Sleep, Health, and Society

In the paper

“Because sleep is involved with many physiologic systems, insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality have been associated with several adverse health outcomes.”

In the paper

“Interestingly, reports of sleep disturbance generally declined with age.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Grandner, 2012, Age and sleep disturbances among American men and women: data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Sleep

In the paper

“The downstream consequences of insufficient sleep duration and/or inadequate sleep quality (including sleep disorders and circadian misalignment of sleep) are varied and impact many physiologic systems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Watson, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, Sleep
• Not checked yetcites [13] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, J Clin Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Population estimates of habitual sleep duration are variable, because few studies used identical methods to derive estimates.”

In the paper

“In general, though, at least one-third of the population seems to be reporting habitual sleep of 6 hours or less.”

In the paper

“For example, the precision of measurement of sleep in these studies is often poor.17,27,35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner, 2010, Mortality associated with sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Kurina, 2013, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a critical review of measurement and associations, Ann Epidemiol source
• Not checked yetcites [35] Grandner, 2010, Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“A recent meta-analysis showed that insufficient sleep is associated with a 33% increased risk of incident diabetes.52”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Shan, 2015, Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Although most of these studies are cross-sectional, precluding causality, several other studies have longitudinally examined this relationship, demonstrating that short sleep duration is associated with increased weight gain over time.42–46”

In the paper

“Many studies have shown that short sleep duration is associated with poor mental health.”

In the paper

“Physiologic studies also show that sleep loss can influence metabolism through changes in metabolic hormones,60,61 adipocyte function,62 and beta-cell function.63”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Van Cauter, 2008, Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Spiegel, 2004, Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite, Ann Intern Med source
• Not checked yetcites [62] Hayes, 2011, Sleep duration and circulating adipokine levels, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [63] Perelis, 2016, Circadian transcription from beta cell function to diabetes pathophysiology, J Biol Rhythms source

In the paper

“In the general population, overall mental health has been identified as the leading predictor of self-reported insufficient sleep.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“This model can be applied to sleep behaviors.”

In the paper

“Many studies have found associations between sleep duration and adiposity and obesity.39–41”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Adenekan, 2013, Sleep in America: role of racial/ethnic differences, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [40] Morselli, 2012, Sleep and metabolic function, Pflugers Arch source
• Not checked yetcites [41] Knutson, 2012, Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity?, Am J Hum Biol source

In the paper

“Laboratory studies have shown that physiologic sleep restriction is associated with a proinflamma-tory state, including elevations in inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1B (IL-1B),64,65 IL-6,64,66–68 IL-17,64,69 tumor necrosis factor-α,64,68,70–72 and C-reactive protein.64,69,73–76”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Grandner, 2013, Sleep duration, cardiovascular disease, and proinflammatory biomarkers, Nat Sci Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [65] Frey, 2007, The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults, Brain Behav Immun source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Ferrie, 2013, Associations between change in sleep duration and inflammation: findings on C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in the Whitehall II Study, Am J Epidemiol source
• Not checked yetcites [67] Rohleder, 2012, Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Vgontzas, 2004, Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
• Not checked yetcites [69] van Leeuwen, 2009, Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP, PLoS One source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of these longitudinal studies indicated that habitual short-sleep duration is associated with a 20% increased likelihood of hypertension, relative to normal sleep duration.81”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Meng, 2013, The relationship of sleep duration and insomnia to risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Hypertens Res source

In the paper

“Sleep duration has also been identified as a suicide risk factor.102”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Chakravorty, 2015, Sleep duration and insomnia symptoms as risk factors for suicidal ideation in a nationally representative sample, Prim Care Companion CNS Disord

In the paper

“several other studies have longitudinally examined this relationship, demonstrating that short sleep duration is associated with increased weight gain over time.42–46”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Watanabe, 2010, Association of short sleep duration with weight gain and obesity at 1-year follow-up: a large-scale prospective study, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [43] Chaput, 2014, Change in sleep duration and visceral fat accumulation over 6 years in adults, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Chaput, 2008, The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Baron, 2011, Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Shechter, 2014, The role of sleep in the control of food intake, Am J Lifestyle Med source

In the paper

“Across segments of society, sleep practices and beliefs can vary to a great extent.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Hooker, 2001, Sleeping like a baby: attitudes and experiences of bedsharing in northeast England, Med Anthropol source
• Not checked yetcites [107] Thoman, 2006, Co-sleeping, an ancient practice: issues of the past and present, and possibilities for the future, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [108] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [109] Norton, 2011, A retrospective study on infant bed-sharing in a clinical practice population, Matern Child Health J source
• Not checked yetcites [110] Gettler, 2011, Evolutionary perspectives on mother-infant sleep proximity and breastfeeding in a laboratory setting, Am J Phys Anthropol source
• Not checked yetcites [111] Jain, 2011, Bed sharing in school-age children–clinical and social implications, J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Shulman, 1999

In the paper

“Also, this relationship may be moderated by race/ethnicity, with stronger relationships between sleep and obesity among non-Hispanic white and black/African American adults.24”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Grandner, 2014, Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“For example, reduced sleep duration has been shown to cause impairments in working memory,91 executive function,92 processing speed,93–95 and cognitive throughput.96”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [91] Verweij, 2014, Sleep deprivation leads to a loss of functional connectivity in frontal brain regions, BMC Neurosci source
• Not checked yetcites [92] Killgore, 2012, Gambling when sleep deprived: don't bet on stimulants, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [93] Jackson, 2013, Cognitive components of simulated driving performance: sleep loss effects and predictors, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [94] Saint Martin, 2012, Does subjective sleep affect cognitive function in healthy elderly subjects? The Proof cohort, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [95] Rupp, 2012, Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss, Sleep source

In the paper

“A recent meta-analysis found no consistent relationship between sleep duration and inflammation,77”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol Psychiatry source

In the paper

“These studies show that as sleep time declines, attentional lapses increase in a somewhat dose-dependent manner.86,89”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Goel, 2009, Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation, Semin Neurol source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Banks, 2007, Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“In addition to increased likelihood of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, insufficient sleep is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.”

In the paper

“Therefore, just educating patients about the severity of outcomes of inaction, for example, is not sufficient to motivate behavior.”

In the paper

“Sleep disturbance in pregnant women can result in adverse outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.156,157”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Chen, 2012, Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, Am J Obstet Gynecol source
• Not checked yetcites [157] Okun, 2012, Disturbed sleep, a novel risk factor for preterm birth?, J Womens Health (Larchmt) source

In the paper

“Interestingly, polysomnographic differences in slow-wave sleep between black/African American and non-Hispanic white individuals (ie, reduced slow-wave sleep) were mediated by exposure to discrimination.”

In the paper

“Also, those holding multiple jobs were at greater risk for short sleep duration compared with those only working one job at a time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Basner, 2014, Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep, Sleep source

In the paper

“A study of residents in Michigan and Wisconsin found that exposure to racial discrimination was associated with sleep disturbances, above the effects of race, sociodemographics, and even depressed mood.178”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [178] Grandner, 2012, Perceived racial discrimination as an independent predictor of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue, Behav Sleep Med source

In the paper

“In a recent report, Basner and colleagues23 show that work time, including actual work and other related activities (such as commuting), was the primary determinant of sleep duration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Basner, 2014, Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep, Sleep source

In the paper

“Most studies in this area have shown that, overall, blacks/African Americans are more likely to experience short sleep duration compared with non-Hispanic whites.19,39”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Grandner, 2016, Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Adenekan, 2013, Sleep in America: role of racial/ethnic differences, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“Many studies have documented a “sleep disparity” in the population,19,39 such that racial/ethnic minorities, especially in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage, achieve less quality sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Grandner, 2016, Sleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Adenekan, 2013, Sleep in America: role of racial/ethnic differences, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“Rosekind and colleagues181 showed that the typical well-rested worker costs an employer about $1300 per year in lost sleep-related productivity, and this number increases to about $3000 for those with insomnia or insufficient sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Rosekind, 2010, The cost of poor sleep: workplace productivity loss and associated costs, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“In addition, later start times of school and work were associated with longer sleep, such that each hour of delayed work or training start time was associated with 20 more minutes of sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Basner, 2014, Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep, Sleep source

In the paper

“Unemployment, on the other hand, is associated with more sleep problems.28,30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Grandner, 2010, Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep disturbance, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“For example, sleep disturbances are common in pregnancy,153–155 especially the first and third trimesters.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [153] Del Campo, 2013, Sleep apnea and pregnancy. An association worthy of study, Sleep Breath source
• Not checked yetcites [154] Ibrahim, 2012, Sleep disorders in pregnancy: implications, evaluation, and treatment, Neurol Clin source
• Not checked yetcites [155] Facco, 2010, Sleep disturbances in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol source

In the paper

“Rosekind and colleagues181 showed that the typical well-rested worker costs an employer about $1300 per year in lost sleep-related productivity, and this number increases to about $3000 for those with insomnia or insufficient sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Rosekind, 2010, The cost of poor sleep: workplace productivity loss and associated costs, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“Additional analyses from this dataset also showed that poor sleep may motivate employees to make healthy changes as part of a workplace wellness program, but it may also limit those employees’ ability to maintain healthy change.183”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hui, 2015, Associations between poor sleep quality and stages of change of multiple health behaviors among participants of Employee Wellness Program, Prev Med Rep source

In the paper

“To address these concerns, sleep disorders screening in addition to circadian approaches and scheduled napping have shown effectiveness in improving safety.189–197”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [189] Darwent, 2010, Prediction of probabilistic sleep distributions following travel across multiple time zones, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [190] Dorrian, 2012, Predicting pilot's sleep during layovers using their own behaviour or data from colleagues: implications for biomathematical models, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [191] Drury, 2012, Restricted sleep and negative affective states in commercial pilots during short haul operations, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Gander, 2013, In-flight sleep, pilot fatigue and Psychomotor Vigilance Task performance on ultra-long range versus long range flights, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [193] Holmes, 2012, Sleep and sleepiness during an ultra long-range flight operation between the Middle East and United States, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [194] Powell, 2010, Fatigue in airline pilots after an additional day's layover period, Aviat Space Environ Med source
• Not checked yetcites [195] Roach, 2010, How well do pilots sleep during long-haul flights?, Ergonomics source
• Not checked yetcites [196] Roach, 2012, Impact of layover length on sleep, subjective fatigue levels, and sustained attention of long-haul airline pilots, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [197] Roach, 2012, Duty periods with early start times restrict the amount of sleep obtained by short-haul airline pilots, Accid Anal Prev source

In the paper

“For nurses, shift work and long work hours have been shown to be related to adverse health outcomes and indicators of reduced functioning.208–217”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [208] Grundy, 2009, Light intensity exposure, sleep duration, physical activity, and biomarkers of melatonin among rotating shift nurses, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [209] Ruggiero, 2012, Sleep and psychomotor vigilance in female shiftworkers, Biol Res Nurs source
• Not checked yetcites [210] Chang, 2011, Impairment of perceptual and motor abilities at the end of a night shift is greater in nurses working fast rotating shifts, Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [211] Chung, 2012, Recovery after three-shift work: relation to sleep-related cardiac neuronal regulation in nurses, Ind Health source
• Not checked yetcites [212] Demir Zencirci, 2011, Morning-evening type and burnout level as factors influencing sleep quality of shift nurses: a questionnaire study, Croat Med J source
• Not checked yetcites [213] Dorrian, 2011, Sleep, stress and compensatory behaviors in Australian nurses and midwives, Rev Saude Publica source
• Not checked yetcites [214] Eldevik, 2013, Insomnia, excessive sleepiness, excessive fatigue, anxiety, depression and shift work disorder in nurses having less than 11 hours in-between shifts, PLoS One source
• Not checked yetcites [215] Geiger-Brown, 2013, Occupational screening for sleep disorders in 12-h shift nurses using the Berlin Questionnaire, Sleep Breath source
• Not checked yetcites [216] Geiger-Brown, 2012, Sleep, sleepiness, fatigue, and performance of 12-hour-shift nurses, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [217] Geiger-Brown, 2011, The impact of work schedules, home, and work demands on self-reported sleep in registered nurses, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“Among law enforcement and first responders, several studies have shown that sleep disturbances are common among police officers198–203 and firefighters.204,205”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [198] Rajaratnam, 2011, Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers, JAMA source
• Not checked yetcites [199] Charles, 2011, Sleep duration and biomarkers of metabolic function among police officers, J Occup Environ Med source
• Not checked yetcites [200] Fekedulegn, 2013, Shiftwork and sickness absence among police officers: the BCOPS study, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [201] Gu, 2012, Long work hours and adiposity among police officers in a US northeast city, J Occup Environ Med source
• Not checked yetcites [202] McCanlies, 2012, Metabolic syndrome and sleep duration in police officers, Work source
• Not checked yetcites [203] Neylan, 2010, Prior night sleep duration is associated with psychomotor vigilance in a healthy sample of police academy recruits, Chronobiol Int source

In the paper

“Those with difficulty sleeping “often” or “always” were associated with additional health care costs of $3600 to $5200 per person per year more than those who “never” have sleep problems, and these costs increased over time if sleep became worse.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hui, 2015, Associations between poor sleep quality and stages of change of multiple health behaviors among participants of Employee Wellness Program, Prev Med Rep source

In the paper

“Among medical residents, long work hours and shift work have been shown to lead to insufficient sleep duration.218–221”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [218] Ulmer, 2009
• Not checked yetcites [219] Amin, 2012, The effects of a mid-day nap on the neurocognitive performance of first-year medical residents: a controlled interventional pilot study, Acad Med source
• Not checked yetcites [220] Arora, 2007, Improving sleep hygiene of medical interns: can the sleep, alertness, and fatigue education in residency program help?, Arch Intern Med source
• Not checked yetcites [221] Kim, 2011, A survey of sleep deprivation patterns and their effects on cognitive functions of residents and interns in Korea, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“In addition, difficulty sleeping is associated with increased health care costs.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hui, 2015, Associations between poor sleep quality and stages of change of multiple health behaviors among participants of Employee Wellness Program, Prev Med Rep source

In the paper

“For example, sleep apnea occurs at high rates among commercial drivers184–186 and impairs their ability to drive safely.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] Gurubhagavatula, 2008, Estimated cost of crashes in commercial drivers supports screening and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [185] Pack, 2006, Impaired performance in commercial drivers: role of sleep apnea and short sleep duration, Am J Respir Crit Care Med source
• Not checked yetcites [186] Xie, 2011, Factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea among commercial motor vehicle drivers, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“Among law enforcement and first responders, several studies have shown that sleep disturbances are common among police officers198–203 and firefighters.204,205”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [204] Aisbett, 2012, “Awake, smoky, and hot”: providing an evidence-base for managing the risks associated with occupational stressors encountered by wildland firefighters, Appl Ergon source
• Not checked yetcites [205] Vargas de Barros, 2013, Mental health conditions, individual and job characteristics and sleep disturbances among firefighters, J Health Psychol source

In the paper

“In a landmark study by Rajaratnam and colleagues,198 police officers who were at greatest risk of sleep disorders were also more likely to be at risk for job-related problems, such as falling asleep at meetings and using unnecessary violence against citizens.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [198] Rajaratnam, 2011, Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers, JAMA source

In the paper

“Hui and Grandner182 show that not only is self-reported poor sleep quality associated with decreased work performance but also worsening sleep longitudinally predicts worsening performance over time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] Hui, 2015, Trouble sleeping associated with lower work performance and greater health care costs: longitudinal data from Kansas State Employee Wellness Program, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“Those with difficulty sleeping “often” or “always” were associated with additional health care costs of $3600 to $5200 per person per year more than those who “never” have sleep problems, and these costs increased over time if sleep became worse.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hui, 2015, Associations between poor sleep quality and stages of change of multiple health behaviors among participants of Employee Wellness Program, Prev Med Rep source

In the paper

“Furthermore, longer work hours in medical residents have been associated with markers of reduced work performance, although impacts on actual work performance are more inconsistent.115,222”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Lockley, 2006, When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours, Clin Orthop Relat Res source
• Not checked yetcites [222] Reed, 2010, Systematic review: association of shift length, protected sleep time, and night float with patient care, residents' health, and education, Ann Intern Med source

In the paper

“Hui and Grandner182 show that not only is self-reported poor sleep quality associated with decreased work performance but also worsening sleep longitudinally predicts worsening performance over time.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] Hui, 2015, Trouble sleeping associated with lower work performance and greater health care costs: longitudinal data from Kansas State Employee Wellness Program, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“In particular, issues such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and shift work are the most common problems.206”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [206] Grandner, 2011, Sleep disorders, public health, and public safety, JAMA source

In the paper

“Accordingly, workplace programs to increase screening and treatment of sleep apnea may have financial benefits for companies.184”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] Gurubhagavatula, 2008, Estimated cost of crashes in commercial drivers supports screening and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, Accid Anal Prev source

In the paper

“Studies have shown that sleep disturbances in police officers and firefighters are associated with reduced ability to maintain job performance and safety.198,203,207”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [198] Rajaratnam, 2011, Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers, JAMA source
• Not checked yetcites [203] Neylan, 2010, Prior night sleep duration is associated with psychomotor vigilance in a healthy sample of police academy recruits, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [207] Sharwood, 2013, Use of caffeinated substances and risk of crashes in long distance drivers of commercial vehicles: case-control study, BMJ source

In the paper

“Additional analyses from this dataset also showed that poor sleep may motivate employees to make healthy changes as part of a workplace wellness program, but it may also limit those employees’ ability to maintain healthy change.183”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [183] Hui, 2015, Associations between poor sleep quality and stages of change of multiple health behaviors among participants of Employee Wellness Program, Prev Med Rep source

In the paper

“Regarding safety-sensitive occupations such as medicine, law enforcement, and transportation, sleep plays a critical role in safety.”

In the paper

“For example, sleep apnea occurs at high rates among commercial drivers184–186 and impairs their ability to drive safely.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] Gurubhagavatula, 2008, Estimated cost of crashes in commercial drivers supports screening and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, Accid Anal Prev source
• Not checked yetcites [185] Pack, 2006, Impaired performance in commercial drivers: role of sleep apnea and short sleep duration, Am J Respir Crit Care Med source
• Not checked yetcites [186] Xie, 2011, Factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea among commercial motor vehicle drivers, J Occup Environ Med source

In the paper

“This finding is supported by other work that shows that not only is electronic media use near bedtime prevalent246 but also the light emitted by the devices247 as well as the mental engagement248 can interfere with sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [246] Orzech, 2012, Electronic media use within 2 hours of bedtime predicts sleep variables in college students, Sleep

In the paper

“This finding is supported by other work that shows that not only is electronic media use near bedtime prevalent246 but also the light emitted by the devices247 as well as the mental engagement248 can interfere with sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [248] Weaver, 2010, The effect of presleep video-game playing on adolescent sleep, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“This finding is supported by other work that shows that not only is electronic media use near bedtime prevalent246 but also the light emitted by the devices247 as well as the mental engagement248 can interfere with sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [247] Chang, 2015, Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

In the paper

“Although data on beds and other sleeping surfaces are relatively scarce, an uncomfortable sleeping environment may also reduce sleep ability.237–239”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [237] McCall, 2012, Changes in sleep and wake in response to different sleeping surfaces: a pilot study, Appl Ergon source
• Not checked yetcites [238] Shanmugan, 2007, Lower back pain and sleep: mattresses, sleep quality and daytime symptoms, Sleep Diagn Ther
• Not checked yetcites [239] Verhaert, 2011, Ergonomics in bed design: the effect of spinal alignment on sleep parameters, Ergonomics source

In the paper

“Furthermore, longer work hours in medical residents have been associated with markers of reduced work performance, although impacts on actual work performance are more inconsistent.115,222”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Lockley, 2006, When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours, Clin Orthop Relat Res source
• Not checked yetcites [222] Reed, 2010, Systematic review: association of shift length, protected sleep time, and night float with patient care, residents' health, and education, Ann Intern Med source

In the paper

“Paradoxically, residents given more time to sleep were more worried about decreases in their quality of work as a result of working less, yet they were more satisfied with the quality of their life and social functioning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [223] Bilimoria, 2016, National cluster-randomized trial of duty-hour flexibility in surgical training, N Engl J Med source

In the paper

“Furthermore, sleep quality may partially mediate the relationship between neighborhood quality and both mental227 and physical225 health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [227] Hill, 2009, Neighborhood disorder, sleep quality, and psychological distress: testing a model of structural amplification, Health Place source

In the paper

“There is substantial literature showing that environmental noise228,229 and light230–233 can adversely impact sleep and that neighborhoods that are active at night may directly impact sleep through these.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [228] Pirrera, 2010, Nocturnal road traffic noise: a review on its assessment and consequences on sleep and health, Environ Int source
• Not checked yetcites [229] Kawada, 2011, Noise and health: sleep disturbance in adults, J Occup Health source
• Not checked yetcites [230] Fonken, 2012, Dim nighttime light impairs cognition and provokes depressive-like responses in a diurnal rodent, J Biol Rhythms source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Hu, 2010, Effects of earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep, melatonin and cortisol in a simulated intensive care unit environment, Crit Care source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Wood, 2013, Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression, Appl Ergon source
• Not checked yetcites [233] Herljevic, 2005, Light-induced melatonin suppression: age-related reduction in response to short wavelength light, Exp Gerontol source

In the paper

“For example, relationship quality has been shown to be an important predictor of sleep health, especially among women, and relationship quality may be an important moderator between sleep quality and health.241–244”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [241] Troxel, 2007, Marital quality and the marital bed: examining the covariation between relationship quality and sleep, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [242] Troxel, 2009, Marital happiness and sleep disturbances in a multi-ethnic sample of middle-aged women, Behav Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [243] Troxel, 2010, Does social support differentially affect sleep in older adults with versus without insomnia?, J Psychosom Res source
• Not checked yetcites [244] Troxel, 2007, Attachment anxiety, relationship context, and sleep in women with recurrent major depression, Psychosom Med source

In the paper

“In a landmark study that compared 2 groups of residency programs, those that gave more time off for sleep did not show measurable changes in work performance.223”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [223] Bilimoria, 2016, National cluster-randomized trial of duty-hour flexibility in surgical training, N Engl J Med source

In the paper

“There is substantial literature showing that environmental noise228,229 and light230–233 can adversely impact sleep and that neighborhoods that are active at night may directly impact sleep through these.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [228] Pirrera, 2010, Nocturnal road traffic noise: a review on its assessment and consequences on sleep and health, Environ Int source
• Not checked yetcites [229] Kawada, 2011, Noise and health: sleep disturbance in adults, J Occup Health source

In the paper

“Several studies have investigated the role of the neighborhood in an individual’s sleep quality, showing that neighborhoods that are crime-ridden, not socially cohesive, and dirty, are associated with worse sleep quality.224–227”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [224] Hale, 2007, Do DP. Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [225] Hale, 2010, Does sleep quality mediate the association between neighborhood disorder and self-rated physical health?, Prev Med source
• Not checked yetcites [226] Hale, 2013, Perceived neighborhood quality, sleep quality, and health status: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin, Soc Sci Med source
• Not checked yetcites [227] Hill, 2009, Neighborhood disorder, sleep quality, and psychological distress: testing a model of structural amplification, Health Place source

In the paper

“Furthermore, the more engaging the technology application, the more the electronic device use was associated with difficulties falling asleep and nonrestorative sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [245] Gradisar, 2013, The sleep and technology use of Americans: findings from the National Sleep Foundation's 2011 Sleep in America poll, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Although most sleep research is performed on individuals sleeping alone in a laboratory, most adults do not sleep alone most nights.240,241”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [240] Troxel, 2010, It's more than sex: exploring the dyadic nature of sleep and implications for health, Psychosom Med source
• Not checked yetcites [241] Troxel, 2007, Marital quality and the marital bed: examining the covariation between relationship quality and sleep, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“For example, in an analysis of data from greater than 350,000 US adults, insufficient sleep was associated with poverty before adjusting for covariates, but after adjustment, the opposite relationship was seen.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“There is substantial literature showing that environmental noise228,229 and light230–233 can adversely impact sleep and that neighborhoods that are active at night may directly impact sleep through these.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [230] Fonken, 2012, Dim nighttime light impairs cognition and provokes depressive-like responses in a diurnal rodent, J Biol Rhythms source
• Not checked yetcites [231] Hu, 2010, Effects of earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep, melatonin and cortisol in a simulated intensive care unit environment, Crit Care source
• Not checked yetcites [232] Wood, 2013, Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression, Appl Ergon source
• Not checked yetcites [233] Herljevic, 2005, Light-induced melatonin suppression: age-related reduction in response to short wavelength light, Exp Gerontol source

In the paper

“Furthermore, sleep quality may partially mediate the relationship between neighborhood quality and both mental227 and physical225 health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [225] Hale, 2010, Does sleep quality mediate the association between neighborhood disorder and self-rated physical health?, Prev Med source

In the paper

“The home, family, and school environments also likely play important roles in an individual’s sleep.”

In the paper

“For example, household size is negatively associated with sleep, such that more crowded homes are more likely to foster insufficient sleep.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“Bedrooms that have levels of light, noise, and temperature that are not conducive to sleep may contribute to insufficient sleep.234–236”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [234] Pigeon, 2013, Creating an optimal sleep environment
• Not checked yetcites [235] Buxton, 2012, Sleep disruption due to hospital noises: a prospective evaluation, Ann Intern Med source
• Not checked yetcites [236] Parmeggiani, 2005, Sleep behaviour and temperature

In the paper

“Another societal-level factor that impacts sleep is the advent of globalization and a 24/7 society.”

In the paper

“For example, in an analysis of data from greater than 350,000 US adults, insufficient sleep was associated with poverty before adjusting for covariates, but after adjustment, the opposite relationship was seen.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“For example, relationship quality has been shown to be an important predictor of sleep health, especially among women, and relationship quality may be an important moderator between sleep quality and health.241–244”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [241] Troxel, 2007, Marital quality and the marital bed: examining the covariation between relationship quality and sleep, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [242] Troxel, 2009, Marital happiness and sleep disturbances in a multi-ethnic sample of middle-aged women, Behav Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [243] Troxel, 2010, Does social support differentially affect sleep in older adults with versus without insomnia?, J Psychosom Res source
• Not checked yetcites [244] Troxel, 2007, Attachment anxiety, relationship context, and sleep in women with recurrent major depression, Psychosom Med source

In the paper

“In a report of the findings of this survey, Gradisar and colleagues245 note that 90% of Americans use some sort of electronic device in the hour before bed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [245] Gradisar, 2013, The sleep and technology use of Americans: findings from the National Sleep Foundation's 2011 Sleep in America poll, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Although many interventions exist to promote healthy diet, physical activity, and substance cessation, a lack of standardized sleep health interventions limits knowledge in this area.”

In the paper

“However, there is a lack of interventional studies that can demonstrate this; rather, the best examples of investigations in this area use mediational analysis to show that changes in sleep account for changes in health outcomes across groups, such as blood pressure.269”

In the paper

“Drowsy driving is prevalent, reported among about 5% of the US population over a 6-month period.255”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [255] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Unhealthy sleep-related behaviors—12 States, 2009, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

In the paper

“In the transportation industry, recommendations by the National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration address the need for sleep disorders screening and fatigue mitigation among commercial drivers,250 although formal regulations have not yet been passed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [250] Strohl, 1998

In the paper

“These restrictions, although controversial,115,251–253 are likely resulting in increased sleep among medical residents.222”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [222] Reed, 2010, Systematic review: association of shift length, protected sleep time, and night float with patient care, residents' health, and education, Ann Intern Med source

In the paper

“Population-level data suggest that short sleep duration is an independent risk factor for drowsy driving, even if respondents believe that they are completely well rested.97”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Maia, 2013, Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency, Accid Anal Prev source

In the paper

“Second, because there is still no nationally representative dataset that includes any well-validated estimate of sleep duration or quality, generalizability from one dataset to the next is limited.”

In the paper

“Even among survey methods, there seems to be systematic variation.35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Grandner, 2010, Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“Suboptimal measurement of sleep will make data interpretation difficult, because it is unclear the degree to which associations are referring to physiologic sleep or other factors that become subsumed in self-reported sleep experience.”

In the paper

“Another important limitation is a general lack of physiologic sleep measures at the societal level.”

In the paper

“The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has already instituted duty hour restrictions on medical residents, based on results from a report by the Institute of Medicine.218”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [218] Ulmer, 2009

In the paper

“The most important limitation is that there is a lack of consistency in sleep assessment methods across studies, and this is a problem for several reasons.”

In the paper

“Earlier start times not only promote shorter sleep duration among adolescents (who need more sleep than adults) but also do not take into account natural circadian delays that occur in adolescence.260”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [256] Lufi, 2011, Delaying school starting time by one hour: some effects on attention levels in adolescents, J Clin Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [257] Moore, 2008, The sleepy adolescent: causes and consequences of sleepiness in teens, Paediatr Respir Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [258] Wahlstrom, 2010, School start time and sleepy teens, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
• Not checked yetcites [259] Wolfson, 2007, Middle school start times: the importance of a good night's sleep for young adolescents, Behav Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Second, because there is still no nationally representative dataset that includes any well-validated estimate of sleep duration or quality, generalizability from one dataset to the next is limited.”

In the paper

“Existing evidence suggests that most US schools, especially high schools, start too early for most adolescents.256–259”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [256] Lufi, 2011, Delaying school starting time by one hour: some effects on attention levels in adolescents, J Clin Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [257] Moore, 2008, The sleepy adolescent: causes and consequences of sleepiness in teens, Paediatr Respir Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [258] Wahlstrom, 2010, School start time and sleepy teens, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
• Not checked yetcites [259] Wolfson, 2007, Middle school start times: the importance of a good night's sleep for young adolescents, Behav Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Because these measures are typically more expensive and require more infrastructure to implement, they are often infeasible for large studies that require assessment of thousands of people.”

In the paper

“It is likely that physiologic sleep is substantially less than that which is self-reported.27”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Kurina, 2013, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a critical review of measurement and associations, Ann Epidemiol source

In the paper

“As a result, the sleep of an individual in one of those occupations may have ramifications for others in the public.”

In the paper

“Now, though, the advent of globalization and 24/7 operations often impinge on sleep.”

In the paper

“Genetic studies are limited by this limited clarity in sleep phenotypes.”

In the paper

“First, retrospective self-report (eg, survey), prospective self-report (eg, diary), laboratory-based objective (eg, polysomnography), and field-based objective (eg, actigraphy) estimates of sleep tend to disagree with each other, because they capture different elements of sleep well.”

In the paper

“Earlier start times not only promote shorter sleep duration among adolescents (who need more sleep than adults) but also do not take into account natural circadian delays that occur in adolescence.260”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [260] Roenneberg, 2004, A marker for the end of adolescence, Curr Biol source

In the paper

“Also, there is a general lack of empirically supported interventions for sleep health.”

In the paper

“However, there is a lack of interventional studies that can demonstrate this; rather, the best examples of investigations in this area use mediational analysis to show that changes in sleep account for changes in health outcomes across groups, such as blood pressure.269”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [269] Knutson, 2009, Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife: the CARDIA sleep study, Arch Intern Med source