The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Abstract
Motoo Kimura, as founder of the neutral theory, is uniquely placed to write this book. He first proposed the theory in 1968 to explain the unexpectedly high rate of evolutionary change and very large amount of intraspecific variability at the molecular level that had been uncovered by new techniques in molecular biology. The theory - which asserts that the great majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused not by Darwinian selection but by random drift of selectively neutral mutants - has caused controversy ever since. This book is the first comprehensive treatment of this subject and the author synthesises a wealth of material - ranging from a historical perspective, through recent molecular discoveries, to sophisticated mathematical arguments - all presented in a most lucid manner.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The sequence of the human genome
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058040 · Cited by 13,909
Dating of the human–ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA.
Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H., & Yano, T.-A. (1985) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101694 · Cited by 8,687
A general framework for estimating the relative pathogenicity of human genetic variants
Kircher, M., Witten, D. M., Jain, P., O'Roak, B. J., Cooper, G. M., & Shendure, J. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2892 · Cited by 6,183
Preservation of Duplicate Genes by Complementary, Degenerative Mutations
Force, A., Lynch, M., Pickett, F. B., Amores, A., Yan, Y.-L., & Postlethwait, J. (1999) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/151.4.1531 · Cited by 3,529
Polyploid incidence and evolution
Otto, S. P., & Whitton, J. (2000) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.401 · Cited by 2,363
Codon-substitution models for heterogeneous selection pressure at amino acid sites
Yang, Z., Nielsen, R., Goldman, N., & Pedersen, A.-M. K. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/155.1.431 · Cited by 2,286
Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution
Rutherford, S. L., & Lindquist, S. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/24550 · Cited by 2,270
Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure
Sabeti, P. C., Reich, D. E., Higgins, J. M., Levine, H. Z. P., Richter, D. J., Schaffner, S. F., Gabriel, S. B., Platko, J. V., Patterson, N. J., McDonald, G. J., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01140 · Cited by 2,106
Drake, J. W., Charlesworth, B., Charlesworth, D., & Crow, J. F. (1998) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/148.4.1667 · Cited by 1,932
Snippert, H. J., van der Flier, L. G., Sato, T., van Es, J. H., van den Born, M., Kroon-Veenboer, C., Barker, N., Klein, A. M., van Rheenen, J., Simons, B. D., et al. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.016 · Cited by 1,951
Hitchhiking Under Positive Darwinian Selection
Fay, J. C., & Wu, C.-I. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/155.3.1405 · Cited by 1,819
The origins of genome complexity
Lynch, M., & Conery, J. S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089370 · Cited by 1,698
Distribution and intensity of constraint in mammalian genomic sequence
Cooper, G. M., Stone, E. A., Asimenos, G., Green, E. D., Batzoglou, S., & Sidow, A. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3577405 · Cited by 1,359
Orthologs, Paralogs, and Evolutionary Genomics
Koonin, E. V. (2005) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114725 · Cited by 1,323
Genome evolution and adaptation in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli
Barrick, J. E., Yu, D. S., Yoon, S. H., Jeong, H., Oh, T. K., Schneider, D., Lenski, R. E., & Kim, J. F. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08480 · Cited by 1,184
The Genetic Architecture of Quantitative Traits
Mackay, T. F. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090633 · Cited by 1,106
Data and Theory Point to Mainly Additive Genetic Variance for Complex Traits
Hill, W. G., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000008 · Cited by 1,039
Domingo, E., Sheldon, J., & Perales, C. (2012) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.05023-11 · Cited by 1,009
An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans
Pollard, K. S., Salama, S. R., Lambert, N., Lambot, M.-A., Coppens, S., Pedersen, J. S., Katzman, S., King, B., Onodera, C., Siepel, A., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05113 · Cited by 1,005
The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation
Crow, J. F. (2000) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35049558 · Cited by 928
O'Neill, M., & Ryan, C. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation · doi:10.1109/4235.942529 · Cited by 951
The origin of new genes: Glimpses from the young and old
Long, M., Betrán, E., Thornton, K., & Wang, W. (2003) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1204 · Cited by 933
Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate
Lynch, M., Ackerman, M. S., Gout, J.-F., Long, H., Sung, W., Thomas, W. K., & Foster, P. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.104 · Cited by 911
Subtilases: the superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases.
Siezen, R. J., & Leunissen, J. A. M. (1997) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560060301 · Cited by 896
Rammal, R., Toulouse, G., & Virasoro, M. A. (1986) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.58.765 · Cited by 756
Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution
Goldman, N. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00166252 · Cited by 736
A genome-wide view of the spectrum of spontaneous mutations in yeast.
Lynch, M., Sung, W., Morris, K., Coffey, N., Landry, C. R., Dopman, E. B., Dickinson, W. J., Okamoto, K., Kulkarni, S., Hartl, D. L., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803466105 · Cited by 708
Robustness and evolvability: a paradox resolved
Wagner, A. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1137 · Cited by 669
Bromham, L., & Penny, D. (2003) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1020 · Cited by 615
Assessing the evolutionary impact of amino acid mutations in the human genome.
Boyko, A. R., Williamson, S. H., Indap, A. R., Degenhardt, J. D., Hernandez, R. D., Lohmueller, K. E., Adams, M. D., Schmidt, S., Sninsky, J. J., Sunyaev, S. R., et al. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000083 · Cited by 628
The evolutionary genetics of personality
Penke, L., Denissen, J. J. A., & Miller, G. F. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.629 · Cited by 610
The bioenergetic costs of a gene
Lynch, M., & Marinov, G. K. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514974112 · Cited by 600
Pattern pluralism and the Tree of Life hypothesis
Doolittle, W. F., & Bapteste, E. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610699104 · Cited by 546
Localizing Recent Adaptive Evolution in the Human Genome.
Williamson, S. H., Hubisz, M. J., Clark, A. G., Payseur, B. A., Bustamante, C. D., & Nielsen, R. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030090 · Cited by 507
The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations
Cooper, V. S., & Lenski, R. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35037572 · Cited by 519
Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla
Wray, G. A., Levinton, J. S., & Shapiro, L. H. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.568 · Cited by 511
Variation in the mutation rate across mammalian genomes
Hodgkinson, A., & Eyre-Walker, A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3098 · Cited by 487
Genomic signatures of evolutionary transitions from solitary to group living
Kapheim, K. M., Pan, H., Li, C., Salzberg, S. L., Puiu, D., Magoc, T., Robertson, H. M., Hudson, M. E., Venkat, A., Fischman, B. J., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa4788 · Cited by 409
Bottlenecks and broomsticks: the molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis
Smith, N. H., Gordon, S. V., de la Rua-Domenech, R., Clifton-Hadley, R. S., & Hewinson, R. G. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1472 · Cited by 375
The molecular clock runs more slowly in man than in apes and monkeys
Li, W.-H., & Tanimura, M. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/326093a0 · Cited by 375
THOMPSON, R., & TOWNSEND, C. (2006) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01068.x · Cited by 370
Bayesian molecular clock dating of species divergences in the genomics era
dos Reis, M., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Yang, Z. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2015.8 · Cited by 339
Evolution of primate gene expression
Khaitovich, P., Enard, W., Lachmann, M., & Pääbo, S. (2006) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1940 · Cited by 341
Genetic erosion impedes adaptive responses to stressful environments
Bijlsma, R., & Loeschcke, V. (2012) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00214.x · Cited by 345
McVean, G. A. T., & Charlesworth, B. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.929 · Cited by 336
Genomic regions exhibiting positive selection identified from dense genotype data
Carlson, C. S., Thomas, D. J., Eberle, M. A., Swanson, J. E., Livingston, R. J., Rieder, M. J., & Nickerson, D. A. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.4326505 · Cited by 298
Synonymous mutations in representative yeast genes are mostly strongly non-neutral
Shen, X., Song, S., Li, C., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04823-w · Cited by 298
The neutral theory of molecular evolution: A review of recent evidence
KIMURA, M. (1991) · The Japanese Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1266/jjg.66.367 · Cited by 295
Self-citationMutation rate dynamics in a bacterial population reflect tension between adaptation and genetic load
Wielgoss, S., Barrick, J. E., Tenaillon, O., Wiser, M. J., Dittmar, W. J., Cruveiller, S., Chane-Woon-Ming, B., Médigue, C., Lenski, R. E., & Schneider, D. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219574110 · Cited by 292
Determinants of Mutation Rate Variation in the Human Germline
Ségurel, L., Wyman, M. J., & Przeworski, M. (2014) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-031714-125740 · Cited by 289
Parallel molecular evolution in an herbivore community
Zhen, Y., Aardema, M. L., Medina, E. M., Schumer, M., & Andolfatto, P. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226630 · Cited by 288
Assessing the Impact of Secondary Structure and Solvent Accessibility on Protein Evolution
Goldman, N., Thorne, J. L., & Jones, D. T. (1998) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.445 · Cited by 281
Park, J.-H., Gail, M. H., Weinberg, C. R., Carroll, R. J., Chung, C. C., Wang, Z., Chanock, S. J., Fraumeni, J. F., & Chatterjee, N. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1114759108 · Cited by 280
Petrovski, S., & Goldstein, D. B. (2016) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1016-y · Cited by 255
Translational selection and yeast proteome evolution
Akashi, H. (2003) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/164.4.1291 · Cited by 245
Altenhoff, A. M., Studer, R. A., Robinson-Rechavi, M., & Dessimoz, C. (2012) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002514 · Cited by 248
Wolf, Y. I., & Koonin, E. V. (2007) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-2-14 · Cited by 235
Gene Losses during Human Origins
Wang, X., Grus, W. E., & Zhang, J. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040052 · Cited by 246
The peppered moth and industrial melanism: evolution of a natural selection case study
Cook, L. M., & Saccheri, I. J. (2013) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.92 · Cited by 228
Relationship between Population Size and Fitness
REED, D. H. (2005) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00444.x · Cited by 233
The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent
Loewe, L., & Hill, W. G. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0317 · Cited by 226
Van Egeren, D., Escabi, J., Nguyen, M., Liu, S., Reilly, C. R., Patel, S., Kamaz, B., Kalyva, M., DeAngelo, D. J., Galinsky, I., et al. (2021) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.001 · Cited by 206
Role of selection in fixation of gene duplications
Kondrashov, F. A., & Kondrashov, A. S. (2006) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.033 · Cited by 195
Darwinian evolution in a translation-coupled RNA replication system within a cell-like compartment
Ichihashi, N., Usui, K., Kazuta, Y., Sunami, T., Matsuura, T., & Yomo, T. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3494 · Cited by 186
SONG DIVERGENCE BY SENSORY DRIVE IN AMAZONIAN BIRDS: SENSORY DRIVE IN BIRDSONG EVOLUTION
Tobias, J. A., Aben, J., Brumfield, R. T., Derryberry, E. P., Halfwerk, W., Slabbekoorn, H., & Seddon, N. (2010) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01067.x · Cited by 184
Lehman, J., Clune, J., Misevic, D., Adami, C., Altenberg, L., Beaulieu, J., Bentley, P. J., Bernard, S., Beslon, G., Bryson, D. M., et al. (2020) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/artl_a_00319 · Cited by 181
Fontana, W. (2002) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.10190 · Cited by 179
Evolution of chromosome bands: molecular ecology of noncoding DNA
Holmquist, G. P. (1989) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02602928 · Cited by 177
Molecular Mechanisms of Primary Resistance to Flucytosine in Candida albicans
Hope, W. W., Tabernero, L., Denning, D. W., & Anderson, M. J. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.11.4377-4386.2004 · Cited by 160
Lenski, R. E., Mongold, J. A., Sniegowski, P. D., Travisano, M., Vasi, F., Gerrish, P. J., & Schmidt, T. M. (1998) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1023/a:1000675521611 · Cited by 152
Time scale of eutherian evolution estimated without assuming a constant rate of molecular evolution.
Hasegawa, M., Thorne, J. L., & Kishino, H. (2003) · Genes & Genetic Systems · doi:10.1266/ggs.78.267 · Cited by 145
Vagaries of the molecular clock.
Ayala, F. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7776 · Cited by 140
TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RATES OF CHANGE ALONG PHYLOGENIES
Bromham, L., Woolfit, M., Lee, M. S. Y., & Rambaut, A. (2002) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00118.x · Cited by 139
Gavrilin, G. V., Cherkasova, E. A., Lipskaya, G. Y., Kew, O. M., & Agol, V. I. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.16.7381-7390.2000 · Cited by 138
Robustness as an evolutionary principle
Bornholdt, S., & Sneppen, K. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1280 · Cited by 132
Virus Evolution: Insights from an Experimental Approach
Elena, S. F., & Sanjuán, R. (2007) · Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095637 · Cited by 131
Intraspecific variation in symbiont genomes: bottlenecks and the aphid-buchnera association
Funk, D. J., Wernegreen, J. J., & Moran, N. A. (2001) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/157.2.477 · Cited by 131
Kanda, A., Takahashi, T., Satake, H., & Minakata, H. (2006) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20051615 · Cited by 122
Evolution favors protein mutational robustness in sufficiently large populations
Bloom, J. D., Lu, Z., Chen, D., Raval, A., Venturelli, O. S., & Arnold, F. H. (2007) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-29 · Cited by 119
Fluctuating fitness shapes the clone-size distribution of immune repertoires
Desponds, J., Mora, T., & Walczak, A. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512977112 · Cited by 96
Population bottlenecks in Polynesia revealed by minisatellites
Flint, J., Boyce, A. J., Martinson, J. J., & Clegg, J. B. (1989) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00285167 · Cited by 111
Brantingham, P. J. (2006) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/503062 · Cited by 111
Very slightly deleterious mutations and the molecular clock
Ohta, T. (1987) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02111276 · Cited by 101
Distribution of the strength of selection against amino acid replacements in human proteins.
Yampolsky, L. Y., Kondrashov, F. A., & Kondrashov, A. S. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi350 · Cited by 95
The Role of Atmospheric Aerosols in the Origin Of Life
Tuck, A. (2002) · Surveys in Geophysics · doi:10.1023/a:1020123922767 · Cited by 99
Adachi, J., & Hasegawa, M. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00160510 · Cited by 94
The impact of the rate prior on Bayesian estimation of divergence times with multiple Loci
Dos Reis, M., Zhu, T., & Yang, Z. (2014) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu020 · Cited by 93
Estimating Divergence Times in the Presence of an Overdispersed Molecular Clock
Cutler, D. J. (2000) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026264 · Cited by 86
Natural selection and phylogenetic analysis
Edwards, S. V. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904103106 · Cited by 79
A Population Genetics-Phylogenetics Approach to Inferring Natural Selection in Coding Sequences
Wilson, D. J., Hernandez, R. D., Andolfatto, P., & Przeworski, M. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002395 · Cited by 85
Nikoh, N., Iwabe, N., Kuma, K.-I., Ohno, M., Sugiyama, T., Watanabe, Y., Yasui, K., Shi-cui, Z., Hori, K., Shimura, Y., et al. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006208 · Cited by 79
The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form
Brace, C. L., Seguchi, N., Quintyn, C. B., Fox, S. C., Nelson, A. R., Manolis, S. K., & Qifeng, P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102 · Cited by 78
Sources and sinks: A stochastic model of evolution in heterogeneous environments.
Hermsen, R., & Hwa, T. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.248104 · Cited by 66
Guiding the self-organization of random Boolean networks
Gershenson, C. (2012) · Theory in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12064-011-0144-x · Cited by 68
The dynamics of norm change in the cultural evolution of language
Amato, R., Lacasa, L., Díaz-Guilera, A., & Baronchelli, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721059115 · Cited by 62
Evidence and Metaphor in Evolutionary Archaeology
Bamforth, D. B. (2002) · American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/1593821 · Cited by 58
Are the different hypotheses on the emergence of life as different as they seem?
Fry, I. (1995) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/bf00857591 · Cited by 58
Emotion and the Interactive Brain: Insights From Comparative Neuroanatomy and Complex Systems
Pessoa, L. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073918765675 · Cited by 58
Molecular clocks and the early evolution of metazoan nervous systems
Wray, G. A. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0046 · Cited by 51
Can fast early rates reconcile molecular dates with the Cambrian explosion?
Bromham, L. D., & Hendy, M. D. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1108 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Kimura, M.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1983-10-27
- OpenAlex
- W2575306271
- Cited by
- 6,347
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.