Sleep, Health, and Society

In the paper

“These studies are supported by laboratory findings that show that physiologic sleep loss is associated with diabetes risk factors, including insulin resistance,53–56 and other diabetes risk factors, such as increased consumption of unhealthy foods.57–59”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that reducing sleep increased insulin resistance, supporting the insulin-resistance finding to which citations 53–56 are attached. The study was limited to healthy nonobese men; the separate claim about unhealthy-food consumption is attached to citations 57–59, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [53] Buxton, 2010, Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men, Diabetes source
• Partly supported

  The Introduction’s sections on glucose metabolism and appetite regulation report laboratory findings of reduced insulin sensitivity after sleep restriction and increased caloric and snack intake. The paper does not establish that the additional foods consumed were unhealthy, so that characterization goes beyond its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [54] Morselli, 2010, Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [55] Tasali, 2009, Reduced sleep duration or quality: relationships with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, Prog Cardiovasc Dis source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Spiegel, 2005, Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, J Appl Physiol source
• Supported

  The citation falls in the 57–59 group attached to increased consumption of unhealthy foods, not the 53–56 group attached to insulin resistance. The Discussion reports that healthy adults consumed more calories from desserts and salty snacks during laboratory sleep restriction than at baseline (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [57] Spaeth, 2014, Sex and race differences in caloric intake during sleep restriction in healthy adults, Am J Clin Nutr source
• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that eating patterns prevalent among short and long sleepers were associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake and higher sweets and fat intake. But Materials and methods describes an analysis of questionnaires from women in the Sister Study, not laboratory findings showing that sleep loss increased unhealthy-food consumption. The insulin-resistance clause is attached to different citations (53–56), so it is not judged against this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [58] Kim, 2011, Eating patterns and nutritional characteristics associated with sleep duration, Public Health Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The citation to this paper is attached to the increased-food-consumption part of the sentence, not the insulin-resistance part. The Discussion reports that restricted bedtime in a laboratory setting was accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks with higher carbohydrate content. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [59] Nedeltcheva, 2009, Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks, Am J Clin Nutr source

In the paper

“For this reason, most of the attention has been focused on risks associated with short sleep duration, which may be far more prevalent.”

In the paper

“Taken together, this overall pattern of findings, that both short and long sleep are associated with mortality risk, has generally remained consistent across studies, although not all studies found this pattern.17”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner, 2010, Mortality associated with sleep duration: the evidence, the possible mechanisms, and the future, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“Also, there is still a lack of clarity on the biological plausibility of the long sleep relationship, although some ideas have been proposed.37,38”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Youngstedt, 2004, Long sleep and mortality: rationale for sleep restriction, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Grandner, 2007, Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“The recent position statement from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society12–15 broadly categorizes effects of insufficient sleep as pertaining to the following categories: general health, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, mental health, immunologic health, human performance, cancer, pain, and mortality.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Watson, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, Sleep
• Not checked yetcites [13] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, J Clin Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Sleep disturbances are difficult to measure at the population level.”

In the paper

““Where we sleep, when we sleep, and with whom we sleep are all important markers or indicators of social status, privilege, and prevailing power relations.”11”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Williams, 2005

In the paper

“Sleep represents an emergent set of many physiologic processes under primarily neurobiological regulation that impact many physiologic systems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Cajochen, 2010, What keeps us awake?–the role of clocks and hourglasses, light, and melatonin, Int Rev Neurobiol source
• Not checked yetcites [2] Fuller, 2009, Neurobiology of sleep
• Not checked yetcites [3] Mackiewicz, 2008, Molecular mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Schwartz, 2008, Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications, Curr Neuropharmacol source
• Not checked yetcites [5] Franken, 2013, A role for clock genes in sleep homeostasis, Curr Opin Neurobiol source
• Not checked yetcites [6] Feng, 2012, Clocks, metabolism, and the epigenome, Mol Cell source
• Not checked yetcites [7] Gerstner, 2016, Amyloid-beta induces sleep fragmentation that is rescued by fatty acid binding proteins in Drosophila, J Neurosci Res source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Xu, 2015, Basal forebrain circuit for sleep-wake control, Nat Neurosci source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Cox, 2016, Calcium imaging of sleep-wake related neuronal activity in the dorsal pons, Nat Commun source

In the paper

“Because of this, sleep is also socially driven, dictated by the environment, and subject to interpersonal and societal factors.”

In the paper

“Still, their findings were highly consistent, indicating a 10% to 12% increased risk for short sleep and a 30% to 38% increased risk associated with long sleep duration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Gallicchio, 2009, Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Cappuccio, 2010, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Sleep source

In the paper

“Taken together, the time diaries generally show more sleep than other retrospective reports, perhaps because they may better capture time in bed but not actual sleep.”

In the paper

“First, this relationship is dependent on age, with the strongest relationships among younger adults and U-shaped relationships more common in middle-aged adults.47”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Grandner, 2015, Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age, Obesity (Silver Spring) source

In the paper

“Regarding cardiovascular endpoints, there is some evidence that habitual short sleep increases likelihood of cardiovascular events,84 although meta-analyses do not generally show short sleep to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality.33,34,85”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Amagai, 2010, Sleep duration and incidence of cardiovascular events in a Japanese population: the Jichi Medical School cohort study, J Epidemiol
• Not checked yetcites [33] Gallicchio, 2009, Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Cappuccio, 2010, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Sleep source

In the paper

“Furthermore, these impairments often become cumulative over time90 and do not seem to level off even after weeks in a laboratory.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Van Dongen, 2004, Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability, Sleep

In the paper

“Real-world sleep may be driven by many of the same factors that drive other health-related behaviors, such as diet and exercise.”

In the paper

“Although some of these effects may be rescued with stimulants such as caffeine, the effects on executive function particularly do not seem to be rescued.92”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [92] Killgore, 2012, Gambling when sleep deprived: don't bet on stimulants, Chronobiol Int source

In the paper

“As globalization and technology penetrate society, sleep-related beliefs and practices can change, including the provision of longer working hours,113–120 shift work,121–124 and discouraging otherwise culturally appropriate naps.125–127”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] Spurgeon, 1997, Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position, Occup Environ Med source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Goto, 2003, Association of health behavior and social role with total mortality among Japanese elders in Okinawa, Japan, Aging Clin Exp Res source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Lockley, 2006, When policy meets physiology: the challenge of reducing resident work hours, Clin Orthop Relat Res source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Ko, 2007, Association between sleeping hours, working hours and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese: the ‘better health for better Hong Kong’ health promotion campaign, Int J Obes (Lond) source
• Not checked yetcites [117] Basner, 2009, Dubious bargain: trading sleep for Leno and Letterman, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [118] Gangwisch, 2009, All work and no play makes Jack lose sleep. Commentary on Virtanen et al. Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Sleep 2009;32:737–45, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [119] Virtanen, 2009, Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [120] Nakata, 2011, Effects of long work hours and poor sleep characteristics on workplace injury among full-time male employees of small- and medium-scale businesses, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [121] Mahan, 1990, Sleep reduction in night-shift workers: is it sleep deprivation or a sleep disturbance disorder?, Percept Mot Skills source
• Not checked yetcites [122] Rajaratnam, 2001, Health in a 24-h society, Lancet source

In the paper

“This analysis found that with age, polysomnographic total sleep time, sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and REM latency decline, whereas sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, stage 1 sleep, and stage 2 sleep increase.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Ohayon, 2004, Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan, Sleep source

In the paper

“Taken together, the role of sleep and health in society is driven by healthy behavior choices.”

In the paper

“A nationally representative study found that black/African Americans were 60% more likely than non-Hispanic whites to report sleep latency more than 30 minutes, although they (along with Hispanics/Latinos) were less likely to report “difficulty falling asleep.”31”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Grandner, 2013, Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Although sleep is an important factor in overall health, society has incentivized insufficient sleep.”

In the paper

“Sleep disturbances among parents of infants are associated with increased postpartum depression,160–162 increased sleep disturbances among infants, and other adverse outcomes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [160] Okun, 2011, Changes in sleep quality, but not hormones predict time to postpartum depression recurrence, J Affect Disord source
• Not checked yetcites [161] Chang, 2010, Sleep deprivation during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes: is there a relationship?, Sleep Med Rev source
• Not checked yetcites [162] Pires, 2010, Sleep impairment during pregnancy: possible implications on mother-infant relationship, Med Hypotheses source

In the paper

“These beliefs and attitudes, though, are differentially endorsed by racial/ethnic groups, which may underlie sleep difficulties in those populations.”

In the paper

“Statistically, after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomics, health variables, and depression, rates of sleep disturbances were more prevalent among women for all age groups between 25 and 69 years old and rates of daytime tiredness were more common in women for all age groups from 18 to 59 and 75 to 79.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Grandner, 2012, Age and sleep disturbances among American men and women: data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Sleep

In the paper

“Because of this, there is evidence that one of the strongest societal determinants of sleep is work.”

In the paper

“Thus, it appears that sleep objectively worsens with age, but that subjective dissatisfaction with sleep is not associated with normal aging.”

In the paper

“These behavioral decisions, as described in the models above, are largely influenced by beliefs and attitudes about sleep.”

In the paper

“For example, men are more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea,139 are more likely to have difficulty adhering to sleep apnea treatment,165,166 and are more likely to die as a result of complications or consequences of sleep apnea.167”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [139] Peppard, 2013, Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults, Am J Epidemiol source
• Not checked yetcites [165] Baron, 2011, Spousal involvement in CPAP adherence among patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Sleep Breath source
• Not checked yetcites [166] McDowell, 2011, Spousal involvement and CPAP adherence: a two-way street?, Sleep Breath source
• Not checked yetcites [167] Punjabi, 2009, Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study, PLoS Med source

In the paper

“Overall, in the general population, women report shorter sleep duration,150 more sleep symptoms,31 greater rates of insomnia,151 and lower rates of sleep apnea.152”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] Whinnery, 2014, Short and long sleep duration associated with race/ethnicity, sociodemographics, and socioeconomic position, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [31] Grandner, 2013, Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position, J Clin Sleep Med source
• Not checked yetcites [151] Green, 2012, The longitudinal course of insomnia symptoms: inequalities by sex and occupational class among two different age cohorts followed for 20 years in the west of Scotland, Sleep source

In the paper

“Paradoxically, residents given more time to sleep were more worried about decreases in their quality of work as a result of working less, yet they were more satisfied with the quality of their life and social functioning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [223] Bilimoria, 2016, National cluster-randomized trial of duty-hour flexibility in surgical training, N Engl J Med source

In the paper

“A positive relationship between income and insufficient sleep after adjusting for covariates suggests that money may not buy sleep, but many of the benefits of income may contribute to healthy sleep.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“Several studies have shown that poverty is associated with both shorter sleep duration and worse sleep quality.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“However, once the benefits of income are accounted for (by statistically covarying education, access to health care, and so forth), associations with income are often nonexistent and may go in the opposite direction.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Grandner, 2015, Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep, Front Neurol source

In the paper

“Because of this, social interactions (such as interactions with friends, family, and even online groups), commercial activities (such as eCommerce and availability of entertainment around the clock on demand), and work responsibilities (such as e-mails outside of business hours and business conducted across the globe) can impinge on sleep.”

In the paper

“Still, most studies do not address the complex nature of social-environmental influences on health.”

In the paper

“Third, cutoffs and categories used to describe sleep are often inconsistent across studies; for example, the cutoff for the shortest sleep duration category can be as low as 4 hours or less or as high as 7 hours.”

In the paper

“For example, despite many adults sleeping between 6 and 7 hours per night, this sleep duration is almost never included in the literature, either because epidemiologic studies categorize at the hour (including them in either 6- or 7-hour groups) or because laboratory studies try to maximize difference between groups (usually comparing 8–6, 5, or 4 hours but not between 6 and 7).14”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Consensus Conference Panel, 2015, Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion, Sleep source

In the paper

“Short sleepers, for example, may comprise individuals who are “true” short sleepers and need less sleep, those who need more sleep but are able to tolerate less sleep for an extended period of time (“resilient”), and those who are insufficient sleepers.”

In the paper

“As mentioned above, many safety-sensitive occupations, such as those in transportation, law enforcement, and medicine, require healthy sleep for optimal performance.”

In the paper

“The Federal Aviation Administration also recently issued guidelines to address sleep issues in pilots.254”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [254] Federal Aviation Administration, 2015

In the paper

“As mentioned above, there is a lack of healthy sleep interventions, relative to healthy diet or physical activity recommendations.”

In the paper

“For example, when a large commercial truck crashes, it causes more damage and a greater likelihood of fatal injury.249,250”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [249] NHTSA, 2011
• Not checked yetcites [250] Strohl, 1998

In the paper

“An example of one study that brought these methodologies together is cited by Watson and colleagues,268 who combined geospatial neighborhood analyses with sleep genetic information to characterize a social-environmental influence on sleep duration.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [268] Watson, 2016, Sleep duration and area-level deprivation in twins, Sleep source

In the paper

“Currently, typing of sleep at the community and population level is frequently based on broad sleep duration groups (eg, “short sleepers”) or sleep symptoms (“difficulty falling asleep”), although these groups can be highly heterogeneous.”