches the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but the former can reach levels of deficit equivalent to total sleep loss when the sleep restriction is severe enough (i.e., the consecutive days of restricted sleep continue long enough).10,32”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The model consists of a homeostatic process (S) and a circadian process (C), which combine to determine the timing of sleep onset and offset.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Borbély AA A two-process model of sleep regulation Hum Neurobiol 1982 1 195 204 7185792
- Not checked yetcites [21] Daan S Beersma DGM Borbély AA Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker Am J Physiol 1984 246 R161 R178 6696142
- Not checked yetcites [22] Achermann P Borbély AA Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process Biol Cybern 1994 71 115 121 8068773 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We have repeatedly demonstrated that there are large and highly replicable, trait-like individual differences in the magnitude of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep homeostatic, and cognitive performance vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation170,171 and to chronic sleep restriction.32,148,172,173”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness and fatigue Neurology 2010 75 1509 1519 20975052 PMC2974463 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Goel N Banks S Lin L Mignot E Dinges DF Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associates with individual differences in sleep physiologic responses to chronic sleep loss PLoS One 2011 6 e29283 22216231 PMC3246458 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.129”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS > 5.2. Genetics of individual differences in chronotype and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Barclay NL Gregory AM Quantitative genetic research on sleep: a review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties Sleep Med Rev 2013 17 29 40 22560641 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent forced desynchrony protocols, which serve to experimentally reveal the variance in neurobehavioral functions attributable primarily to endogenous circadian control and the variance attributable primarily to the sleep homeostatic drive, have revealed that circadian dynamics can expose large neurobehavioral vulnerability during chronic sleep restriction.26,27”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cohen DA Wang W Wyatt JK Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance Sci Transl Med 2010 2 14ra13 PMC2892834 20371466 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Zhou X Ferguson SA Matthews RW Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony Sleep 2011 34 931 941 21731143 PMC3119835
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, neurobehavioral measures reflect to varying degrees a combination of endogenous circadian rhythmicity, sleep homeostatic drive, and masking effects interacting to produce behavioral outcomes.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.3. Masking factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are less severe than those observed after acute total sleep deprivation”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Czeisler CA Duffy JF Shanahan TL Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker Science 1999 284 2177 2181 10381883 source
- Partly supportedcites [95] Smith MR Burgess HJ Fogg LF Eastman CI Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period PLoS One 2009 4 e6014 19564915 PMC2699031 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Period Length (tau); page not available) show differences in tau among the adults studied, supporting the first part of the claim. The Methods (Methods for Measuring Tau; page not available) say tau was calculated from only one of each subject’s two sessions, and our copy does not establish robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [96] Lázár AS Santhi N Hasan S Circadian period and the timing of melatonin onset in men and women: predictors of sleep during the weekend and in the laboratory J Sleep Res 2013 22 155 159 23216995 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 7) report that circadian period varied among individuals from 23h50min to 24h31min, supporting the interindividual-differences claim. The Methods (p. 6) describe determining each participant’s period during a protocol, but our copy does not report repeated measurements showing robust stability within individuals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [97] Hasan S Santhi N Lázár AS Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real-time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin FASEB J 2012 26 2414 2423 22371527 PMC3360144 source
The Results report a range of in vivo circadian periods among healthy participants (23.7–24.7 h). The Discussion states that both in vivo and in vitro periods are constant characteristics of an individual, supporting the claimed within-person stability. The paper's repeated-measurement analysis specifically tested stability of the in vitro period. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [98] Chang AM Buch AM Bradstreet DS Klements DJ Duffy JF Human diurnal preference and circadian rhythmicity are not associated with the CLOCK 3111C/T gene polymorphism J Biol Rhythms 2011 26 276 279 21628555 PMC3689429 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study description (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says circadian period was measured in a subset of healthy individuals, which supports the claim's context of variation across people. The copy does not report repeated period measurements within individuals or establish robust within-individual stability; its Results passage addresses differences between CLOCK allele groups instead. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Some individuals are highly vulnerable to neurobehavioral performance deficits when sleep deprived, others demonstrate remarkable levels of neurobehavioral resistance to sleep loss, and others show intermediate responses.171,174”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Supportedcites [174] Goel N Dinges DF Behavioral and genetic markers of sleepiness J Clin Sleep Med 2011 7 S19 S21 22003324 PMC3190416 source
The section “Stable trait-like Individual Differences in Response to Sleep loss” explicitly describes highly vulnerable, resistant, and intermediate cognitive performance responses to sleep deprivation (Types 3, 1, and 2). The Conclusions likewise describe substantial individual differences in neurobehavioral deficits from sleep loss. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We showed that this polymorphism related to individual differences in sleep homeostatic responses, but not cognitive performance responses to chronic sleep restriction.148”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
The Discussion reports higher slow-wave activity and energy in PER3 5/5 subjects during chronic partial sleep deprivation, but equivalent declines in cognitive performance across genotypes. It concludes that the polymorphism relates to sleep homeostatic responses, not differential vulnerability to neurobehavioral effects. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.39”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.2. Objective measures of cognitive performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lim J Dinges DF A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables Psychol Bull 2010 136 375 389 20438143 PMC3290659 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The homeostatic process represents the drive for sleep that increases as a saturating exponential during wakefulness (as can be observed when wakefulness is maintained beyond habitual bedtime into the night and subsequent day) and decreases as a saturating exponential during sleep (which represents recuperation obtained from sleep).”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation affects a wide range of cognitive domains (including attention, working memory, abstraction, and decision making) and results in decreases in both the encoding of new information and memory consolidation.165”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Diekelmann S Born J The memory function of sleep Nat Rev Neurosci 2010 11 114 126 20046194 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian process represents daily oscillatory modulation of these threshold levels.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while the two-process model has been very successful in explaining changes in neurobehavioral performance in acute total sleep deprivation paradigms, it fails to adequately predict the escalating declines in vigilant attention observed under chronic sleep-restriction conditions.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“who varied the amount of baseline nightly sleep prior to chronic sleep restriction and found that it affected both the rate at which alertness was degraded and the rate at which deficits were reversed by repeated nights of recovery sleep.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Bliese PD Balkin TJ Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery Sleep 2009 32 311 321 19294951 PMC2647785 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals cognitively vulnerable to sleep deprivation showed reduced frontoparietal activation, while resilient individuals showed increased parietal activation associated with lapses of attention during total sleep deprivation201”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.2. Neuroimaging of sleep deprivation and circadian variations in brain metabolism and neural activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Chee MWL Tan JC Lapsing when sleep deprived: neural activation characteristics of resistant and vulnerable individuals Neuroimage 2010 51 835 843 20171288 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains unclear, however, whether the same individuals vulnerable to the adverse neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are also vulnerable to acute total sleep deprivation.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, interindividual differences in circadian parameters, especially phase, and differential vulnerability to sleep loss also markedly affect neurobehavioral responses, suggesting genetic underpinnings.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for differential neurobehavioral vulnerabilities to sleep loss are unknown, and thus far have not been accounted for by demographic factors, IQ, or sleep need.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies reported inconsistent results, likely due to small sample sizes, different populations, varying doses of sleep restriction, and different outcome measures.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Lo JC Groeger JA Santhi N Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase PLoS One 2012 7 e45987 23029352 PMC3454374 source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Tassi P Schimchowitsch S Rohmer O Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation on daytime alertness and cognitive performance of healthy snorers and non-snorers Sleep Med 2012 13 29 35 22177345 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Philip P Sagaspe P Prague M Acute versus chronic partial sleep deprivation in middle-aged people: differential effect on performance and sleepiness Sleep 2012 35 997 1002 22754046 PMC3369235 source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Drake CL Roehrs TA Burduvali E Bonahoom A Rosekind M Roth T Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss Psychophysiology 2001 38 979 987 12240674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sleep homeostat and neurobehavioral performance are affected by acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction, although the two forms of sleep loss likely differentially affect neural and behavioral responses.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“56.2% of the total variance in the monozygotic twins was due to variance between pairs whereas only 14.5% of the total variance in dizygotic twins was due to variance between pairs (Fig. 7.3)”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182] Kuna ST Maislin G Pack FM Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins Sleep 2012 35 1223 1233 22942500 PMC3413799
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian drive for wakefulness, the homeostatic drive for sleep, and masking factors simultaneously interact to affect neurobehavioral functioning.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The biological clock that modulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus.
“The endogenous circadian regulating system (i.e., biological clock) that modulates the timing of both sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep is a vital biological function that directly impacts physical and mental health [14,15].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“sleep deprivation leads to cognitive impairment and reduced attention(43-46).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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BackgroundStress & sleep: A relationship lasting a lifetime
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“Nevertheless, sleepiness varies over the time of day (205), which can impair an individual’s ability to sleep or the effectiveness of naps in preventing detriments of sleepiness in functional tasks such as cognition (206).”
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“[3] The biological clock network affects wake-behavior and consequently a person’s chronotype.[4] In order to assess chronotypes, the most used measure is the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ),[5] but more recently, the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) has been developed, which distinguishes sleep beha…”
MethodChronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health
Almoosawi, S., Vingeliene, S., Gachon, F., Voortman, T., Palla, L., Johnston, J. D., Van Dam, R. M., Darimont, C., & Karagounis, L. G. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy070 · Cited by 247
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
BackgroundAnxiety, pandemic‐related stress and resilience among physicians during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Mosheva, M., Hertz‐Palmor, N., Dorman-Ilan, S., Matalon, N., Pessach, I. M., Afek, A. B., Ziv, A., Kreiss, Y., Gross, R., & Gothelf, D. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23085 · Cited by 219
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“sleep deprivation [32, 33] as well as circadian disruption [34, 35].”
BackgroundSuicide and sleep: Is it a bad thing to be awake when reason sleeps?
Perlis, M. L., Grandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Bernert, R. A., Brown, G. K., & Thase, M. E. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.003 · Cited by 178
Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000324 · Cited by 166
Exploring the Effects of Problematic Internet Use on Adolescent Sleep: A Systematic Review
Kokka, I., Mourikis, I., Nicolaides, N. C., Darviri, C., Chrousos, G. P., Kanaka-Gantenbein, C., & Bacopoulou, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020760 · Cited by 152
“The tendency for sleep regain following deprivation means that sleep is more than body’s inactivity [46].”
BackgroundThe role of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disruption as risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease
Wu, H., Dunnett, S. L., Ho, J. Y. S., & Chang, R. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100764 · Cited by 154
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Role of chronotype in dietary intake, meal timing, and obesity: a systematic review
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Reducing health disparities: the role of sleep deficiency and sleep disorders
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“The significance of compromised sleep and undiagnosed sleep disorders is underscored by decades of scientific findings associating sleep deficiency with increased disease risk, including cardiovascular and metabolic disease (8–10), psychiatric illness (11), substance abuse (12), pregnancy complications (13) and impair…”
BackgroundSleep deprivation disrupts the lacrimal system and induces dry eye disease
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“…in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which regulates secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin together with rhythms in physiology and behavior including sleep, metabolism, immunity, alertness, and performance (Goel et al. 2013; Scheiermann et al. 2013; Qian and Scheer 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of exercise on circadian rhythms in humans
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Stationary gaze entropy predicts lane departure events in sleep-deprived drivers
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Circadian Rhythms in Attention.
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Altered salience network connectivity predicts macronutrient intake after sleep deprivation
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“Although the exact neural basis of such effects is not fully clear yet, several studies have shown that decreased brain metabolic activity occurs after sleep deprivation.(145) Moreover, within the first hours of sleep a surge of cerebral ATP occurs.”
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“Determining chronotype is important as it affects many aspects of behavior and health, including sleep duration [4], cognitive performance [5], and psychopathology [6].”
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The circadian clock and inflammation: A new insight
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“…and performance on cognitive tasks show cyclical variation following a 24-hr rhythm (i.e., circadian rhythm) that is driven by the biological clock (Cajochen, Chellappa, & Schmidt, 2014; Carrier & Monk, 2000; Dijk, Duffy, & Czeisler, 1992; Goel, Basner, Rao, & Dinges, 2013; Johnson et al., 1992).”
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Mathematical modeling of circadian rhythms
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“These variables interact in a complex way, in fact the phase of circadian performance (the moment of the day in which one achieves maximal performance) varies with the nature and complexity of cognitive tasks (Goel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMobile manifestations of alertness
Murnane, E. L., Abdullah, S., Matthews, M. L., Kay, M., Kientz, J. A., Choudhury, T., Gay, G. K., & Cosley, D. (2016) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/2935334.2935383 · Cited by 66
Engineered hybrid fibre reinforced composites for sound absorption building applications
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“…day such as on themorning and evening, since previous studies have demonstrated significant circadian effects on brain activity and showed differential brain activations during the afternoon compared to other times of the day (Baehr et al., 2000; Goel et al., 2013; Kerkhof and Van Dongen, 1996).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationClock genes associate with white matter integrity in depressed bipolar patients
Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Aggio, V., Poletti, S., Lorenzi, C., Pirovano, A., Vai, B., Dallaspezia, S., Colombo, C., & Benedetti, F. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1260026 · Cited by 61
“In addition, a higher sleep homeostatic pressure after sleep loss, with possibly a worse decrement of cognitive performances, was observed in PER3 compared to PER3 (Goel et al., 2013; Viola et al., 2007).”
ResultYamazaki, E. M., Antler, C. A., Lasek, C. R., & Goel, N. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa224 · Cited by 59
Self-citationDawson, D. E., Sprajcer, M., & Thomas, M. J. W. (2020) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105955 · Cited by 61
The Impact of Insufficient Sleep on Combat Mission Performance
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Self-citationSleepiness as a Local Phenomenon
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“Sleep, an important dimension, and determinant of lifestyle is a complex homeostatic process that involves multiple processes, including sleep-wake homeostasis, circadian cycle, and human dietary and lifestyle behaviors (14).”
BackgroundBraca, A., & Dondio, P. (2023) · Italian Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1007/s43039-023-00077-0 · Cited by 101
“, at the low-end of their circadian cycle), they are more likely to take cognitive shortcuts rather than study and evaluate information (Battersby & Bailin, 2013; Goel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTaylor, L. K., Chrismas, B. C. R., Dascombe, B. J., Chamari, K., & Fowler, P. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00083 · Cited by 60
“…sleeping pills, exercise, hypnotics and sedatives, medication, athletes, travel, practice, practitioner Sleep is a restorative circadian process underpinned by numerous interrelated biological processes (Brown et al., 2012; Goel et al., 2013; Zeitzer, 2013; Vyazovskiy and Delogu, 2014).”
BackgroundOriyama, S., Miyakoshi, Y., & Kobayashi, T. (2013) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2013-0043 · Cited by 52
Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults
Singh, S., Keller, P. R., Busija, L., McMillan, P., Makrai, E., Lawrenson, J. G., Hull, C. C., & Downie, L. E. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013244.pub2 · Cited by 77
Loss of Sleep Affects the Ultrastructure of Pyramidal Neurons in the Adolescent Mouse Frontal Cortex
de Vivo, L., Nelson, A. B., Bellesi, M., Noguti, J., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5644 · Cited by 49
“For each parameter the following values are listed: (1) coefficient for the binary logistic equation (B); (2) standard error (s.”
BackgroundMethodCircadian rhythm in negative affect: Implications for mood disorders
Emens, J. S., Berman, A. M., Thosar, S. S., Butler, M. P., Roberts, S. A., Clemons, N. A., Herzig, M. X., McHill, A. W., Morimoto, M., Bowles, N. P., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113337 · Cited by 52
“This is analogous to the increased errors seen in individuals who are awake during the circadian trough in cognitive performance (Goel et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTime-related eating patterns and chronotype are associated with diet quality in pregnant women
Gontijo, C. A., Cabral, B. B. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Teixeira, G. P., Fahmy, W. M., Maia, Y. C. D. P., & Crispim, C. A. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1518328 · Cited by 48
“Some current studies also show that chronotype – the phenotypic aspect of circadian rhythmicity in humans (Goel et al. 2013) – may be associated with dietary quality.”
BackgroundChen, W., Chen, J., Lin, X., Li, P., Shi, L., Liu, J., Sun, H., Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.040 · Cited by 48
Sun, Y., Lim, J., Dai, Z., Wong, K., Taya, F., Chen, Y., Li, J., Thakor, N. V., & Bezerianos, A. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.084 · Cited by 49
“It is noteworthy that previous studies have shown different brain activations during the afternoon compared to other times of the day (Goel et al., 2013; Muto et al., 2016) as well as varied topological organizations of the resting-state functional networks with eyes open vs. eyes closed conditions…”
Voldsbekk, I., Groote, I. R., Zak, N., Roelfs, D., Geier, O. M., Due‐Tønnessen, P., Løkken, L.-L., Strømstad, M., Blakstvedt, T. Y., Kuiper, Y. S., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117540 · Cited by 45
Exploring the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Sleep and Recovery: A Review Article
Desai, D., Momin, A., Hirpara, P., Jha, H., Thaker, R., & Patel, J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.61568 · Cited by 60
“Understanding these dynamics allows for better management of sleep patterns, ultimately enhancing cognitive, emotional, and physiological health [31,32].”
BackgroundOldham, C. M., Flaherty, J. H., & Maldonado, J. R. (2018) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.04.002 · Cited by 44
Impact of seasons on an individual’s chronotype: current perspectives
Shawa, N., Rae, D. E., & Roden, L. C. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s158596 · Cited by 50
Yamazaki, E. M., & Goel, N. (2020) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz292 · Cited by 44
Self-citationSex-related effects of sleep deprivation on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice
González-Castañeda, R. E., Gálvez‐Contreras, A. Y., Martínez-Quezada, C. J., Jáuregui-Huerta, F., García‐Estrada, J., Ramos-Zúñiga, R., Luquín, S., & González-Pérez, Ó. (2015) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.15-0054 · Cited by 43
“in both cases, consequences on organic homeostasis involve disruptions in circadian rhythm, mental impairments, hormonal changes and other medical problems [16].”
BackgroundSpaeth, A. M., Goel, N., & Dinges, D. F. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12151 · Cited by 46
Self-citationThe stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes
Wright, C. J., Milosavljevic, S., & Pocivavsek, A. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543 · Cited by 47
“Commonly, the constant routine procedure keeps subjects awake in a stationary position in solitary room devoid of light and temperature changes with meals dispersed evenly over the duration of the protocol (Goel et al., 2013; Klerman and Bianchi, 2014).”
BackgroundSleep habits and strategies of ultramarathon runners
Martin, T., Arnal, P. J., Hoffman, M. D., & Millet, G. Y. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194705 · Cited by 47
Misaligned core body temperature rhythms impact cognitive performance of hospital shift work nurses
Molzof, H. E., Prapanjaroensin, A., Patel, V. H., Mokashi, M. V., Gamble, K. L., & Patrician, P. A. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.002 · Cited by 44
Circadian Phenotype Composition is a Major Predictor of Diurnal Physical Performance in Teams
Facer‐Childs, E. R., & Brandstätter, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00208 · Cited by 44
“For the evaluation of team performance to be efficient, a considerable number of factors need to be taken into consideration, including team structure (75), individual and team goals (55, 76), individual and team mental models (56), feedback and reflection (77), motivation (78) as well as an understanding behind physi…”
BackgroundExcessive Daytime Sleepiness in Stroke Survivors
Ding, Q., Whittemore, R., & Redeker, N. S. (2016) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800415625285 · Cited by 42
Time of Day Differences in Neural Reward Functioning in Healthy Young Men
Byrne, J. E. M., Hughes, M. E., Rossell, S. L., Johnson, S. L., & Murray, G. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0918-17.2017 · Cited by 42
Mind-wandering rates fluctuate across the day: evidence from an experience-sampling study
Smith, G., Mills, C., Paxton, A., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2018) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-018-0141-4 · Cited by 49
Prevalence of poor sleep quality in the Ethiopian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Manzar, M. D., Bekele, B. B., Noohu, M. M., Mohammed, S., Albougami, A. S. B., Spence, D. W., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & BaHammam, A. S. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01871-x · Cited by 43
Amyloid‐β induces sleep fragmentation that is rescued by fatty acid binding proteins in Drosophila
Gerstner, J. R., Lenz, O., Vanderheyden, W. M., Chan, M. T., Pfeiffenberger, C., & Pack, A. I. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23778 · Cited by 40
“Disturbances in sleep across many species, including flies, mice, and humans, have been shown to cause cognitive impairment and memory deficits (Graves et al., 2001; McDermott et al., 2003; Ganguly-Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Abel et al., 2013; Goel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation: Cytokine and Neuroendocrine Effects on Perception of Effort
Cullen, T., Thomas, G., & Wadley, A. J. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002207 · Cited by 41
Drowsiness or mind-wandering? Fluctuations in ocular parameters during attentional lapses
Stawarczyk, D., François, C., Wertz, J., & D’Argembeau, A. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107950 · Cited by 41
Regular exercise counteracts circadian shifts in core body temperature during long-duration bed rest
Mendt, S., Gunga, H., Felsenberg, D., Belavý, D. L., Steinach, M., & Stahn, A. C. (2021) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-020-00129-1 · Cited by 39
“8 times of their HDBR1 body weight); and finally (5) back and forefoot raise (performing hip and lumbar spine extension against gravity with ankle dorsiflexion; a force 1.”
BackgroundHomeostatic and circadian regulation of cognitive performance
Valdéz, P. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1491271 · Cited by 36
“Many papers have documented homeostatic and circadian variations in alertness, using undemanding tasks such as a simple reaction task or detection tasks (Goel et al. 2013).”
MethodJi, X., Bastien, C. H., Ellis, J. G., Hale, L., & Grandner, M. A. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.12.009 · Cited by 37
Sleep debt induces skeletal muscle injuries in athletes: A promising hypothesis
Freitas, L. D. S. N., da Silva, F. R., Andrade, H. D. A., Guerreiro, R. D. C., Paulo, F. V., de Mello, M. T., & Silva, A. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109836 · Cited by 44
Mao, T., Dinges, D. F., Deng, Y., Zhao, K., Yang, Z., Lei, H., Fang, Z., Yang, F. N., Galli, O., Goel, N., et al. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s314769 · Cited by 43
Self-citationChronobiologic perspectives of black time —Accident risk is greatest at night: An opinion paper
Reinberg, A., Smolensky, M. H., Riedel, M., Touitou, Y., Floc’h, N. L., Clarisse, R., Marlot, M., Berrez, S., Pelisse, D., & Mauvieux, B. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1053911 · Cited by 37
“…at 1 or 2 h intervals throughout 30 h or longer constant-routine or forced-desynchrony protocols to differentiate circadian rhythm as opposed to fatigue-driven temporal variability (e.g., Blatter & Cajochen, 2007; Dijk et al., 1992; Goel et al., 2013; Johnson et al., 1992; Wright et al., 2002).”
Phenotypic vulnerability of energy balance responses to sleep loss in healthy adults
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14920 · Cited by 36
Self-citationZion, N., & Shochat, T. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14031 · Cited by 37
PTSD symptoms and suicide risk among firefighters: The moderating role of sleep disturbance.
Healy, N. A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001059 · Cited by 36
Sustained wakefulness and visual attention: moderation by chronotype
Barclay, N. L., & Myachykov, A. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4772-8 · Cited by 36
“…studies (utilising the constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols) have elegantly demonstrated the opposing forces of the circadian rhythm and homoeostatic sleep drive on neurobehavioural functioning (see Goel et al. 2013, for a review), the ecological validity of such studies is debatable.”
BackgroundGrandner, M. A., Hall, C., Jaszewski, A., Alfonso‐Miller, P., Gehrels, J.-A., Killgore, W. D. S., & Athey, A. (2020) · Athletic Training & Sports Health Care · doi:10.3928/19425864-20200521-01 · Cited by 43
Zion, N., & Shochat, T. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1497642 · Cited by 32
“Towards this goal, they may mobilize cognitive resources that boost their functioning at the end of the shift, thereby masking circadian and homeostatic influences on their performance (Goel et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Cost of Sleep Lost: Implications for Health, Performance, and the Bottom Line
Grandner, M. A. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118790621a · Cited by 31
Linking the need to sleep with synaptic function
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay5304 · Cited by 33
Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep
Cramm, H., Richmond, R., Jamshidi, L., Edgelow, M., Groll, D., Ricciardelli, R., MacDermid, J. C., Keiley, M., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413256 · Cited by 32
“Sleep is a vital biological function that directly impacts physical and mental health [14,15].”
BackgroundExcessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea: implications for driving licenses
Garbarino, S. (2019) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01903-6 · Cited by 27
Yu, L., Wang, L., Hu, G., Ren, L., Qiu, C., Li, S., Zhou, X., Chen, S., & Chen, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.937331 · Cited by 29
“In hereditary diseases where creatine synthesis is impaired, creatine has a disease‐modifying capacity, including mental fatigue (50), sleep deprivation (51, 52), environmental hypoxia such as in mountain climbing and advanced age (53– 55), but except people with kidney disease (56).”
BackgroundJin, X., Ye, E., Qi, J., Wang, L., Lei, Y., Chen, P., Mi, G., Zou, F., Shao, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142361 · Cited by 30
“Neurobehavioral functions are affected by endogenous circadian rhythms, which including physiological alertness and cognitive performance [23].”
BackgroundSleep Variability, Sleep Irregularity, and Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping
Xu, Y., Barnes, V. A., Harris, R. A., Altvater, M., Williams, C. F., Norland, K., Looney, J. C., Crandall, R. H., Su, S., & Wang, X. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21497 · Cited by 29
“12 Previous studies 13,14 using cross-sectional and prospective analyses have found that greater intraindividual day-to-day deviations in sleep patterns were associated with higher prevalence and incidence of multiple disease conditions, including the risk of hypertension.”
BackgroundIndividual differences in subjective circadian flexibility
Marcoen, N., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., Neu, D., Pattyn, N., & Maîresse, O. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1085387 · Cited by 29
“…of the estimated sleepiness ratings corresponds with the time of day variation of subjective sleepiness found in other research (Danker-Hopfe et al., 2001) and with the influence of circadian and homeostatic processes on neurobehavioral performance during prolonged wakefulness (Goel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSleep and Mental Health Disturbances Due to Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico
Terán-Pérez, G., Portillo-Vasquez, A. M., Arana-Lechuga, Y., Sánchez-Escandón, Ó., Mercadillo-Caballero, R., González-Robles, R. O., & Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062804 · Cited by 29
“Thus, the present data should be taken as an extreme concern since current knowledge about sleep restriction suggests deficits in behavioral performance and mood swings [27,28], and research conducted on medical students with sleep restriction reported an impairment of empathy and an increase of in-group conflicts [29…”
BackgroundLi, S., Hu, S., Liu, R., Liang, S., He, M., & Sun, J. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104375 · Cited by 29
Frost, C., Toczko, M., Merrigan, J. J., & Martin, J. R. (2021) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2021.100014 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, N., Basner, M., Rao, H., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 155-190
- ISSN
- 1877-1173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3963479
- OpenAlex
- W1902549
- Semantic Scholar
- 0fbc3ce96cbbb5ca7f45ca6479e48a0a3ba75ae0
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 284
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 79.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL102119, HL102119)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR004281, R01NR004281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, human performance, two-process model, sleep homeostasis, circadian genes, individual differences, sleepiness, cognitive performance, attention, memory, brain metabolism, neuronal activation, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis
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