A review of selected candidate endophenotypes for depression
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Endophenotypes are proposed to occupy an intermediate position in the pathway between genotype and phenotype in genetically complex disorders such as depression. To be considered an endophenotype, a construct must meet a set of criteria proposed by Gottesman and Gould (2003). In this qualitative review, we summarize evidence for each criterion for several putative endophenotypes for depression: neuroticism, morning cortisol, frontal asymmetry of cortical electrical activity, reward learning, and biases of attention and memory. Our review indicates that while there is strong support for some depression endophenotypes, other putative endophenotypes lack data or have inconsistent findings for core criteria.
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Blunted reward learning has been observed in both individuals with current and remitted MDD.
“Second, blunted reward learning—defined as a diminished ability to modulate behavior as a function of rewards—has been observed in both individuals with current and remitted MDD (Goldstein and Klein, 2014; Pechtel et al, 2013; Pizzagalli, 2014).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Goldstein and Klein, 2014
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Prefrontal cortex and depression
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- Authors
- Goldstein, B. L., & Klein, D. N.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldstein, Brandon L.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 417-427
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4134952
- OpenAlex
- W2054077215
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH069942)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- endophenotypes, depression, neuroticism, cortisol, morning cortisol, frontal alpha asymmetry, reward learning, attentional bias, memory bias, genotype-phenotype correlation, genetic susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Memory, Reward, Endophenotypes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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