The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 57 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.
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107 Own result · 37 Not checked yet · 15 Own interpretation · 12 Own method · 2 Supported · 2 No basis given
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In the paper
“Knockdown and silencing of RBFOX1 during mouse corticogenesis impairs neuronal migration and synapse formation (Hamada et al., 2015; Hamada et al., 2016)”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hamada et al., 2015 source
The Conclusions report that in vivo knockdown of the cytoplasmic Rbfox1-iso2 isoform disrupted cortical neuron migration and synapse network formation. The paper links the latter to impaired axon growth and dendritic arborization, with reduced spine measures observed separately in cultured hippocampal neurons. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Hamada et al., 2016 source
The ‘Roles of Rbfox1-iso1 in neuronal positioning during corticogenesis’ section reports delayed migration after knockdown in embryonic mouse cortex. The spine-morphology results report reduced spine density and fewer mature spines after Rbfox1-iso1 silencing, while the electrophysiology section reports altered synaptic currents in cortical neurons. The experiments specifically target the nuclear isoform Rbfox1-iso1. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“These results are consistent with those of a smaller recent analysis in the population-based Danish iPSYCH cohort (comprising 46,008 cases and 19,526 controls across six neuropsychiatric disorders) (Schork et al., 2019).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Schork et al., 2019 source
The Methods sections describe a population-based Danish iPSYCH analysis of six named psychiatric disorders and report 46,008 cases and 19,526 controls in the cross-diagnosis GWAS. The Results report broadly shared genetic effects across nearly all disorder pairs, consistent with the citing sentence’s characterization of the analysis. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelationaln = 46,008- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“while 35 loci (25.7%) represented novel genome-wide significant associations.”
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In the paper
“Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The first factor consisted primarily of disorders characterized by compulsive/perfectionistic behaviors, specifically AN, OCD, and, more weakly, TS.”
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“and the third factor by three early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD, ADHD, TS) as well as MD.”
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In the paper
“and 11 loci with antagonistic effects onmultiple disorders”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We identified 136 LD-independent regions with genome-wide significant association ( P meta % 5 3 10 8 ).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and ADHD (rg = 0.44 ± 0.03)”
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In the paper
“followed by OCD and AN (rg = 0.50 ± 0.12).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similar to our EFA results, hierarchical clustering analyses also identified three sub-groups among the eight disorders”
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In the paper
“101 of the 136 (74.3%) significantly associated regions overlapped with previously reported genome-wide significant regions from at least one individual disorder”
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In the paper
“including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The second factor was characterized by mood and psychotic disorders (MD, BIP, and SCZ)”
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In the paper
“and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes.”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“EFA identified three correlated factors, which together explained 51% of the genetic variation in the eight neuropsychiatric disorders”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“MD was closely correlated with ASD (rg = 0.45 ± 0.04)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The genetic correlation was highest between SCZ and BIP (rg = 0.70 ± 0.02)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Using data for 25 brain-related traits selected from LDHub (Zheng et al., 2017), we found significant genetic correlations of the cross-disorder phenotype with seven traits (at a FDRcorrected p value threshold 0.002): never/ever smoking status, years of education, neuroticism, subjective well-being, and three sleep-related phenotypes (chronotype, insomnia, and excessive daytime sleepiness) (Table”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zheng et al., 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Various comparative genomics resources, including PhyloP (Pollard et al., 2010), PhastCons (Siepel et al., 2005), and GERP++ (Davydov et al., 2010), showed our top loci to have similar properties regardless of the extent of pleiotropy.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During prenatal development, non-pleiotropic loci (mainly SCZassociated) showed peak expression in the first trimester, after which expression rapidly decreased”
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In the paper
“The second most pleiotropic locus in our analysis was identified in an intron of RBFOX1 (RNA Binding Fox-1 Homolog 1) on 16p13.3 (lead SNP rs7193263; P meta = 5.59 3 10 11 ).”
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In the paper
“Most of the ASD associations cooccurred with SCZ and BIP.”
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In the paper
“gene-set enrichment analyses indicated that both pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic risk loci were enriched for genes involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and synaptic cellular components.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“including three loci with opposite directional effects on SCZ and MD (rs301805, rs1933802, rs3806843)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“MD, which had the largest case-control sample, was associated with 48% of the pleiotropic loci (N = 52/109).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while nonpleiotropic risk loci, which were predominantly SCZ-associated, were over-represented among acetylcholine receptor genes (p = 7.25 3 10 8 ).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Brain Hi-C data (Wang et al., 2018; Won et al., 2016) detected a direct interaction of the cross-disorder association region with NOX4 in both adult and fetal brain (interaction p = 3.2 3 10 16 and 9.3 3 10 6 , respectively).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of the 109 risk loci with shared effects, the 18q21.2 region surrounding SNP rs8084351 at the netrin 1 receptor gene DCC featured the most pleiotropic association ( P meta = 4.26 3 10 12 ; Figure 3A).”
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In the paper
“After birth, all three groups showed gradually increasing gene expression until adulthood.”
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In the paper
“This finding was consistent when examining pleiotropic (p = 2.85 3 10 11 ) and non-pleiotropic risk loci (p = 1.56 3 10 3 ) separately.”
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In the paper
“SNPshowedassociation with all of the disorders except AN (Figure 3B).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, enrichment of pleiotropic loci in neuronal cells was also associated with the degree of pleiotropy, as highlighted in Figure 5D.”
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In the paper
“while enrichment of these gene-sets was not seen for the 37 disorder-specific risk loci (adjusted enrichment p > 0.05; Table S6.2).”
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In the paper
“Figure 3D illustrates another novel psychiatric risk locus associated with SCZ, BIP, ASD, and OCD ( P meta = 3.58 3 10 8 ).”
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In the paper
“Analysis of cortical gene expression data also suggested enrichment of pleiotropic risk genes in cortical glutamatergic neurons through layers 2-6 (Table S6.3)”
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In the paper
“Table 2 summarizes 23 pleiotropic loci associated with at least four of the disorders.”
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In the paper
“The lead SNP rs10265001 resides between MRPS33 (Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S33) and BRAF (B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase) on 7q34.”
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In the paper
“and one locus with opposite directional effects on the two mood disorders, BIP and MD (rs75595651).”
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In the paper
“After adjusting for having examined 206 loci across eight disorders ( q < 0.001), we identified 11 loci with evidence of opposite directional effects on two or more disorders”
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In the paper
“This region showed association with all eight psychiatric disorders”
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In the paper
“The brain Hi-C data indicated interaction of the associated region with the promoters of two nearby genes: BRAF”
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In the paper
“On average, disorder-specific and pleiotropic risk loci showed a similar level of gene expression in both prenatal and postnatal development after multiple testing correction (t test p > 0.025 x10 2 ; Figure S4).”
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In the paper
“Despite the relatively small sample size, ASD was implicated in 36% of the pleiotropic loci.”
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In the paper
“while pleiotropic genes associated with only 2 disorders ('' pleiotropy=2 ''; 60 loci) and those associated with more than 2 ('' pleiotropy>2 ,'' 49 loci) showed peak expression around the second trimester”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, all of the six loci involving SCZ and BIP exhibited the same directional effect on the two disorders ( Pbinom < 0.05), in line with their strong genome-wide genetic correlation.”
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In the paper
“The estimated h 2 SNP of the cross-disorder phenotype was 0.146 (SE 0.0058; observed scale).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, we found no evidence that pleiotropic risk variants are under stronger evolutionary constraints (Table S6.4).”
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In the paper
“A separate analysis of 109 pleiotropic risk loci also showedspecific enrichment of genes expressed in multiple brain tissues (p = 1.55 3 10 5 ; Table S5.2)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while disorder-specific loci showed nominally enriched brain gene expression in the cortex (p = 2.14 3 10 2 ; Table S5.3).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast to the differences in neuronal development and neuronal signaling pathways, pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic risk loci shared several characteristics related to genomic function.”
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In the paper
“The most pleiotropic among these novel loci was a region downstream of NOX4 (NADPH Oxidase 4) that was associated with SCZ, BIP, MD, ASD, and AN (rs117956829; P meta = 1.82 3 10 9 ; Figure 3C).”
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In the paper
“Nearly 75% (109/146) of the genome-wide significant SNPs were pleiotropic (i.e., associated with more than one disorder).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Apart from this, however, pleiotropic loci were similar to non-pleiotropic loci across a range of other functional features, including intolerance to loss-of-function mutations, evidence of selection, minor allele frequencies, and genomic position relative to functional elements.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, we identified 11 loci with opposing directional effects on two or more psychiatric disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, the pleiotropic risk loci were enriched among genes previously associated with neuroticism (corrected enrichment p = 5.28 3 10 6 ; GRIK3, CTNND1, DRD2, RGS6, RBFOX1, ZNF804A, L3MBTL2, CHADL, RANGAP1, RSRC1, GRM3 )”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, our results identify a range of pleiotropic effects among loci associated with psychiatric disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The most highly pleiotropic locus in our analyses, with evidence of association with all eight disorders, maps within DCC, a gene fundamental to the early development of white matter connections in the brain (Bendriem and Ross, 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bendriem and Ross, 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“data available for individual disorders varied substantially-from a minimum of 9,725 cases and controls for OCD to 461,134 cases and controls for MD.”
plainn = 9,725- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“GWAS catalog data for the 109 pleiotropic risk loci showed enrichment of implicated genes in a range of brain-related traits (Table S7.2).”
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In the paper
“single-disorder (mainly SCZ) loci were related to genes that were preferentially expressed in the first fetal trimester followed by a decline over the prenatal period and then relatively stable levels postnatally.”
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In the paper
“we found, however, that fewer than 2% of cases overlapped between disorder datasets (excluding 23andMe data)”
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In the paper
“we identified a set of loci that have opposite effects on risk of psychiatric disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As expected, the associated traits included SCZ, BIP, and ASD.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When dividing the pleiotropic loci into bins of those associated with two disorders (mainly SCZ and BIP) versus three or more disorders, we observed a consistent gradient of greater expression associated with broader pleiotropy.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, other specific loci, cell types, and pathways implicated in the iPSYCH analysis differed from those identified in our study.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a SNP within MRSA was associated with opposing effects on two neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and SCZ)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, SORCS3 emerged as a genome-wide significant cross-disorder locus in both studies.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gene enrichment analyses showed that pleiotropic loci were distinguished from disorder-specific loci by their involvement in neurodevelopmental pathways including neurogenesis, regulation of nervous system development, and neuron differentiation.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found significant enrichment of pleiotropic risk genes in multiple measures of body mass index (BMI), supporting previous studies suggesting a shared etiologic basis be-”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a variant within KIAA1109 had opposite directional effects on major mood disorders (BIP and MD) (Table S3.3).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition to DCC , a link between pleiotropy and genetic effects on neurodevelopment was also seen for other top loci in our analysis, including RBFOX1, BRAF , and KDM7A , all of which have been shown in prior research to influence aspects of nervous system development.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, these included loci with opposing effects on pairs of disorders that are genetically correlated and have common clinical features.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“night sleep phenotypes (corrected p = 1.86 3 10 2 ; PBX1, NPAS3, RGS6, GRIN2A, MYO18A, TIAF1, CNTN4, PPP2R2B, TENM2, CSMD1 )”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a range of bioinformatic and functional genomic analyses, we find that loci with pleiotropic effects are distinguished by their involvement in early neurodevelopment and increased expression beginning in the second trimester of fetal development and persisting throughout adulthood.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified a set of 23 loci with particularly extensive pleiotropic profiles, affecting four or more disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“compared with disorder-specific loci, they are on average expressed at higher levels both prenatally and postnatally (Figure 5).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“cognitive ability (corrected p = 7.15 3 10 5 ; PTPRF, NEGR1, ELOVL3, SORCS3, DCC, CACNA1I)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“our analyses of spatiotemporal gene expression profiles revealed that pleiotropic loci are enriched among genes expressed in neuronal cell types, particularly in frontal or prefrontal regions.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in a large-scale cross-disorder genome-wide metaanalysis, we identified three genetic factors underlying the genetic basis of eight psychiatric disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Model fit for the common factor model in which the loadings were freely estimated was only fair, X 2 (20) = 313.94, AIC = 345.9, CFI = 0.786, SRMR = 0.149)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results indicated there was a moderate genetic correlation between the compulsive and mood/psychotic disorders factors ( rg = 0.43, SE = 0.08)”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and next to no correlation between the compulsive and early onset factors ( rg = < 0.01, SE = 0.07)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This model provided good fit to the data X 2 (15) = 85.35, AIC = 127.36, CFI = 0.945, SRMR = 0.079).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a smaller genetic correlation between the mood/psychotic and early onset factors ( rg = 0.25, SE = 0.05)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-disorder GWAS SNPs in the DCC Locus Colocalize with eQTLs for DCC”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Data S1 .2, there is no substantial relationship between the estimated genetic correlations and the effective sample sizes of the corresponding disorder pairs (p value for the slope = 0.055).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disorder-specific and pleiotropic risk loci showed a similar level of gene expression in prenatal and postnatal development after multiple testing correction (t test p > 0.025).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the largest among all pairwise comparisons, such as those between SCZ-BIP, AN-OCD, and ADHD-AN, do not scale with sample size.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies have revealed a surprising degree of genetic overlap among psychiatric disorders”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brainstorm Consortium et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The substantial influence of genetic variation on risk for a broad range of psychiatric disorders has been established by both twin and, more recently, large-scale genomic studies”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smoller et al., 2019 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 2013, analyses by the PGC's Cross-Disorder Group identified loci with pleiotropic effects across five disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, SCZ, BIP, and MD”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CrossDisorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013
plaincorrelationaln = 33,332- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standardized genomic inflation factor was close to one, suggesting no inflation of test statistics due to confounding ( l 1000 = 1.005; Figure 2A).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Simulation analyses confirmed that the number of pleiotropic loci we identified exceeds chance expectation given the sample size and genetic correlations among the eight disorders (p < 9.9 3 10 3 ; Data S1.5; for further details, see STAR Methods).”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on extensive follow-up analyses, this genetic correlational structure does not appear to be biased by sample overlap or sample size differences among the eight disorders”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these loci, heterogeneity of effect sizes was minimal (p value of Q > 0.1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Our prior cross-disorder meta-analysis of five psychiatric disorders (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013) found no evidence of SNPs with antagonistic effects on two or more disorders.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gene-set enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology data suggested involvement of pleiotropic risk loci in neurodevelopmental processes (Table S6.1).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Animal models and association studies have implicated RBFOX1 in aggressive behaviors, a trait observed in several of the disorders in our analysis (Ferna ` ndez-Castillo et al., 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferna ` ndez-Castillo et al., 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In that analysis, consistent with the present findings, functional genomic characterization of cross-disorder loci implicated fetal neurodevelopmental processes, with greater prenatal than postnatal expression.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schork et al., 2019 source
plaincorrelationaln = 46,008- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results highlight disparities between our clinically-defined classification of psychiatric disorders and underlying biology.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The loading of MD on two factors may reflect biological heterogeneity within MD, consistent with recent evidence showing that early-onset depression is associated with genetic risk for ADHD and with neurodevelopmental phenotypes (Rice et al., 2019).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rice et al., 2019 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This imbalance of sample size may have limited our power to detect pleiotropic effects on underrepresented disorders.”
hedgedconditionaln = 9,725- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found extensive evidence that neurodevelopmental effects underlie the cross-disorder genetics of mental illness.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that there were nuances in the genetic architecture not fully captured by a single cross-trait index of genetic risk.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first comprises a set of genes that confer relatively broad liability to psychiatric disorders by acting on early neurodevelopment and the establishment of brain circuitry.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we included only individuals of European ancestry to avoid potential confounding due to ancestral heterogeneity across distinct disorder studies.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we adjusted for sample overlap in meta-analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This heterogeneity of effects between genetically correlated disorders is also consistent with a recent analysis that revealed loci contributing to biological differences between BIP and SCZ and found polygenic risk score associations with specific symptom dimensions (Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2018
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Loss-of-function mutations in DCC cause severe neurodevelopmental syndromes involving loss of midline commissural tracts and diffuse disorganization of white matter tracts (Bendriem and Ross, 2017; Jamuar et al., 2017; Marsh et al., 2017).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results underscore the complexity of genetic relationships among related disorders and suggest that overall genetic correlations may obscure a more complex set of genetic relationships at the level of specific loci and pathways, as seen in immune-mediated diseases (Baurecht et al., 2015; Lettre and Rioux, 2008; Schmitt et al., 2016).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the analyses presented here suggest that genetic influences on psychiatric disorders comprise at least two general classes of loci.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are at odds with the classical, categorical classification of mental illness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our functional genomic analyses were constrained by the limitations of existing resources (e.g., spatiotemporal gene expression data resources).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A highly pleiotropic effect of variation in DCC on diverse psychiatric disorders with childhood and adolescent onset would be consistent with its role in both early organization of neuronal circuits and the maturation of mesolimbic dopaminergic connections to the prefrontal cortex during adolescence (Hoops and Flores, 2017; Reynolds et al., 2018; Vosberg et al., 2018).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results augment a substantial body of research demonstrating that genetic influences on psychopathology do not map cleanly onto the clinical nosology instantiated in the DSM or ICD (Geschwind and Flint, 2015; Smoller et al., 2019)”
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, we have previously shown that this method outperforms a range of alternatives for detecting pleiotropy under various settings (Zhu et al., 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhu et al., 2018 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this autism dataset, 102 genes had higher frequencies of damaging de novo mutations (DNMs) in cases than controls (FDR q % 0.1) (Satterstrom et al., 2019).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Satterstrom et al., 2019
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The slightly positive linear relationship appears to be driven by MD and its genetic correlation with the other four major psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BIP, ASD, ADHD)”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders.”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within these 136 loci, multi-SNP-based conditional analysis (Yang et al., 2012) identified 10 additional SNPs with independent associations, resulting in a total of 146 independent lead SNPs”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yang et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enrichment analyses using the genes preferentially expressed in specific cortical regions suggested that pleiotropic loci were over-represented among genes expressed in the frontal cortex, while non-pleiotropic loci were enriched in the occipital cortex (FDR q <0.05; Figure 5C).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two loci between SCZ and ASD (rs9329221, rs2921036)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven of the 23 lead SNPs map to the intron of a protein-coding gene, and seven additional lead SNPs had at least one protein-coding gene within 100 kb.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gene expression data indicate that DCC expression peaks during early prenatal development (Figure S3).”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 41% of the genes associated with our genome-wide significant loci, both pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic, were intolerant of loss of function mutations (pLI score R 0.9); this is highly unlikely to occur by chance (Fisher's exact p = 4.90 3 10 8 ).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 109 pleiotropic risk loci were enriched for genes involved in neurogenesis (gene-set enrichment p = 9.67 3 10 6 ), regulation of nervous system development (p = 3.41 3 10 5 ), and neuron differentiation (p = 3.30 3 10 5 )”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, they showed significant enrichment of genes expressed in the brain ( beta = 0.123, SE = 0.0109, enrichment p = 1.22 3 10 29 ) and pituitary ( beta = 0.0916, SE = 0.0136, p = 8.74 3 10 12 ), but not in the other Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) tissues.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expression levels were associated with the degree of pleiotropy, with the pleiotropy > 2 group showing higher gene expression than either the pleiotropy = 2 group (t test p < 2.10 3 10 4 ) or non-pleiotropic risk loci (t test p < 2.2 3 10 16 ).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other disorders, ADHD, TS, OCD, and AN featured associations in 16%, 14%, 11%, and 7% of the pleiotropic loci, respectively.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neither did we find differences between disorder-specific lead SNPs and pleiotropic SNPs with respect to their minor allele frequencies, average heterozygosity, or predicted allele ages (Kiezun et al., 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiezun et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pleiotropic and non-pleiotropic SNPs also did not differ in terms of the distance to nearest genes, distance to splicing sites, chromosome compositions, and predicted functional consequences of non-coding regulatory elements.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cell-type-specific analysis indicated that genes implicated in pleiotropic loci were mainly expressed in neurons (FDR q <0.05) but not in glial cell types.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and KDM7A (encoding Lysine Demethylase 7A)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pleiotropic risk loci also showed enrichment of genes involved in specific neurotransmitter-related pathwaysglutamate receptor signaling (p = 2.45 3 10 6 ) and voltagegated calcium channel complex (p = 5.72 3 10 4 )”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the single-disorderspecific loci, 81% and 16% were associated with SCZ and MD, respectively.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 109 pleiotropic loci, 76 were identified in the GWAS of individual disorders, while the remaining 33 are novel.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 109 pleiotropic loci, 83% and 72% involved SCZ and BIP, respectively.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to DCC , however, developmental gene-expression of RBFOX1 showed gradually increasing gene expression throughout the prenatal period (Figure S3).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“average expression of genes related to pleiotropic loci peaked in the second trimester and remained overexpressed throughout the lifespan.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we found that genes associated with multiple psychiatric disorders are disproportionately associated with biological pathways related to neurodevelopment and exhibit distinctive gene expression patterns, with enhanced expression beginning in the second prenatal trimester and persistently elevated expression relative to less pleiotropic genes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we identified 146 LD-independent lead SNPs associated with at least one disorder, including 35 novel loci.”
plaincorrelationaln = 725,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with prior research (Brainstorm Consortium et al., 2018; CrossDisorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013), we found substantial pairwise genetic correlations across child- and adult-onset disorders and extended these findings by demonstrating clusters of genetically-related disorders.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brainstorm Consortium et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites CrossDisorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 109 loci were found to affect two or more disorders, although characterization of this pleiotropy is partly dependent on per-disorder sample size.”
plaincorrelationaln = 725,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified 109 genomic loci with pleiotropic effects, of which 33 had not previously been associated with any of the individual disorders.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pleiotropic genes, on average, begin to come online by the second trimester of fetal development and exhibit differentially high expression thereafter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, as power increased, so did the number of identified SNPs.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A model that included additional negative cross-loadings provided similar fit to the data and highly similar correlations across the genetic factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that, in both the WLS and the ML solution, the standard errors are smaller for the loadings involving the better-powered GWAS phenotypes, as we would expect.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite variation in magnitude, significant genetic correlations were apparent for most pairs of disorders, suggesting a complex, higher-order genetic structure underlying psychopathology”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychiatric disorders are highly polygenic, with a large proportion of heritability contributed by common variation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sullivan et al., 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many risk loci have emerged from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of, amongothers, schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BIP), major depression (MD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and other efforts”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sullivan et al., 2018 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“in a sample comprising 33,332 cases and 27,888 controls”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CrossDisorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2013
plainn = 33,332- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factor structure described above is based on average effects across the genome, but does not address more finegrained cross-disorder effects at the level of genomic regions or individual loci.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci.”
hedgedcorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study participants were of self-identified European ancestry, which was supported by principal component analysis of genome-wide data.”
plaincorrelationaln = 232,964- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a member of the NOX family genes that encode subunits of NADPH oxidase, NOX4 is a major source of superoxide production in human brain and a promoter of neural stem cell growth (Kuroda et al., 2014; Topchiy et al., 2013).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BRAF , which contributes to the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway and plays a role in postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neurons (Grantyn and Grantyn, 1973)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grantyn and Grantyn, 1973 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The signal in our meta-analysis colocalizes with brain eQTLs for DCC (eQTL association FDR q = 2.27 3 10 5 ), supporting DCC as a plausible candidate gene”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“KDM7A (encoding Lysine Demethylase 7A), which plays a central role in the nervous system and midbrain development (Horton et al., 2010; Qi et al., 2010; Tsukada et al., 2010).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The product of DCC plays a key role in guiding axonal growth during neurodevelopment and serves as a master regulator of midline crossing and white matter projections (Bendriem and Ross, 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bendriem and Ross, 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“RBFOX1 (also called A2BP1 ) encodes a splicing regulator mainly expressed in neurons and known to target several genes important to neuronal development, including NMDA receptor 1 and voltage-gated calcium channels (Gandal et al., 2018; Gehman et al., 2011; Hamada et al., 2015).”
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous studies of model organisms using gene knock-out experiments suggested that pleiotropic risk loci may undergo stronger selection than non-pleiotropic loci (Hill and Zhang, 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hill and Zhang, 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and has been previously associated with both MD and neuroticism (Turley et al., 2018; Wray et al., 2018).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are based on average expression profiles, and not all individual gene expression patterns follow this pattern.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results indicate a substantial pairwise genetic correlation between multiple disorders along with a higher-level genetic structure that point to broader domains underlying genetic risk to psychopathology.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the method we applied to detect cross-phenotype association, which combines an all-subsets fixed-effects GWAS meta-analysis with a Bayesian method for evaluating the best-fit configuration of genotype-phenotype associations, is one of several approaches (Solovieff et al., 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Solovieff et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prior studies showed that DCC is a master regulator of axon guidance (through its interactions with netrin-1 and draxin (Liu et al., 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, some of the ''non-pleiotropic'' loci may have additional effects on psychiatric phenotypes that were not included in our meta-analysis and/or on non-psychiatric phenotypes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Standardized genomic inflation factor ( l 1000) for the meta-analysis result was close to one. LDSC intercept was substantially less than l GC (0.79 versus 1.55), suggesting that the increase in mean c 2 statistics in the cross-disorder meta-analysis is mainly due to polygenicity and not due to stratification or other confounding biases.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Data S1 .4, the results were consistent with those from the primary analysis reported in the main text that is based on a Weighted Least-squares (WLS) estimator, which does take into account the differing precisions of the genetic covariance estimates. Specifically, the nontrivial standardized factor loadings of MD on two of the three factors is evident in both the WLS and ML solutions”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the average expression values of each gene set correspond to representative expression patterns of the disease risk genes, so individual genes may behave differently.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while sample size will affect the precision of a genetic correlation estimate (ie standard error) it should not affect the magnitude of the estimate itself (Bulik-Sullivan et al., 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bulik-Sullivan et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however, these estimates are generally consistent with previously reported ones when sample sizes are much smaller (except for ASD) (Brainstorm Consortium et al., 2018) (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics et al., 2013)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brainstorm Consortium et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The nature and mechanisms of pleiotropic effects across psychiatric disorders are not yet clear.
“However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Effects are either present or absent in studies.
“This estimation, known as the mvalue, relies on two assumptions, 1) effects are either present or absent in studies, and 2) if they are present, they are similarly sized across studies.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If effects are present, they are similarly sized across studies.
“This estimation, known as the mvalue, relies on two assumptions, 1) effects are either present or absent in studies, and 2) if they are present, they are similarly sized across studies.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This result highlights mid-gestation as a critical window during neurodevelopment that may confer risk to multiple psychiatric disorders, consistent with recent results from cross-disorder GWAS14,15.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Notably, pleiotropic genes showed higher enrichment for genes mapped to pleiotropic cross-disorder GWS loci than those mapped to non-pleiotropic (disease-specific) GWS loci14 (Fig. 5a).”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Cross-disorder GWAS of eight psychiatric disorders recently identified more than a hundred GWS loci increasing risk for multiple disorders, further providing evidence of widespread pleiotropy among psychiatric disorders14.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Importantly, this characteristic was also observed for pleiotropic genes identified by meta-analysis of eight psychiatric disorders14.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“given the strong genetic overlap between BD and SCZ53,62”
From Neuronal and glial 3D chromatin architecture informs the cellular etiology of brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ RESULTS · p. 4
“| SCZ | 33,640 | 43,456 | 77,096 |”
§ Schizophrenia j Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014 · p. 18
“For the current study, the 46 case-control cohorts of European ancestry were retained, totaling 33,640 cases and 43,546 controls.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ RESULTS · p. 4
“| AN | 3,495 | 10,983 | 14,478 |”
§ Anorexia nervosa j Duncan et al., 2017 · p. 18
“3,495 cases from two consortia and 10,982 matched controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, all of European descent, were meta-analyzed to identify one locus associated with anorexia nervosa. Cases met criteria as defined by DSM-IV for lifetime diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (restricting or binge-purging subtype), bulimia nervosa, or anorexia nervosa - not otherwise specified, anorexia nervosa subtype. All individuals included in the primary study were included in the current analyses.”
Citations
Cites
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
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ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data
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Self-citationVos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32154-2 · Cited by 13,220
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“We used the full release of 488,377 UK Biobank (UKBB; (Sudlow et al., 2015)) individual data, imputed with the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC), UK 10K, and 1000 Genomes reference panels (under the application number 31063).”
MethodSecond-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
Chang, C. C., Chow, C. C., Tellier, L. C., Vattikuti, S., Purcell, S. M., & Lee, J. J. (2015) · Gigascience · doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8 · Cited by 12,709
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577
A general framework for estimating the relative pathogenicity of human genetic variants
Kircher, M., Witten, D. M., Jain, P., O'Roak, B. J., Cooper, G. M., & Shendure, J. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2892 · Cited by 6,183
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
ReproGen Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3, Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P.-R., Duncan, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3406 · Cited by 4,255
Self-citationFunctional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA
Watanabe, K., Taskesen, E., van Bochoven, A., & Posthuma, D. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01261-5 · Cited by 4,083
Self-citationEvolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes
Siepel, A., Bejerano, G., Pedersen, J. S., Hinrichs, A. S., Hou, M., Rosenbloom, K., Clawson, H., Spieth, J., Hillier, L. W., Richards, S., et al. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3715005 · Cited by 3,971 · cited 2×
“Various comparative genomics resources, including PhyloP (Pollard et al., 2010), PhastCons (Siepel et al., 2005), and GERP++ (Davydov et al., 2010), showed our top loci to have similar properties regardless of the extent of pleiotropy.”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545
Self-citationMullins, N., Forstner, A. J., O’Connell, K. S., Coombes, B., Coleman, J. R. I., Qiao, Z., Als, T. D., Bigdeli, T. B., Børte, S., Bryois, J., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00857-4 · Cited by 1,517
Self-citationAutism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Hirota, T., & King, B. H. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661 · Cited by 957
Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V., & Brent, D. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01012-1 · Cited by 869
“Depression genetic risk variants are highly pleiotropic and also are associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD and ASD among other disorders 55 .”
Demontis, D., Walters, G. B., Athanasiadis, G., Walters, R., Therrien, K., Nielsen, T. T., Farajzadeh, L., Voloudakis, G., Bendl, J., Zeng, B., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.07.018 · Cited by 863
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, P. H., Anttila, V., Won, H., Feng, Y.-C. A., Rosenthal, J., Zhu, Z., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Nivard, M. G., Grotzinger, A. D., Posthuma, D., Wang, M. M.-J., Yu, D., Stahl, E. A., Walters, R. K., Anney, R. J. L., Duncan, L. E., Ge, T., Adolfsson, R., Banaschewski, T., Belangero, S., Cook, E. H., Coppola, G., Derks, E. M., Hoekstra, P. J., Kaprio, J., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Kirov, G., Kranzler, H. R., Luykx, J. J., Rohde, L. A., Zai, C. C., Agerbo, E., Arranz, M. J., Asherson, P., Bækvad-Hansen, M., Baldursson, G., Bellgrove, M., Belliveau, R. A., Buitelaar, J., Burton, C. L., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Casas, M., Cerrato, F., Chambert, K., Churchhouse, C., Cormand, B., Crosbie, J., Dalsgaard, S., Demontis, D., Doyle, A. E., Dumont, A., Elia, J., Grove, J., Gudmundsson, O. O., Haavik, J., Hakonarson, H., Hansen, C. S., Hartman, C. A., Hawi, Z., Hervás, A., Hougaard, D. M., Howrigan, D. P., Huang, H., Kuntsi, J., Langley, K., Lesch, K.-P., Leung, P. W. L., Loo, S. K., Martin, J., Martin, A. R., McGough, J. J., Medland, S. E., Moran, J. L., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., Oades, R. D., Palmer, D. S., Pedersen, C. B., Pedersen, M. G., Peters, T., Poterba, T., Poulsen, J. B., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Reif, A., Ribasés, M., Rothenberger, A., Rovira, P., Sánchez-Mora, C., Satterstrom, F. K., Schachar, R., Artigas, M. S., Steinberg, S., Stefansson, H., Turley, P., Walters, G. B., Werge, T., Zayats, T., Arking, D. E., Bettella, F., Buxbaum, J. D., Christensen, J. H., Collins, R. L., Coon, H., De Rubeis, S., Delorme, R., Grice, D. E., Hansen, T. F., Holmans, P. A., Hope, S., Hultman, C. M., Klei, L., Ladd-Acosta, C., Magnusson, P., Nærland, T., Nyegaard, M., Pinto, D., Qvist, P., Rehnström, K., Reichenberg, A., Reichert, J., Roeder, K., Rouleau, G. A., Saemundsen, E., Sanders, S. J., Sandin, S., St Pourcain, B., Stefansson, K., Sutcliffe, J. S., Talkowski, M. E., Weiss, L. A., Willsey, A. J., Agartz, I., Akil, H., Albani, D., Alda, M., Als, T. D., Anjorin, A., Backlund, L., Bass, N., Bauer, M., Baune, B. T., Bellivier, F., Bergen, S. E., Berrettini, W. H., Biernacka, J. M., Blackwood, D. H. R., Bøen, E., Budde, M., Bunney, W., Burmeister, M., Byerley, W., Byrne, E. M., Cichon, S., Clarke, T.-K., Coleman, J. R. I., Craddock, N., Curtis, D., Czerski, P. M., Dale, A. M., Dalkner, N., Dannlowski, U., Degenhardt, F., Di Florio, A., Elvsåshagen, T., Etain, B., Fischer, S. B., Forstner, A. J., Forty, L., Frank, J., Frye, M., Fullerton, J. M., Gade, K., Gaspar, H. A., Gershon, E. S., Gill, M., Goes, F. S., Gordon, S. D., Gordon-Smith, K., Green, M. J., Greenwood, T. A., Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, M., Guzman-Parra, J., Hauser, J., Hautzinger, M., Heilbronner, U., Herms, S., Hoffmann, P., Holland, D., Jamain, S., Jones, I., Jones, L. A., Kandaswamy, R., Kelsoe, J. R., Kennedy, J. L., Joachim, O. K., Kittel-Schneider, S., Kogevinas, M., Koller, A. C., Lavebratt, C., Lewis, C. M., Li, Q. S., Lissowska, J., Loohuis, L. M. O., Lucae, S., Maaser, A., Malt, U. F., Martin, N. G., Martinsson, L., McElroy, S. L., McMahon, F. J., McQuillin, A., Melle, I., Metspalu, A., Millischer, V., Mitchell, P. B., Montgomery, G. W., Morken, G., Morris, D. W., Müller-Myhsok, B., Mullins, N., Myers, R. M., Nievergelt, C. M., Nordentoft, M., Adolfsson, A. N., Nöthen, M. M., Ophoff, R. A., Owen, M. J., Paciga, S. A., Pato, C. N., Pato, M. T., Perlis, R. H., Perry, A., Potash, J. B., Reinbold, C. S., Rietschel, M., Rivera, M., Roberson, M., Schalling, M., Schofield, P. R., Schulze, T. G., Scott, L. J., Serretti, A., Sigurdsson, E., Smeland, O. B., Stordal, E., Streit, F., Strohmaier, J., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Treutlein, J., Turecki, G., Vaaler, A. E., Vieta, E., Vincent, J. B., Wang, Y., Witt, S. H., Zandi, P., Adan, R. A. H., Alfredsson, L., Ando, T., Aschauer, H., Baker, J. H., Bencko, V., Bergen, A. W., Birgegård, A., Perica, V. B., Brandt, H., Burghardt, R., Carlberg, L., Cassina, M., Clementi, M., Courtet, P., Crawford, S., Crow, S., Crowley, J. J., Danner, U. N., Davis, O. S. P., Degortes, D., DeSocio, J. E., Dick, D. M., Dina, C., Docampo, E., Egberts, K., Ehrlich, S., Espeseth, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., Fichter, M. M., Foretova, L., Forzan, M., Gambaro, G., Giegling, I., Gonidakis, F., Gorwood, P., Mayora, M. G., Guo, Y., Halmi, K. A., Hatzikotoulas, K., Hebebrand, J., Helder, S. G., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Herzog, W., Hinney, A., Imgart, H., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Johnson, C., Jordan, J., Julià, A., Kaminská, D., Karhunen, L., Karwautz, A., Kas, M. J. H., Kaye, W. H., Kennedy, M. A., Kim, Y.-R., Klareskog, L., Klump, K. L., Knudsen, G. P. S., Landén, M., Le Hellard, S., Levitan, R. D., Li, D., Lichtenstein, P., Maj, M., Marsal, S., McDevitt, S., Mitchell, J., Monteleone, P., Monteleone, A. M., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., Nacmias, B., Navratilova, M., O’Toole, J. K., Padyukov, L., Pantel, J., Papezova, H., Rabionet, R., Raevuori, A., Ramoz, N., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Ricca, V., Roberts, M., Rujescu, D., Rybakowski, F., Scherag, A., Schmidt, U., Seitz, J., Slachtova, L., Slof-Op‘t Landt, M. C. T., Slopien, A., Sorbi, S., Southam, L., Strober, M., Tortorella, A., Tozzi, F., Treasure, J., Tziouvas, K., van Elburg, A. A., Wade, T. D., Wagner, G., Walton, E., Watson, H. J., Wichmann, H.-E., Woodside, D. B., Zeggini, E., Zerwas, S., Zipfel, S., Adams, M. J., Andlauer, T. F. M., Berger, K., Binder, E. B., Boomsma, D. I., Castelao, E., Colodro-Conde, L., Direk, N., Docherty, A. R., Domenici, E., Domschke, K., Dunn, E. C., Foo, J. C., de. Geus, E. J. C., Grabe, H. J., Hamilton, S. P., Horn, C., Hottenga, J.-J., Howard, D., Ising, M., Kloiber, S., Levinson, D. F., Lewis, G., Magnusson, P. K. E., Mbarek, H., Middeldorp, C. M., Mostafavi, S., Nyholt, D. R., Penninx, B. W., Peterson, R. E., Pistis, G., Porteous, D. J., Preisig, M., Quiroz, J. A., Schaefer, C., Schulte, E. C., Shi, J., Smith, D. J., Thomson, P. A., Tiemeier, H., Uher, R., van der Auwera, S., Weissman, M. M., Alexander, M., Begemann, M., Bramon, E., Buccola, N. G., Cairns, M. J., Campion, D., Carr, V. J., Cloninger, C. R., Cohen, D., Collier, D. A., Corvin, A., DeLisi, L. E., Donohoe, G., Dudbridge, F., Duan, J., Freedman, R., Gejman, P. V., Golimbet, V., Godard, S., Ehrenreich, H., Hartmann, A. M., Henskens, F. A., Ikeda, M., Iwata, N., Jablensky, A. V., Joa, I., Jönsson, E. G., Kelly, B. J., Knight, J., Konte, B., Laurent-Levinson, C., Lee, J., Lencz, T., Lerer, B., Loughland, C. M., Malhotra, A. K., Mallet, J., McDonald, C., Mitjans, M., Mowry, B. J., Murphy, K. C., Murray, R. M., O’Neill, F. A., Oh, S.-Y., Palotie, A., Pantelis, C., Pulver, A. E., Petryshen, T. L., Quested, D. J., Riley, B., Sanders, A. R., Schall, U., Schwab, S. G., Scott, R. J., Sham, P. C., Silverman, J. M., Sim, K., Steixner, A. A., Tooney, P. A., van Os, J., Vawter, M. P., Walsh, D., Weiser, M., Wildenauer, D. B., Williams, N. M., Wormley, B. K., Zhang, F., Androutsos, C., Arnold, P. D., Barr, C. L., Barta, C., Bey, K., Bienvenu, O. J., Black, D. W., Brown, L. W., Budman, C., Cath, D., Cheon, K.-A., Ciullo, V., Coffey, B. J., Cusi, D., Davis, L. K., Denys, D., Depienne, C., Dietrich, A., Eapen, V., Falkai, P., Fernandez, T. V., Garcia-Delgar, B., Geller, D. A., Gilbert, D. L., Grados, M. A., Greenberg, E., Grünblatt, E., Hagstrøm, J., Hanna, G. L., Hartmann, A., Hedderly, T., Heiman, G. A., Heyman, I., Hong, H. J., Huang, A., Huyser, C., Ibanez-Gomez, L., Khramtsova, E. A., Kim, Y. K., Kim, Y.-S., King, R. A., Koh, Y.-J., Konstantinidis, A., Kook, S., Kuperman, S., Leventhal, B. L., Lochner, C., Ludolph, A. G., Madruga-Garrido, M., Malaty, I., Maras, A., McCracken, J. T., Meijer, I. A., Mir, P., Morer, A., Müller-Vahl, K. R., Münchau, A., Murphy, T. L., Naarden, A., Nagy, P., Nestadt, G., Nestadt, P. S., Nicolini, H., Nurmi, E. L., Okun, M. S., Paschou, P., Piras, F., Piras, F., Pittenger, C., Plessen, K. J., Richter, M. A., Rizzo, R., Robertson, M., Roessner, V., Ruhrmann, S., Samuels, J. F., Sandor, P., Schlögelhofer, M., Shin, E.-Y., Singer, H., Song, D.-H., Song, J., Spalletta, G., Stein, D. J., Stewart, S. E., Storch, E. A., Stranger, B., Stuhrmann, M., Tarnok, Z., Tischfield, J. A., Tübing, J., Visscher, F., Vulink, N., Wagner, M., Walitza, S., Wanderer, S., Woods, M., Worbe, Y., Zai, G., Zinner, S. H., Sullivan, P. F., Franke, B., Daly, M. J., Bulik, C. M., Lewis, C. M., McIntosh, A. M., O’Donovan, M. C., Zheutlin, A., Andreassen, O. A., Børglum, A. D., Breen, G., Edenberg, H. J., Fanous, A. H., Faraone, S. V., Gelernter, J., Mathews, C. A., Mattheisen, M., Mitchell, K. S., Neale, M. C., Nurnberger, J. I., Ripke, S., Santangelo, S. L., Scharf, J. M., Stein, M. B., Thornton, L. M., Walters, J. T. R., Wray, N. R., Geschwind, D. H., Neale, B. M., Kendler, K. S., & Smoller, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Wuhan University of Technology (CN)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Jordan, Jennifer
- Smoller, Jordan W.
- ORCID
- Lee, Phil H.
- Anttila, Verneri
- Won, Hyejung
- Feng, Yen-Chen A.
- Rosenthal, Jacob
- Zhu, Zhaozhong
- Nivard, Michel G.
- Grotzinger, Andrew D.
- Yu, Dongmei
- Stahl, Eli A.
- Walters, Raymond K.
- Anney, Richard J.L.
- Duncan, Laramie E.
- Ge, Tian
- Adolfsson, Rolf
- Banaschewski, Tobias
- Belangero, Sintia
- Cook, Edwin H.
- Coppola, Giovanni
- Derks, Eske M.
- Hoekstra, Pieter J.
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Kirov, George
- Kranzler, Henry R.
- Luykx, Jurjen J.
- Zai, Clement C.
- Agerbo, Esben
- Arranz, M.J.
- Asherson, Philip
- Bellgrove, Mark
- Buitelaar, Jan
- Burton, Christie L.
- Cerrato, Felecia
- Cormand, Bru
- Crosbie, Jennifer
- Dalsgaard, Søren
- Demontis, Ditte
- Doyle, Alysa E.
- Elia, Josephine
- Grove, Jakob
- Haavik, Jan
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Hansen, Christine S.
- Hartman, Catharina A.
- Hawi, Ziarih
- Hougaard, David M.
- Howrigan, Daniel P.
- Huang, Hailiang
- Kuntsi, Jonna
- Langley, Kate
- Lesch, Klaus-Peter
- Leung, Patrick W.L.
- Loo, Sandra K.
- Martin, Joanna
- Martin, Alicia R.
- McGough, James J.
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Moran, Jennifer L.
- Mors, Ole
- Mortensen, Preben B.
- Palmer, Duncan S.
- Pedersen, Carsten B.
- Peters, Triinu
- Poterba, Timothy
- Reif, Andreas
- Ribasés, Marta
- Rothenberger, Aribert
- Rovira, Paula
- Satterstrom, F. Kyle
- Schachar, Russell
- Steinberg, Stacy
- Turley, Patrick
- Walters, G. Bragi
- Werge, Thomas
- Zayats, Tetyana
- Arking, Dan E.
- Bettella, Francesco
- Buxbaum, Joseph D.
- Christensen, Jane H.
- Collins, Ryan L.
- Coon, Hilary
- Delorme, Richard
- Grice, Dorothy E.
- Hansen, Thomas F.
- Holmans, Peter A.
- Hope, Sigrun
- Hultman, Christina M.
- Klei, Lambertus
- Nærland, Terje
- Nyegaard, Mette
- Pinto, Dalila
- Qvist, Per
- Reichenberg, Abraham
- Roeder, Kathryn
- Rouleau, Guy A.
- Sanders, Stephan J.
- Sandin, Sven
- Sutcliffe, James S.
- Talkowski, Michael E.
- Weiss, Lauren A.
- Willsey, A. Jeremy
- Agartz, Ingrid
- Akil, Huda
- Albani, Diego
- Alda, Martin
- Als, Thomas D.
- Backlund, Lena
- Bass, Nicholas
- Bauer, Michael
- Baune, Bernhard T.
- Bellivier, Frank
- Bergen, Sarah E.
- Biernacka, Joanna M.
- Blackwood, Douglas H.R.
- Bøen, Erlend
- Budde, Monika
- Bunney, William
- Burmeister, Margit
- Byrne, Enda M.
- Cichon, Sven
- Clarke, Toni-Kim
- Coleman, Jonathan R.I.
- Curtis, David
- Czerski, Piotr M.
- Dale, Anders M.
- Dalkner, Nina
- Dannlowski, Udo
- Degenhardt, Franziska
- Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn
- Fischer, Sascha B.
- Forty, Liz
- Frank, Josef
- Frye, Mark
- Fullerton, Janice M.
- Gade, Katrin
- Gaspar, Héléna A.
- Gershon, Elliot S.
- Gill, Michael
- Goes, Fernando S.
- Gordon, Scott D.
- Green, Melissa J.
- Greenwood, Tiffany A.
- Hauser, Joanna
- Hautzinger, Martin
- Heilbronner, Urs
- Herms, Stefan
- Hoffmann, Per
- Holland, Dominic
- Jamain, Stéphane
- Jones, Ian
- Jones, Lisa A.
- Kandaswamy, Radhika
- Kelsoe, John R.
- Kennedy, James L.
- Kogevinas, Manolis
- Koller, Anna C.
- Lavebratt, Catharina
- Li, Qingqin S.
- Lissowska, Jolanta
- Loohuis, Loes M.O.
- Lucae, Susanne
- Maaser, Anna
- Malt, Ulrik F.
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Martinsson, Lina
- McElroy, Susan L.
- McMahon, Francis J.
- McQuillin, Andrew
- Melle, Ingrid
- Metspalu, Andres
- Millischer, Vincent
- Mitchell, Philip B.
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Morken, Gunnar
- Morris, Derek W.
- Mullins, Niamh
- Myers, Richard M.
- Nievergelt, Caroline M.
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Adolfsson, Annelie Nordin
- Nöthen, Markus M.
- Ophoff, Roel A.
- Owen, Michael J.
- Paciga, Sara A.
- Pato, Carlos N.
- Pato, Michele T.
- Perlis, Roy H.
- Perry, Amy
- Potash, James B.
- Reinbold, Céline S.
- Rietschel, Marcella
- Rivera, Margarita
- Schalling, Martin
- Schofield, Peter R.
- Schulze, Thomas G.
- Scott, Laura J.
- Serretti, Alessandro
- Smeland, Olav B.
- Stordal, Eystein
- Streit, Fabian
- Strohmaier, Jana
- Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E.
- Treutlein, Jens
- Turecki, Gustavo
- Vieta, Eduard
- Vincent, John B.
- Wang, Yunpeng
- Witt, Stephanie H.
- Zandi, Peter
- Adan, Roger A.H.
- Alfredsson, Lars
- Ando, Tetsuya
- Aschauer, Harald
- Baker, Jessica H.
- Bergen, Andrew W.
- Birgegård, Andreas
- Perica, Vesna Boraska
- Burghardt, Roland
- Cassina, Matteo
- Courtet, Philippe
- Crawford, Steven
- Crow, Scott
- Crowley, James J.
- Danner, Unna N.
- Davis, Oliver S.P.
- Dick, Danielle M.
- Egberts, Karin
- Ehrlich, Stefan
- Espeseth, Thomas
- Forzan, Monica
- Gambaro, Giovanni
- Giegling, Ina
- Gonidakis, Fragiskos
- Gorwood, Philip
- Guo, Yiran
- Halmi, Katherine A.
- Hatzikotoulas, Konstantinos
- Hebebrand, Johannes
- Herzog, Wolfgang
- Hinney, Anke
- Imgart, Hartmut
- Jordan, Jennifer
- Julià, Antonio
- Kaminská, Deborah
- Karhunen, Leila
- Karwautz, Andreas
- Kas, Martien J.H.
- Kaye, Walter H.
- Kennedy, Martin A.
- Kim, Youl-Ri
- Klareskog, Lars
- Klump, Kelly L.
- Knudsen, Gun Peggy S.
- Landén, Mikael
- Li, Dong
- Lichtenstein, Paul
- Maj, Mario
- Marsal, Sara
- McDevitt, Sara
- Mitchell, James
- Monteleone, Palmiero
- Monteleone, Alessio Maria
- Nacmias, Benedetta
- Padyukov, Leonid
- Pantel, Jacques
- Rabionet, Raquel
- Raevuori, Anu
- Ricca, Valdo
- Roberts, Marion
- Rujescu, Dan
- Rybakowski, Filip
- Scherag, André
- Schmidt, Ulrike
- Seitz, Jochen
- Slachtova, Lenka
- Sorbi, Sandro
- Tortorella, Alfonso
- Tozzi, Federica
- Treasure, Janet
- Tziouvas, Konstantinos
- Wade, Tracey D.
- Wagner, Gudrun
- Walton, Esther
- Watson, Hunna J.
- Wichmann, H-Erich
- Woodside, D. Blake
- Zeggini, Eleftheria
- Zerwas, Stephanie
- Andlauer, Till F.M.
- Binder, Elisabeth B.
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- Castelao, Enrique
- Docherty, Anna R.
- Domenici, Enrico
- Domschke, Katharina
- Dunn, Erin C.
- Foo, Jerome C.
- Grabe, Hans J.
- Hamilton, Steven P.
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
- Howard, David
- Kloiber, Stefan
- Levinson, Douglas F.
- Lewis, Glyn
- Magnusson, Patrik K.E.
- Mbarek, Hamdi
- Middeldorp, Christel M.
- Mostafavi, Sara
- Nyholt, Dale R.
- Penninx, Brenda WJH.
- Peterson, Roseann E.
- Pistis, Giorgio
- Porteous, David J.
- Preisig, Martin
- Quiroz, Jorge A.
- Schulte, Eva C.
- Shi, Jianxin
- Thomson, Pippa A.
- Tiemeier, Henning
- Uher, Rudolf
- Weissman, Myrna M.
- Begemann, Martin
- Bramon, Elvira
- Buccola, Nancy G.
- Cairns, Murray J.
- Campion, Dominique
- Carr, Vaughan J.
- Cloninger, C. Robert
- Cohen, David
- Collier, David A.
- Corvin, Aiden
- DeLisi, Lynn E.
- Donohoe, Gary
- Dudbridge, Frank
- Duan, Jubao
- Freedman, Robert
- Ehrenreich, Hannelore
- Hartmann, Annette M.
- Ikeda, Masashi
- Iwata, Nakao
- Jablensky, Assen V.
- Joa, Inge
- Jönsson, Erik G.
- Kelly, Brian J.
- Knight, Jo
- Konte, Bettina
- Lee, Jimmy
- Lencz, Todd
- Lerer, Bernard
- Loughland, Carmel M.
- Malhotra, Anil K.
- McDonald, Colm
- Mitjans, Marina
- Mowry, Bryan J.
- Murphy, Kieran C.
- Murray, Robin M.
- O’Neill, F. Anthony
- Palotie, Aarno
- Pantelis, Christos
- Petryshen, Tracey L.
- Quested, Digby J.
- Riley, Brien
- Sanders, Alan R.
- Schall, Ulrich
- Scott, Rodney J.
- Sham, Pak C.
- Silverman, Jeremy M.
- Sim, Kang
- Tooney, Paul A.
- Vawter, Marquis P.
- Weiser, Mark
- Wildenauer, Dieter B.
- Williams, Nigel M.
- Zhang, Fuquan
- Androutsos, Christos
- Arnold, Paul D.
- Barr, Cathy L.
- Barta, Csaba
- Bey, Katharina
- Bienvenu, O. Joseph
- Black, Donald W.
- Brown, Lawrence W.
- Cheon, Keun-Ah
- Ciullo, Valentina
- Cusi, Daniele
- Davis, Lea K.
- Denys, Damiaan
- Depienne, Christel
- Dietrich, Andrea
- Eapen, Valsamma
- Falkai, Peter
- Fernandez, Thomas V.
- Geller, Daniel A.
- Grados, Marco A.
- Greenberg, Erica
- Grünblatt, Edna
- Hagstrøm, Julie
- Hanna, Gregory L.
- Hartmann, Andreas
- Hedderly, Tammy
- Heiman, Gary A.
- Heyman, Isobel
- Hong, Hyun Ju
- Huyser, Chaim
- Ibanez-Gomez, Laura
- Khramtsova, Ekaterina A.
- Kim, Young Key
- Kim, Young-Shin
- King, Robert A.
- Koh, Yun-Joo
- Kook, Sodahm
- Leventhal, Bennett L.
- Ludolph, Andrea G.
- Malaty, Irene
- Maras, Athanasios
- McCracken, James T.
- Meijer, Inge A.
- Mir, Pablo
- Münchau, Alexander
- Murphy, Tara L.
- Nestadt, Gerald
- Nestadt, Paul S.
- Nicolini, Humberto
- Okun, Michael S.
- Paschou, Peristera
- Piras, Fabrizio
- Piras, Federica
- Pittenger, Christopher
- Plessen, Kerstin J.
- Richter, Margaret A.
- Rizzo, Renata
- Roessner, Veit
- Ruhrmann, Stephan
- Samuels, Jack F.
- Sandor, Paul
- Schlögelhofer, Monika
- Singer, Harvey
- Song, Dong-Ho
- Song, Jungeun
- Stein, Dan J.
- Stewart, S Evelyn
- Storch, Eric A.
- Stranger, Barbara
- Tischfield, Jay A.
- Visscher, Frank
- Vulink, Nienke
- Wagner, Michael
- Walitza, Susanne
- Worbe, Yulia
- Zai, Gwyneth
- Zinner, Samuel H.
- Sullivan, Patrick F.
- Franke, Barbara
- Daly, Mark J.
- Bulik, Cynthia M.
- McIntosh, Andrew M.
- O’Donovan, Michael C.
- Zheutlin, Amanda
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- Børglum, Anders D.
- Breen, Gerome
- Edenberg, Howard J.
- Fanous, Ayman H.
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Gelernter, Joel
- Mathews, Carol A.
- Mattheisen, Manuel
- Mitchell, Karen S.
- Neale, Michael C.
- Ripke, Stephan
- Santangelo, Susan L.
- Scharf, Jeremiah M.
- Thornton, Laura M.
- Walters, James T.R.
- Wray, Naomi R.
- Geschwind, Daniel H.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- Kendler, Kenneth S.
- Smoller, Jordan W.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1469-1482.e11
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7077032
- OpenAlex
- W2995971356
- Cited by
- 1,381
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 266 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 103.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Worcester Research and Publications (University of Worcester) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- mental illness, pleiotropy, genetic correlation, shared genetic loci, anorexia nervosa, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, brain gene expression, brain development, psychiatric classification, risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Quantitative Trait Loci, Genome-Wide Association Study, Neurogenesis, Genetic Pleiotropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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