New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance

In the paper

“The transcriptional changes accumulate over time such that the protein expression profile of muscle is changed resulting in an altered phenotype [2,8].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Egan, 2013, Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation, Cell Metab. source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that repeated, transient mRNA increases produced sustained increases in transcriptional and metabolic proteins during training. It also describes molecular and potential morphological changes in human skeletal muscle, supporting the paraphrase that these changes alter the muscle’s phenotype. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [8] Perry, 2010, Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle, J. Physiol. source

In the paper

“Nonetheless, in the context of exercise performance, it is clear that carbohydrate (but not fat) still remains king and that carefully chosen ergogenic aids (e.g.caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrates) can all promote performance in the correct exercise setting.”

In the paper

“whereas high carbohydrate availability and antioxidant supplementation may actually attenuate training adaptation”

In the paper

“When the AMP:ATP ratio increases the probability of AMPK being in the AMP bound state increases.This allosterically activates AMPK [13] and makes AMPK a more efficient substrate for its upstream kinase LKB1, phosphorylation by which leads to full activation of the kinase [14].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Gowans, 2013, AMP is a true physiological regulator of AMP-activated protein kinase by both allosteric activation and enhancing net phosphorylation, Cell Metab. source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Sakamoto, 2004, Activity of LKB1 and AMPK-related kinases in skeletal muscle: effects of contraction, phenformin, and AICAR, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. source

In the paper

“In the context of resistance exercise, it is also now well known that increased dietary protein is a necessary nutrient to promote muscle growth by providing those necessary amino acids to both activate and promote muscle protein synthesis.”

In the paper

“emerging data suggest that deliberate periods of reduced carbohydrate availability (and potentially, high fat availability) can enhance those adaptations fundamental to endurance performance including mitochondrial biogenesis, increased lipid oxidation and increased fatigue resistance”

In the paper

“Emerging evidence also suggests that vitamin D may play a regulatory role in muscle regeneration and subsequent hypertrophy following damaging forms of exercise.”

In the paper

“The exercise dependent increase in skeletal muscle AMP [10] is thought to not only allosterically activate glycolysis [11] but also activate the evolutionary conserved fuel gauge protein AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [12].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Meyer, 1980, AMP deamination and IMP reamination in working skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Trigun, 1988, Changes in the modulations of kinetics and allosteric properties of muscle phosphofructokinase of young and old rats, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. source
• Not checked yetcites [12] Winder, 1996, Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle during exercise, Am. J. Physiol.

In the paper

“When taken together, it is clear that those competition nutrition strategies that focus on sufficient macronutrient intake and ergogenic aids to promote energy availability and delay the biochemical determinants of fatigue are now largely based on sound scientific evidence.”

In the paper

“At the level of the muscle a period of endurance training leads to improvements in blood flow, mitochondrial content and an improved ability to extract and utilise oxygen during exercise [7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Rivera-Brown, 2012, Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training, PM&R source

In the paper

“we and others have collectively observed that reducing endogenous and/or exogenous CHO availability during short-term (e.g.3-10 week) endurance training increases mitochondrial enzyme activity and protein content [55,59,60] increases both whole body [55] and intramuscular lipid oxidation [61] and in some instances, improves exercise capacity [62,63]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Yeo, 2008, Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens, J. Appl. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Morton, 2009, Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle, J. Appl. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [60] Van Proeyen, 2011, Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Hulston, 2010, Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
• Not checked yetcites [62] Hansen, 2005, Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source
• Not checked yetcites [63] Cochran, 2015, Manipulating carbohydrate availability between twice-daily sessions of high-intensity interval training over 2 weeks improves time-trial performance, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. source

In the paper

“These data have therefore led to the innovative “train-low (or smart), compete-high” model surmising that athletes deliberately complete a portion of their training programme with reduced CHO availability so as to augment training adaptation but yet always ensure high CHO availability prior to and during competition in an attempt to promote maximal performance [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Burke, 2010, Fueling strategies to optimize performance: training high or training low?, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports source

In the paper

“It is noteworthy, however, that exogenous CHO feeding during exercise also improves performance when exercise duration is <60 minutes [42], an effect that is not apparent when glucose is directly infused to the bloodstream during exercise [43].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Jeukendrup, 1997, Carbohydrate–electrolyte feedings improve 1h time trial cycling performance, Int. J. Sports Med. source
• Not checked yetcites [43] Carter, 2004, The effect of glucose infusion on glucose kinetics during a 1-h time trial, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source

In the paper

“Partly through these mechanisms the exercise dependent increases in AMP:ATP ratio and depletion of glycogen lead to a co-ordinated metabolic response, partly through AMPK activation, which increases substrate uptake and oxidation to fuel the activity (Figure 1).”

In the paper

“The nuclear export of HDAC5 therefore leads to a relaxation of the chromatin and in an unknown manner leads to increases in transcription of GLUT4 [30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] McGee, 2008, AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5, Diabetes source

In the paper

“As we mentioned PGC-1α acts as a transcriptional co-activator where it moderates the activity of multiple transcription factors including the PPAR's (PPAR-γ, PPAR-α and PPAR-δ), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factors 1/2 (NRF1/2) and estrogen related receptor-α (ERR-α) (Figure 1) [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Gilde, 2003, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARS): regulators of gene expression in heart and skeletal muscle, Acta Physiol. Scand. source

In the paper

“The inhibition of ACC by AMPK leads to a reduction in the levels of manonyl CoA, which allows for the activation of the mitochondrial fatty acid transporter Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) allowing for a greater flux of fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation [15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Alam, 1998, Malonyl-CoA and the regulation of fatty acid oxidation in soleus muscle, Biochem. J. source

In the paper

“The reduced activity of these Rab-GAPs allows for more of the Rabs that control glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to be in the GTP bound state which increases the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane increasing glucose uptake and oxidation [19].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Sakamoto, 2008, Emerging role for AS160/TBC1D4 and TBC1D1 in the regulation of GLUT4 traffic, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. source

In the paper

“Despite the theoretical rationale for the training-low paradigm, potential pitfalls to longterm training with low CHO availability include perturbations to immune function [67] impaired training intensity [55], reduced ability to oxidise exogenous CHO during competition [68] and increased muscle protein oxidation [69].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Nieman, 2007, Marathon training and immune function, Sports Med. source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Yeo, 2008, Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens, J. Appl. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Cox, 2010, Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source

In the paper

“Whereas it was generally accepted that exogenous CHO oxidation rates were thought to be limited at approximately 1 g/min due to saturation of intestinal glucose transporters, it is now known that exogenous CHO oxidation rates can increase to 1.8 g/min with the addition of sucrose or fructose to the CHO blend [38].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Jeukendrup, 2014, A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise, Sports Med. source

In the paper

“In addition to being a direct AMP:ATP ratio sensor, AMPK also has the capacity to be modulated by the glycogen storage status of a cell [20].The β-subunit of AMPK binds to specific branch points on glycogen inhibiting the enzyme and preventing it from being phosphorylated by upstream kinases [20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] McBride, 2009, The glycogen-binding domain on the AMPK beta subunit allows the kinase to act as a glycogen sensor, Cell Metab. source

In the paper

“However, again, these investigations failed to find evidence of universal performance benefits, but uncovered mechanisms to explain metabolic changes in the muscle as well as information on scenarios in which fat adaptation might be useful/benign and those in which it would, in fact, impair sports performance [73].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] L. Burke, Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the ‘Nail in the Coffin’ Too Soon? Sports Med., 2015 (November 9:epub ahead of print). source

In the paper

“Moreover, the results were skewed by a large increase in endurance in one subject, and the authors also noted that the enhanced utilisation of fat and sparing of carbohydrate at moderate intensity was “a limitation of the intensity of exercise that can be performed” and a “throttling of function near VO2max” [75].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] Phinney, 1983, The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation, Metabolism source

In the paper

“In addition, the small compounds epicatechins, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and resveratrol have all been suggested to enhance endurance-training responses in skeletal muscle through a number of signalling pathways (blue).”

In the paper

“As we mentioned the amino acid induced activation of mTORC1 is distinct from the mechanical activation of mTORC1, which again is not yet fully defined, but is thought to be dependent upon the secondary messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) derived from diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) [102].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] You, 2014, The role of diacylglycerol kinase zeta and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and skeletal muscle hypertrophy, J. Biol. Chem. source

In the paper

“Endurance athletes develop a high capacity to fuel exercise via fat oxidation as an adaptation to their training.”

In the paper

“Models have included moderate (<20% of energy) to extreme (< 50 g/d) carbohydrate restriction, with fat increasing to ~65% or ~80% of energy respectively [73].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] L. Burke, Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the ‘Nail in the Coffin’ Too Soon? Sports Med., 2015 (November 9:epub ahead of print). source

In the paper

“mTORC1 is well defined as essential to loading induced muscle growth in rodents [89] and stimulus induced increases in MPS in humans [90,91].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Bodine, 2001, Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo, Nat. Cell Biol. source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Dickinson, 2011, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation is required for the stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids, J. Nutr. source
• Not checked yetcites [91] Drummond, 2009, Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis, J. Physiol. source

In the paper

“This can be achieved nutritionally in several ways, 1) with high quality protein or essential amino acids and 2) with carbohydrate driven increases in insulin.”

In the paper

“Instead they promote an individualized and periodized approach to avoid unnecessary and excessive intake of carbohydrate per se, to optimise training outcomes via modification of the timing, amount and type of carbohydrate-rich foods and drinks to balance periods of low and high carbohydrate availability and to adopt wellpracticed competition strategies that provide appropriate carbohydrate”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] L. Burke, Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the ‘Nail in the Coffin’ Too Soon? Sports Med., 2015 (November 9:epub ahead of print). source

In the paper

“However, there have been cycles of interest in strategies that can further up-regulate the contribution of fat as a substrate for exercise; specifically, the chronic consumption of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet.”

In the paper

“Whilst endurance exercise adaptations are believed to be driven primarily by transcriptional responses [2,8], the muscle growth adaptation to resistance exercise is driven primarily by changes in translation, in particular by increases in mRNA activity (protein produced per unit of mRNA) [85][86][87].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Egan, 2013, Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation, Cell Metab. source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Perry, 2010, Repeated transient mRNA bursts precede increases in transcriptional and mitochondrial proteins during training in human skeletal muscle, J. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [85] Baar, 1999, Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise, Am. J. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [86] Chen, 2002, Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling, J. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [87] Chesley, 1992, Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source

In the paper

“Both of which activate mTORC1 in human skeletal muscle when consumed [108].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] Wilkinson, 2013, Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism, J. Physiol. source

In the paper

“Resistance exercise builds muscle mass by increasing the remodelling of muscle proteins and by sensitising the skeletal muscle protein synthesis machinery to subsequent meals [83].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Churchward-Venne, 2012, Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: strategies to enhance anabolism, Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) source

In the paper

“Gastrointestinal disturbances often occur with bicarbonate use, but can be managed by consuming the dose in a split protocol with the intake of a small meal/snack [135].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [135] Carr, 2011, Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3-], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. source

In the paper

“Nevertheless, there seems good evidence that nitrate/BJ supplementation can enhance sports performance in moderate caliber athletes and individuals among elite athlete populations [130], with emphasis on adequate supplementation protocols and sports or scenarios which rely on the recruitment of the lessoxidative type II muscle fibres, and local or environmental conditions of hypoxia or acidosis (e”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Jones, 2014, Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance, Sports Med. source
• Not checked yetcites [131] Jonvik, 2015, Can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation?, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source
• Not checked yetcites [132] Hultstrom, 2015, Commentaries on Viewpoint: can elite athletes benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation?, J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) source

In the paper

“To date, no threshold for carnosine concentrations has been found, but a daily intake of ~ 1.2 g appears to maintain muscle carnosine elevations and a return to baseline may require 6-20 weeks of supplement withdrawal [137].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Stegen, 2014, Beta-alanine dose for maintaining moderately elevated muscle carnosine levels, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source

In the paper

“It is now clear that both innate and acquired immune function, cardiovascular health and even muscle growth and repair may be regulated by vitamin D.”

In the paper

“In addition to the benefits of consuming high quality proteins on muscle mass and exercise recovery, foods rich in high quality protein also tend to be rich in other nutrients [110].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [110] Phillips, 2015, Commonly consumed protein foods contribute to nutrient intake, diet quality, and nutrient adequacy, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Following its 2004 removal from the WADA Prohibited List, caffeine can be considered safe, effective and legal when used according to established and practiced protocols.”

In the paper

“This emerging knowledge, combined with a plethora of research suggesting that many athletes are vitamin D deficient [140], largely due to a sun-shy lifestyle and poor dietary sources of vitamin D, even those living in sunny climates [141] has resulted in vitamin D being one of the most widely supplemented vitamins in sports nutrition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [140] Close, 2013, Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function, J. Sports Sci. source
• Not checked yetcites [141] Hamilton, 2010, Profound vitamin D deficiency in a diverse group of women during pregnancy living in a sun-rich environment at latitude 32°N, Int. J. Endocrinol. source

In the paper

“Indeed, review of the accumulating literature shows some support for the benefits of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity exercise and a potential additive effect when combined with bicarbonate supplementation.”

In the paper

“Whilst some studies have shown improved markers of muscle function the majority have failed to show any meaningful effects.”

In the paper

“In terms of a supplemental dose, the EFSA have recently stated that 4000iU is the maximum dose that should be used which we have also shown to be an effective dose in correcting deficiencies [146].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [146] Agostoni, 2012, Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin D, Eur. Food Saf. Auth. J.

In the paper

“It is now known that many tissues in the human body express the vitamin D receptor suggesting that Vitamin D (or more specifically active vitamin D metabolites) play a fundamental physiological role that have previously been somewhat ignored [reviewed by 139].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [reviewed by 139]

In the paper

“This finding is thought to be due to the higher leucine content of whey.”

In the paper

“Supplementation with doses > 800 mg of purified b-alanine is associated with symptoms of paresthesia (skin tingling), but this sometimes unpleasant side-effect can be managed with slow-release tablets or spreading doses over the day [136].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [136] Stellingwerff, 2012, Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of beta-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis, Amino Acids source

In the paper

“Recent work from our group [147] has also demonstrated that vitamin D deficiencies may impair muscle regeneration and perhaps more importantly this effect may occur even when vitamin D concentrations are around 50nmol/L.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Owens, 2015, A systems based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration and hypertrophy, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.

In the paper

“Despite publicity around safety aspects, careful studies of established creatine supplementation protocols have not found evidence of increased health risks4 and have reported reduced rather than increased prevalence of muscle damage or impaired thermoregulation associated with exercise [128].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] Dalbo, 2008, Putting to rest the myth of creatine supplementation leading to muscle cramps and dehydration, Br. J. Sports Med.

In the paper

“Milk based proteins in particular can be digested via gastrointestinal peptidases to tryptophan containing peptides, which in cell and biochemical based assays can have biological activities which may positively impact human physiology from blood pressure control to satiation [114].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [114] Nongonierma, 2015, Milk proteins as a source of tryptophan-containing bioactive peptides, Food Funct. source

In the paper

“This increases by ~0.5% (±0.5%) with a larger (+0.1 mg/kg) dose or five extra sprint bouts, and reduces by a similar magnitude with each 10-fold increase in test duration (e.g.1-10 minutes) or females.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [134] Carr, 2011, Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis, Sports Med. source

In the paper

“Despite the marketing of exotic creatine compounds, creatine monohydrate remains an effective form of supplemental creatine, with muscle uptake being optimized by its co-ingestion with carbohydrate [125].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [125] Buford, 2007, International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“In particular dairy protein sources, due to the high calcium content has been lauded for this reason [111].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [111] S.M. Phillips, M.B. Zemel, Effect of protein, dairy components and energy balance in optimizing body composition, Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 69, 2011, pp. 97–108 (discussion 108–113) source

In the paper

“In our laboratory, we have reported detrimental effects on muscle function when concentrations are below 30nmol/L [140] with no performance enhancing effects of vitamin D supplements if the starting concentration is around 50nmol/L [145].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [140] Close, 2013, Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function, J. Sports Sci. source
• Not checked yetcites [145] Owens, 2014, Vitamin D supplementation does not improve human skeletal muscle contractile properties in insufficient young males, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. source

In the paper

“This can acutely benefit the performance of sports involving such work patterns (e.g.team sports), as well as chronically enhance the athlete' capacity to undertake training sessions of this nature (e.g.resistance or interval training) [125].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [125] Buford, 2007, International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“Reasons for this observation include a greater dietary nitrate intake and/or greater capacity for arginine-derived production of NO in highly trained individuals, as well as better genetic and training-supported characteristics in the muscle, which enhance oxygen delivery and buffer metabolic acidosis, thus reducing the conditions under which the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway may be important [130].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [130] Jones, 2014, Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance, Sports Med. source

In the paper

“This retrospective analysis has suggested that the optimal dose of protein post exercise in healthy young men may be best quantified in a g/kg basis or even a g/kg lean mass basis with ~0.25 g/kg body mass and 0.25 g/kg lean mass appearing to elicit the maximum rates of MPS [109].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Moore, 2015, Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men, J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. source

In the paper

“Following supplementation of (-)-epicatechin (1 mg/kg), participants displayed a lower RER, indicative of increased lipid oxidation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [167] Gutierrez-Salmean, 2014, Acute effects of an oral supplement of (–)-epicatechin on postprandial fat and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and overweight subjects, Food Funct. source

In the paper

“Antioxidants are heterogeneous [159] they work in distinct ways and importantly they do not solely regulate ROS.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [159] Murphy, 2011, Unraveling the biological roles of reactive oxygen species, Cell Metab. source

In the paper

“Thus when adaptation is inconsequential (e.g., competitive events) short-term NAC supplementation may be beneficial although it should be stressed that effective doses may result in gastro-intestinal discomfort [161].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [161] Cobley, 2011, N-acetylcysteine’s attenuation of fatigue after repeated bouts of intermittent exercise: practical implications for tournament situations, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. source

In the paper

“To date, no studies have examined the effect of NR supplementation on mitochondrial adaptation in human skeletal muscle.”

In the paper

“emerging work form our group is beginning to suggest that high dose supplementation, in non-deficient individuals, could have negative consequences related to the function of the vitamin D endocrine system.”

In the paper

“Thus NR supplementation appears capable of altering skeletal muscle NAD + content which in turn increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis through a SIRT1-dependent process [171] (Figure 1).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Canto, 2012, The NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity, Cell Metab. source

In the paper

“For example, NAC blunts training adaptations [160] but enhances acute performance [161,162].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [160] Petersen, 2012, Infusion with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuates early adaptive responses to exercise in human skeletal muscle, Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) source
• Not checked yetcites [161] Cobley, 2011, N-acetylcysteine’s attenuation of fatigue after repeated bouts of intermittent exercise: practical implications for tournament situations, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. source
• Not checked yetcites [162] Reid, 2008, Free radicals and muscle fatigue: of ROS, canaries, and the IOC, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

In the paper

“There could also be a case for some polyphenolic compounds to be supplemented post-exercise, such as tart cherry juice [163] to attenuate muscle soreness although if this is through a direct scavenging effect remains unclear (see point 2 above and reference [148] for criteria that need to fulfilled to satisfy a scavenging affect).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [163] Howatson, 2010, Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports source
• Not checked yetcites [148] Cobley, 2015, Influence of vitamin C and vitamin E on redox signaling: implications for exercise adaptations, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

In the paper

“This is best exemplified by the notion that decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with nutritional antioxidants, attenuates exercise-induced redox signalling, and thereby blunts exercise adaptation [150,151].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] Paulsen, 2014, Vitamin C and E supplementation alters protein signalling after a strength training session, but not muscle growth during 10 weeks of training, J. Physiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [151] Morrison, 2015, Vitamin C and E supplementation prevents some of the cellular adaptations to endurance-training in humans, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source

In the paper

“it is currently unclear as to why resveratrol supplementation may display a negative effect on whole body/skeletal muscle adaptation when combined with endurance-exercise training in healthy individuals.”

In the paper

“principally through an increase in energy expenditure and a reduction in cholesterol levels [171].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Canto, 2012, The NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity, Cell Metab. source

In the paper

“Importantly, (-)-epicatechin supplementation was not as potent as endurance exercise in remodeling skeletal muscle, however (-)-epicatechin supplementation in combination with exercise training had a synergistic effect.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [166] Nogueira, 2011, (–)-Epicatechin enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle, J. Physiol. source

In the paper

“As such, PA plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular metabolism [181].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Athenstaedt, 1999, Phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in lipid metabolism, Eur. J. Biochem. source

In the paper

“carbohydrate restriction may enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and potentially long term adaption although it may also impair performance in a given training session.”

In the paper

“the fact that PA has also been reported to have no effect on resistance training [183]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hoffman, 2012, Efficacy of phosphatidic acid ingestion on lean body mass, muscle thickness and strength gains in resistance-trained men, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“One of the key leucine intermediates appears to be the derivative β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), which like leucine appears to have potent anabolic properties in skeletal muscle [179]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [179] Atherton, 2012, Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise, J. Physiol. source

In the paper

“the authors reported a 12.7% increase in squat strength”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hoffman, 2012, Efficacy of phosphatidic acid ingestion on lean body mass, muscle thickness and strength gains in resistance-trained men, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“or even have a negative effect on WPC-stimulated protein synthesis”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [185] Mobley, 2015, Effects of oral phosphatidic acid feeding with or without whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in rodent skeletal muscle, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a precursor for the synthesis of numerous lipids [181].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Athenstaedt, 1999, Phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in lipid metabolism, Eur. J. Biochem. source

In the paper

“compared to a 9.3% improvement in squat strength”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hoffman, 2012, Efficacy of phosphatidic acid ingestion on lean body mass, muscle thickness and strength gains in resistance-trained men, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“and a 2.6% increase in LBM in the PA group”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hoffman, 2012, Efficacy of phosphatidic acid ingestion on lean body mass, muscle thickness and strength gains in resistance-trained men, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“and a 0.1% change in LBM in the placebo group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hoffman, 2012, Efficacy of phosphatidic acid ingestion on lean body mass, muscle thickness and strength gains in resistance-trained men, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. source

In the paper

“Whether UA administration promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle is less clear.”