Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence
Abstract
This study examined the development of executive function (EF) in a typically developing sample from middle childhood to adolescence using a range of tasks varying in affective significance. A total of 102 participants between 8 and 15years of age completed the Iowa Gambling Task, the Color Word Stroop, a Delay Discounting task, and a Digit Span task. Age-related improvements were found on all tasks, but improvements on relatively cool tasks (Color Word Stroop and Backward Digit Span) occurred earlier in this age range, whereas improvements on relatively hot tasks (Iowa Gambling Task and Delay Discounting) were more gradual and occurred later. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that performance on all tasks could be accounted for by a single-factor model. Together, these findings indicate that although similar abilities may underlie both hot and cool EF, hot EF develops relatively slowly, which may have implications for the risky behavior often observed during adolescence. Future work should include additional measures to characterize more intensively the development of both hot and cool EF during the transition to adolescence.
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As compared to adults, younger people tend to show more favorable views of technology, to succumb to peer pressure and use media excessively in order to fit in, to depend on SNSs to build their self-esteem and identity, and to have lower executive functions.
“As compared to adults, younger people tend to show more favorable views of technology, to succumb to peer pressure and use media excessively in order to fit in, to depend on SNSs to build their self-esteem and identity, and to have lower executive functions (Davis, 2013;Pelling & White, 2009;Prencipe et al., 2011;Yu, Kim, & Hay, 2013).”
From Till logout do us part? Comparison of factors predicting excessive social network sites use and addiction between Singaporean adolescents and adults (2017) · cites this paper as Prencipe et al., 2011
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Schuch, V., Utsumi, D. A., Costa, T. V. M. M., Kulikowski, L. D., & Muszkat, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00126 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Attentional capture by emotional faces in adolescence
Grose-Fifer, J., Rodrigues, A., Hoover, S., & Zottoli, T. (2013) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0134-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Prencipe, A., Kesek, A., Cohen, J., Lamm, C., Lewis, M. D., & Zelazo, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zelazo, Philip David
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 621-637
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2131532076
- Semantic Scholar
- 6667eb7521d7e7546afc50f7e7927125b2518bea
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- executive function, hot executive function, cool executive function, transition to adolescence, middle childhood, Iowa Gambling Task, delay discounting, digit span, risk-taking, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Female, Gambling, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function, Stroop Test
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