The DOI matches its Crossref record; 273 of the 293 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 242 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sleep, Health, and Society
Open accessAbstract
Biological needs for sleep are met by engaging in behaviors that are largely influenced by the environment, social norms and demands, and societal influences and pressures. Insufficient sleep duration and sleep disorders such as insomnia and sleep apnea are highly prevalent in the US population. This article outlines some of these downstream factors, including cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, neurocognitive dysfunction, and mortality, as well as societal factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomics. This review also discusses societal factors related to sleep, such as globalization, health disparities, public policy, public safety, and changing patterns of use of technology.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep is a biological requirement shaped by social, environmental, and societal forces, and that insufficient sleep is linked to broad health harms. It synthesizes population prevalence, health outcome evidence, and social-ecological/behavioral models to frame sleep as a public health and policy issue.
Key findings
- Population estimates show substantial short sleep: in NHANES 2007–2008, 6.2% reported <5 hours, 33.78% 5–6 hours, 52.68% 7–8 hours, and 7.38% ≥9 hours per typical weeknight; in 2014 BRFSS (444,306 adults), median prevalence of <7 hours was 35.1% (range 28.4% South Dakota to 43.9% Hawaii), and 11.8% reported ≤5 hours.
- Sleep disturbances are common and vary by age/sex: 2006 BRFSS (>150,000 residents of 36 states/territories) found sleep disturbance in 13.7%–18.1% of men and 17.7%–25.1% of women; NHANES 2007–2008 found long sleep latency (>30 min) in 18.8%, frequent snoring in 31.5%, and moderate-severe difficulty falling asleep in 7.7%.
- Health associations include mortality, diabetes, and hypertension: meta-analyses indicate 10%–12% increased mortality risk for short sleep and 30%–38% for long sleep; insufficient sleep is associated with 33% increased incident diabetes; short sleep is associated with 20% increased likelihood of hypertension.
- Social/behavioral determinants include work, technology, and disparities: work time was the primary determinant of sleep duration, with each hour of delayed work/training start associated with 20 more minutes of sleep; 90% of Americans used an electronic device in the hour before bed; blacks/African Americans had 2.5 times the rate of very short sleep (≤4 hours) and about twice the rate of short sleep (5–6 hours) versus non-Hispanic whites, while Asians/others had 4 times the very short sleep rate.
Methods
- Design: narrative review and conceptual synthesis; no primary data collection or systematic review protocol is reported in the text.
- Data/sample: synthesizes population surveys (ATUS, NHIS, NHANES, BRFSS), meta-analyses, laboratory/field studies, and policy literature; examples include BRFSS 2014 (444,306 adults), 2006 BRFSS (>150,000 adults), and NHANES 2007–2008.
- Main analysis: organizes evidence using a social-ecological model (individual, social, societal levels) and health behavior models (Health Belief Model, Integrated Behavioral Model) to link upstream social influences, sleep, and downstream health/functional outcomes.
Limitations
- The paper states major limitations: inconsistent sleep assessment methods (self-report, diary, polysomnography, actigraphy disagree; no nationally representative dataset with well-validated sleep duration/quality; inconsistent cutoffs), lack of physiologic sleep measures at the societal level, and complexity of social environments not captured by most studies.
- The paper also states a lack of interventional studies and empirically supported sleep health interventions, limiting causal inference and community-level recommendations.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report systematic search, inclusion criteria, or study-quality appraisal, so the synthesis is selective rather than exhaustive.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
101 Not checked yet · 33 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 3 Own method · 2 Supported · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, the precision of measurement of sleep in these studies is often poor.17,27,35”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] Grandner, 2010, Mortality associated with sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future, Sleep Med Rev source
In “Limitations of previous epidemiological studies,” the review says the sleep-duration survey questions had not been validated against objective recordings, making their reliability, validity, and what they measure unclear. It also notes that many studies relied on a single available sleep question. These passages support the claim that sleep measurement in such studies is often poor. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [27] Kurina, 2013, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a critical review of measurement and associations, Ann Epidemiol source
The Results section on sleep duration measurement says that almost all epidemiological studies of sleep duration and mortality used retrospective habitual-sleep questions, despite there being no perfect way to measure sleep duration. The Discussion also identifies potential bias in survey measures and calls the typical use of a single measurement over the life course suboptimal. These passages support the claim that measurement precision is often poor. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [35] Grandner, 2010, Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies, Sleep Med Rev source
The ‘Problems with laboratory and epidemiological studies’ section says epidemiological studies primarily use self-reported sleep duration, which may reflect time in bed rather than actual sleep, and that subjective and objective estimates can disagree and contain error. The paper identifies mortality risk as one of the outcomes studied using these measures. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For example, reduced sleep duration has been shown to cause impairments in working memory,91 executive function,92 processing speed,93–95 and cognitive throughput.96”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Neurocognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [91] Verweij, 2014, Sleep deprivation leads to a loss of functional connectivity in frontal brain regions, BMC Neurosci source
Citation 92 is attached to the executive-function part of the sentence. The Results and discussion section (page unavailable) reports that prefrontal functions, including working memory and inhibition, suffer from sleep deprivation. The paper presents this as a finding of previous studies rather than a cognitive outcome measured in its own experiment. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [92] Killgore, 2012, Gambling when sleep deprived: don't bet on stimulants, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [93] Jackson, 2013, Cognitive components of simulated driving performance: sleep loss effects and predictors, Accid Anal Prev source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Saint Martin, 2012, Does subjective sleep affect cognitive function in healthy elderly subjects? The Proof cohort, Sleep Med source
- Supportedcites [95] Rupp, 2012, Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss, Sleep source
Citation 96 is attached to cognitive throughput, not to the other three functions in the sentence. The Introduction reports neurobehavioral performance decrements with sleep loss, and the ANAM Mathematical Processing (MATH) and 1-Back results report throughput under total sleep deprivation and sleep restriction, including worse 1-Back throughput under total deprivation. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This finding is supported by other work that shows that not only is electronic media use near bedtime prevalent246 but also the light emitted by the devices247 as well as the mental engagement248 can interfere with sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > TECHNOLOGY IN AND OUT OF THE BEDROOM
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [247] Chang, 2015, Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
The Discussion (p. 4) says that using a light-emitting device before bedtime significantly affects sleep and identifies the emitted light as biologically consequential. The Significance section (p. 1) reports that bedtime use of these devices prolongs the time it takes to fall asleep. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a landmark study that compared 2 groups of residency programs, those that gave more time off for sleep did not show measurable changes in work performance.223”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders in Occupational Settings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [223] Bilimoria, 2016, National cluster-randomized trial of duty-hour flexibility in surgical training, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Data Collection passage describes a standard-policy group with more required time off between shifts, and the trial reports no significant difference in postoperative outcomes or residents’ perceptions of fatigue-related safety. But “no measurable changes in work performance” is too broad: the Resident Outcomes passage reports significantly fewer interrupted or missed operations and patient-care handoffs in the flexible-policy group. The study compared duty-hour policies, not measured sleep time or overall work performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, in an analysis of data from greater than 350,000 US adults, insufficient sleep was associated with poverty before adjusting for covariates, but after adjustment, the opposite relationship was seen.30”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep, Poverty, and Neighborhood Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Insufficient sleep and socioeconomic factors; page unavailable) reports that, after adjustment, lower-income groups reported less insufficient sleep. It contrasts this with earlier studies but does not report a pre-adjustment poverty association in its own analysis. The Abstract (page unavailable) gives the study sample as 323,047 adults, not more than 350,000. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelationaln = 350,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because sleep is involved with many physiologic systems, insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality have been associated with several adverse health outcomes.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, reports of sleep disturbance generally declined with age.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > POPULATION PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES > Sleep Disturbances
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Grandner, 2012, Age and sleep disturbances among American men and women: data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The downstream consequences of insufficient sleep duration and/or inadequate sleep quality (including sleep disorders and circadian misalignment of sleep) are varied and impact many physiologic systems.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT > Conceptualizing Downstream Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Watson, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, Sleep
- Not checked yetcites [13] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, J Clin Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, J Clin Sleep Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Sleep is a biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Population estimates of habitual sleep duration are variable, because few studies used identical methods to derive estimates.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > POPULATION PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES > Sleep Duration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, though, at least one-third of the population seems to be reporting habitual sleep of 6 hours or less.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > POPULATION PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES > Sleep Duration
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, most of the attention has been focused on risks associated with short sleep duration, which may be far more prevalent.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Mortality
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taken together, this overall pattern of findings, that both short and long sleep are associated with mortality risk, has generally remained consistent across studies, although not all studies found this pattern.17”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner, 2010, Mortality associated with sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future, Sleep Med Rev source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, there is still a lack of clarity on the biological plausibility of the long sleep relationship, although some ideas have been proposed.37,38”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Mortality
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The recent position statement from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society12–15 broadly categorizes effects of insufficient sleep as pertaining to the following categories: general health, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, mental health, immunologic health, human performance, cancer, pain, and mortality.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT > Conceptualizing Downstream Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Watson, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, Sleep
- Not checked yetcites [13] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, J Clin Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, J Clin Sleep Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances are difficult to measure at the population level.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > POPULATION PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES > Sleep Disturbances
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
““Where we sleep, when we sleep, and with whom we sleep are all important markers or indicators of social status, privilege, and prevailing power relations.”11”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Williams, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep represents an emergent set of many physiologic processes under primarily neurobiological regulation that impact many physiologic systems.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Cajochen, 2010, What keeps us awake?–the role of clocks and hourglasses, light, and melatonin, Int Rev Neurobiol source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Fuller, 2009, Neurobiology of sleep
- Not checked yetcites [3] Mackiewicz, 2008, Molecular mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Schwartz, 2008, Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications, Curr Neuropharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Franken, 2013, A role for clock genes in sleep homeostasis, Curr Opin Neurobiol source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Feng, 2012, Clocks, metabolism, and the epigenome, Mol Cell source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Gerstner, 2016, Amyloid-beta induces sleep fragmentation that is rescued by fatty acid binding proteins in Drosophila, J Neurosci Res source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Xu, 2015, Basal forebrain circuit for sleep-wake control, Nat Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cox, 2016, Calcium imaging of sleep-wake related neuronal activity in the dorsal pons, Nat Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, sleep is also socially driven, dictated by the environment, and subject to interpersonal and societal factors.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sleep is a biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air.
- Rests on an assumption: Achieving sleep requires the individual to engage in volitional behaviors.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, their findings were highly consistent, indicating a 10% to 12% increased risk for short sleep and a 30% to 38% increased risk associated with long sleep duration.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Mortality
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the time diaries generally show more sleep than other retrospective reports, perhaps because they may better capture time in bed but not actual sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > POPULATION PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES > Sleep Duration
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies are supported by laboratory findings that show that physiologic sleep loss is associated with diabetes risk factors, including insulin resistance,53–56 and other diabetes risk factors, such as increased consumption of unhealthy foods.57–59”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Diabetes and Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Buxton, 2010, Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Morselli, 2010, Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Tasali, 2009, Reduced sleep duration or quality: relationships with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, Prog Cardiovasc Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Spiegel, 2005, Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Spaeth, 2014, Sex and race differences in caloric intake during sleep restriction in healthy adults, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Kim, 2011, Eating patterns and nutritional characteristics associated with sleep duration, Public Health Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Nedeltcheva, 2009, Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, this relationship is dependent on age, with the strongest relationships among younger adults and U-shaped relationships more common in middle-aged adults.47”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Weight Gain and Obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Grandner, 2015, Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regarding cardiovascular endpoints, there is some evidence that habitual short sleep increases likelihood of cardiovascular events,84 although meta-analyses do not generally show short sleep to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality.33,34,85”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Amagai, 2010, Sleep duration and incidence of cardiovascular events in a Japanese population: the Jichi Medical School cohort study, J Epidemiol
- Not checked yetcites [33] Gallicchio, 2009, Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Sleep Res source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Cappuccio, 2010, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Sleep source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, these impairments often become cumulative over time90 and do not seem to level off even after weeks in a laboratory.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Neurocognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Van Dongen, 2004, Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability, Sleep
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Real-world sleep may be driven by many of the same factors that drive other health-related behaviors, such as diet and exercise.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although some of these effects may be rescued with stimulants such as caffeine, the effects on executive function particularly do not seem to be rescued.92”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > SLEEP EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY > Neurocognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Killgore, 2012, Gambling when sleep deprived: don't bet on stimulants, Chronobiol Int source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As globalization and technology penetrate society, sleep-related beliefs and practices can change, including the provision of longer working hours,113–120 shift work,121–124 and discouraging otherwise culturally appropriate naps.125–127”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP > Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Spurgeon, 1997, Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position, Occup Environ Med source
- Not checked yetcites [114] Goto, 2003, Association of health behavior and social role with total mortality among Japanese elders in Okinawa, Japan, Aging Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [115] Lockley, 2006, When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours, Clin Orthop Relat Res source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Ko, 2007, Association between sleeping hours, working hours and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese: the ‘better health for better Hong Kong’ health promotion campaign, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [117] Basner, 2009, Dubious bargain: trading sleep for Leno and Letterman, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [118] Gangwisch, 2009, All work and no play makes Jack lose sleep. Commentary on Virtanen et al. Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Sleep 2009;32:737–45, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Virtanen, 2009, Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [120] Nakata, 2011, Effects of long work hours and poor sleep characteristics on workplace injury among full-time male employees of small- and medium-scale businesses, J Sleep Res source
- Not checked yetcites [121] Mahan, 1990, Sleep reduction in night-shift workers: is it sleep deprivation or a sleep disturbance disorder?, Percept Mot Skills source
- Not checked yetcites [122] Rajaratnam, 2001, Health in a 24-h society, Lancet source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This analysis found that with age, polysomnographic total sleep time, sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and REM latency decline, whereas sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, stage 1 sleep, and stage 2 sleep increase.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Sleep Changes with Normal Aging in the Population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Ohayon, 2004, Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan, Sleep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the role of sleep and health in society is driven by healthy behavior choices.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP > Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A nationally representative study found that black/African Americans were 60% more likely than non-Hispanic whites to report sleep latency more than 30 minutes, although they (along with Hispanics/Latinos) were less likely to report “difficulty falling asleep.”31”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CULTURE ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP > Sleep Disturbances Associated with Race/Ethnicity in the Population
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Grandner, 2013, Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, J Clin Sleep Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although sleep is an important factor in overall health, society has incentivized insufficient sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances among parents of infants are associated with increased postpartum depression,160–162 increased sleep disturbances among infants, and other adverse outcomes.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Population-Level Differences in Sleep Between Men and Women
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] Okun, 2011, Changes in sleep quality, but not hormones predict time to postpartum depression recurrence, J Affect Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Chang, 2010, Sleep deprivation during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes: is there a relationship?, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [162] Pires, 2010, Sleep impairment during pregnancy: possible implications on mother-infant relationship, Med Hypotheses source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These beliefs and attitudes, though, are differentially endorsed by racial/ethnic groups, which may underlie sleep difficulties in those populations.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP > Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Statistically, after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomics, health variables, and depression, rates of sleep disturbances were more prevalent among women for all age groups between 25 and 69 years old and rates of daytime tiredness were more common in women for all age groups from 18 to 59 and 75 to 79.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Population-Level Differences in Sleep Between Men and Women
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Grandner, 2012, Age and sleep disturbances among American men and women: data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, there is evidence that one of the strongest societal determinants of sleep is work.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it appears that sleep objectively worsens with age, but that subjective dissatisfaction with sleep is not associated with normal aging.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Sleep Changes with Normal Aging in the Population
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These behavioral decisions, as described in the models above, are largely influenced by beliefs and attitudes about sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP > Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, men are more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea,139 are more likely to have difficulty adhering to sleep apnea treatment,165,166 and are more likely to die as a result of complications or consequences of sleep apnea.167”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Population-Level Differences in Sleep Between Men and Women
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Peppard, 2013, Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults, Am J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [165] Baron, 2011, Spousal involvement in CPAP adherence among patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Sleep Breath source
- Not checked yetcites [166] McDowell, 2011, Spousal involvement and CPAP adherence: a two-way street?, Sleep Breath source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Punjabi, 2009, Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study, PLoS Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, in the general population, women report shorter sleep duration,150 more sleep symptoms,31 greater rates of insomnia,151 and lower rates of sleep apnea.152”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GENDER AND AGE IMPACTS SLEEP IN THE POPULATION > Population-Level Differences in Sleep Between Men and Women
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Whinnery, 2014, Short and long sleep duration associated with race/ethnicity, sociodemographics, and socioeconomic position, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Grandner, 2013, Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, J Clin Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [151] Green, 2012, The longitudinal course of insomnia symptoms: inequalities by sex and occupational class among two different age cohorts followed for 20 years in the west of Scotland, Sleep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, residents given more time to sleep were more worried about decreases in their quality of work as a result of working less, yet they were more satisfied with the quality of their life and social functioning.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders in Occupational Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Bilimoria, 2016, National cluster-randomized trial of duty-hour flexibility in surgical training, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A positive relationship between income and insufficient sleep after adjusting for covariates suggests that money may not buy sleep, but many of the benefits of income may contribute to healthy sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep, Poverty, and Neighborhood Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source
hedgedconditionaln = 350,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that poverty is associated with both shorter sleep duration and worse sleep quality.30”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep, Poverty, and Neighborhood Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, once the benefits of income are accounted for (by statistically covarying education, access to health care, and so forth), associations with income are often nonexistent and may go in the opposite direction.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > EMPLOYMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND SOCIOECONOMICS > Sleep, Poverty, and Neighborhood Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source
hedgedn = 350,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of this, social interactions (such as interactions with friends, family, and even online groups), commercial activities (such as eCommerce and availability of entertainment around the clock on demand), and work responsibilities (such as e-mails outside of business hours and business conducted across the globe) can impinge on sleep.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > GLOBALIZATION AND 24/7 SOCIETY
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, most studies do not address the complex nature of social-environmental influences on health.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, cutoffs and categories used to describe sleep are often inconsistent across studies; for example, the cutoff for the shortest sleep duration category can be as low as 4 hours or less or as high as 7 hours.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, despite many adults sleeping between 6 and 7 hours per night, this sleep duration is almost never included in the literature, either because epidemiologic studies categorize at the hour (including them in either 6- or 7-hour groups) or because laboratory studies try to maximize difference between groups (usually comparing 8–6, 5, or 4 hours but not between 6 and 7).14”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short sleepers, for example, may comprise individuals who are “true” short sleepers and need less sleep, those who need more sleep but are able to tolerate less sleep for an extended period of time (“resilient”), and those who are insufficient sleepers.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, many safety-sensitive occupations, such as those in transportation, law enforcement, and medicine, require healthy sleep for optimal performance.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > PUBLIC SAFETY AND PUBLIC POLICY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Federal Aviation Administration also recently issued guidelines to address sleep issues in pilots.254”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > PUBLIC SAFETY AND PUBLIC POLICY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [254] Federal Aviation Administration, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, there is a lack of healthy sleep interventions, relative to healthy diet or physical activity recommendations.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, when a large commercial truck crashes, it causes more damage and a greater likelihood of fatal injury.249,250”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > PUBLIC SAFETY AND PUBLIC POLICY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] NHTSA, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [250] Strohl, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An example of one study that brought these methodologies together is cited by Watson and colleagues,268 who combined geospatial neighborhood analyses with sleep genetic information to characterize a social-environmental influence on sleep duration.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Watson, 2016, Sleep duration and area-level deprivation in twins, Sleep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, typing of sleep at the community and population level is frequently based on broad sleep duration groups (eg, “short sleepers”) or sleep symptoms (“difficulty falling asleep”), although these groups can be highly heterogeneous.”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep is a biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air.
“Sleep is a biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Achieving sleep requires the individual to engage in volitional behaviors.
“Like consumption of food and unlike breathing air, achieving this biological need requires the individual to engage in volitional behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The social-ecological model is appropriate for understanding sleep.
“This model may also be appropriate for understanding sleep.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Shift work is related to adverse health outcomes in both laboratory and field studies.
“The influence of globalization and 24/7 society on sleep behaviors is particularly relevant, because shift work has been repeatedly shown in both laboratory and field studies to be related to adverse health outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Safety-sensitive professions often institute policies that make healthy sleep difficult.
“The problem is that these professions often institute policies that make healthy sleep difficult.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Formal regulations for sleep disorders screening and fatigue mitigation among commercial drivers have not yet been passed.
“In the transportation industry, recommendations by the National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration address the need for sleep disorders screening and fatigue mitigation among commercial drivers,250 although formal regulations have not yet been passed.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“may not only underlie the association between deficient sleep and mortality, but also the association between deficient sleep and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [213]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > CONCEPTUALIZING SLEEP IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT > Conceptualizing Upstream Influences: Social Ecological Models
“upstream social-environmental influences (shown in more detail in Fig. 3)”
§ Sleep, Health, and Society > BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT SLEEP > The Health Belief Model and Application to Sleep
“The Health Belief Model was originally developed in the 1960s,103,104 but has since been used in the study of many health-related behaviors. See Fig. 3 for a schematic of this model.”
Citations
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.7.513 · Cited by 10,853
Increased Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults
Peppard, P. E., Young, T., Barnet, J. H., Palta, M., Hagen, E. W., & Hla, K. M. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws342 · Cited by 4,618
Ohayon, M. M., Carskadon, M. A., Guilleminault, C., & Vitiello, M. V. (2004) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255 · Cited by 3,349
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Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (2005) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00425.x · Cited by 2,329
Why People Use Health Services
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Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 · Cited by 2,224
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Pandey, 2011, Short sleep and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes toward sleep among black men, Sleep, 34, 261
- Sell, 2009, Ethnic differences in sleep-health knowledge, Sleep, 32, A392
- Orzech, 2012, Electronic media use within 2 hours of bedtime predicts sleep variables in college students, Sleep, 35, A73
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Allen, N. B., Anderson, C. A. M., Black, T., Brewer, L. C., Foraker, R. E., Grandner, M. A., Lavretsky, H., Perak, A. M., Sharma, G., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001078 · Cited by 2,785
Self-citationThe Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
“Here we reviewed the evidence regarding the impact of sleep deprivation on immune-related diseases by discussing the major points as follows: (1) the immune–sleep relationship; (2) the association of sleep deprivation with the development and/or progression of immune-related chronic diseases; and (3) the immune conseq…”
BackgroundWearable Sleep Technology in Clinical and Research Settings
DE ZAMBOTTI, M., CELLINI, N., GOLDSTONE, A., COLRAIN, I. M., & BAKER, F. C. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001947 · Cited by 564
A validation study of Fitbit Charge 2™ compared with polysomnography in adults
de Zambotti, M., Goldstone, A., Claudatos, S. A., Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1413578 · Cited by 435
“Sleep is fundamental for health and wellness, and insufficient sleep is linked to severe adverse outcomes including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, mood disorders, and mortality (Grandner 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Grandner, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- ORCID
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Clinics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 1556-407X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6203594
- OpenAlex
- W2567025824
- Semantic Scholar
- 4773898630801d244f045f7e0157024300cd56bd
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 293
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Clinics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL110216)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD011600)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep duration, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep apnea, cardiovascular risk, metabolic disease risk, neurocognitive impairment, mortality, health disparities, socioeconomic factors, race and ethnicity, sex differences, aging, globalization, public policy, public safety, technology use
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Public Health, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sociological Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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