The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visual search and stimulus similarity.
Abstract
A new theory of search and visual attention is presented. Results support neither a distinction between serial and parallel search nor between search for features and conjunctions. For all search materials, instead, difficulty increases with increased similarity of targets to nontargets and decreasedsimilarity between nontargets, producing a continuum of search efficiency. A parallel stage of perceptual grouping and description is followed by competitive interaction between inputs, guiding selective access to awareness and action. An input gains weight to the extent that it matches an internal description of that information needed in current behavior (hence the effect of targetnontarget similarity). Perceptual grouping encourages input weights to change together (allowing spreading suppression of similar nontargets). The theory accounts for harmful effects of nontargets resembling any possible target, the importance of local nontarget grouping, and many other findings.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.
Biederman, I. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.115 · Cited by 5,621
Textons, the elements of texture perception, and their interactions
Julesz, B. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290091a0 · Cited by 1,703 · cited 2×
“The details of segmentation are not important here (see, e.g., Beck et al., 1983; Grossberg, 1987; Julesz, 1981).”
Background
Cited by
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
Self-citationThe attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070
Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030 · Cited by 2,487
Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
Ungerleider, S. K. A. L. G. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.315 · Cited by 2,159
Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention
Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (1998) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0681 · Cited by 1,959
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542
Load Theory of Selective Attention and Cognitive Control
Lavie, N., Hirst, A., de Fockert, J. W., & Viding, E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.339 · Cited by 1,812
What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it?
Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1411 · Cited by 1,766
Perceptual selectivity for color and form
Theeuwes, J. (1992) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211656 · Cited by 1,649
Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: a failed theoretical dichotomy
Awh, E., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.010 · Cited by 1,557
Electrophysiological correlates of feature analysis during visual search
LUCK, S. J., & HILLYARD, S. A. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02218.x · Cited by 1,485
Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention
Hillyard, S. A., & Anllo-Vento, L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.781 · Cited by 1,525
Attention, uncertainty, and free-energy
Feldman, H., & Friston, K. J. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00215 · Cited by 1,365
A taxonomy of external and internal attention.
Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427 · Cited by 1,472
Top–down and bottom–up control of visual selection
Theeuwes, J. (2010) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.02.006 · Cited by 1,385
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366
Bayesian surprise attracts human attention
Itti, L., & Baldi, P. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.007 · Cited by 1,224
Modeling visual attention via selective tuning
Tsotsos, J. K., Culhane, S. M., Kei Wai, W. Y., Lai, Y., Davis, N., & Nuflo, F. (1995) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(95)00025-9 · Cited by 1,143
Attentional modulation of visual processing
Reynolds, J. H., & Chelazzi, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039 · Cited by 1,158
A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex
Chelazzi, L., Miller, E. K., Duncan, J., & Desimone, R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363345a0 · Cited by 1,114
Self-citationPriming of pop-out: I. Role of features
Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (1994) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03209251 · Cited by 1,107
Interactions between attention and working memory
Awh, E., Vogel, E. K., & Oh, S.-H. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.023 · Cited by 883
Five factors that guide attention in visual search
Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0058 · Cited by 875
The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology
RepovŠ, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061 · Cited by 795
Feature binding, attention and object perception
Treisman, A. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0284 · Cited by 754
Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework.
Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.219 · Cited by 760
“Indeed, in Duncan and Humphreys' (1989) theory of attention and search it is a stage preceding focal attention.”
BackgroundContextual cueing of visual attention
Chun, M. M. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01476-5 · Cited by 732
Responses of Neurons in Inferior Temporal Cortex During Memory-Guided Visual Search
Chelazzi, L., Duncan, J., Miller, E. K., & Desimone, R. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.2918 · Cited by 726
Self-citationWhat Can 1 Million Trials Tell Us About Visual Search?
Wolfe, J. M. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00006 · Cited by 717
Guided Search 6.0: an updated model of visual search
Wolfe, J. M. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01859-9 · Cited by 703
Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex
Desimone, R. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0280 · Cited by 696
The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy
Colombo, J. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.337 · Cited by 673
A selective review of selective attention research from the past century
Driver, J. (2001) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712601162103 · Cited by 658
An instance theory of attention and memory.
Logan, G. D. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.376 · Cited by 467
Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don't
Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007 · Cited by 403
The brain circuitry of attention
Shipp, S. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.004 · Cited by 402
Preattentive Object Files: Shapeless Bundles of Basic Features
WOLFE, J. M., & BENNETT, S. C. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00111-3 · Cited by 349
50 Years of object recognition: Directions forward
Andreopoulos, A., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2013) · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · doi:10.1016/j.cviu.2013.04.005 · Cited by 347
Why is visual search superior in autism spectrum disorder?
Joseph, R. M., Keehn, B., Connolly, C., Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00855.x · Cited by 313
A source for feature-based attention in the prefrontal cortex
Bichot, N. P., Heard, M. T., DeGennaro, E. M., & Desimone, R. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.001 · Cited by 283
Visual Search Across the Life Span.
Hommel, B., Li, K. Z. H., & Li, S.-C. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.545 · Cited by 262
Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety
Richards, H. J., Benson, V., Donnelly, N., & Hadwin, J. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.006 · Cited by 221
Hamker, F. H. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh146 · Cited by 217
Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: a research note
Plaisted, K., O'Riordan, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963098002613 · Cited by 405
Deep problems with neural network models of human vision
Bowers, J. S., Malhotra, G., Dujmović, M., Llera Montero, M., Tsvetkov, C., Biscione, V., Puebla, G., Adolfi, F., Hummel, J. E., Heaton, R. F., et al. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x22002813 · Cited by 204
Stimulus configuration and context effects in perceptual organization in schizophrenia
Silverstein, S. M., Knight, R. A., Schwarzkopf, S. B., West, L. L., Osborn, L. M., & Kamin, D. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.410 · Cited by 191
Gestalt perception and local–global processing in high-functioning autism
Bölte, S., Holtmann, M., Poustka, F., Scheurich, A., & Schmidt, L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0231-x · Cited by 185
From salience to saccades: multiple-alternative gated stochastic accumulator model of visual search
Purcell, B. A., Schall, J. D., Logan, G. D., & Palmeri, T. J. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4622-11.2012 · Cited by 179
Feature-based attention: it is all bottom-up priming
Theeuwes, J. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0055 · Cited by 168
The implementation of visual routines
Roelfsema, P. R., Lamme, V. A. F., & Spekreijse, H. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00004-3 · Cited by 162
Usher, M., & Niebur, E. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.4.311 · Cited by 147
Kaldy, Z., Kraper, C., Carter, A. S., & Blaser, E. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01053.x · Cited by 133
Jarrold, C., Gilchrist, I. D., & Bender, A. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00422.x · Cited by 113
Incremental grouping of image elements in vision
Roelfsema, P. R., & Houtkamp, R. (2011) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0200-0 · Cited by 112
Target uncertainty does not lead to more distraction by singletons: Intertrial priming does
Pinto, Y., Olivers, C. L., & Theeuwes, J. (2005) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03193640 · Cited by 99
Shifting the spotlight of attention: evidence for discrete computations in cognition
Buschman, T. J., & Miller, E. K. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00194 · Cited by 87
Long-lasting cognitive impairment in unipolar major depression: a 6-month follow-up study
Hammar, Å., Lund, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00075-1 · Cited by 88
Attention – oscillations and neuropharmacology
Deco, G., & Thiele, A. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06833.x · Cited by 85
Effect of endogenous attention on detection of weak gustatory and olfactory flavors
Ashkenazi, A., & Marks, L. E. (2004) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194904 · Cited by 69
Weiler, M. D., Bernstein, J. H., Bellinger, D., & Waber, D. P. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194020350050501 · Cited by 62
Rosenholtz, R. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.4.985 · Cited by 68
Müller-Oehring, E. M., Schulte, T., Rohlfing, T., Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0030921 · Cited by 56
Rewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts
Feldmann‐Wüstefeld, T., Brandhofer, R., & Schubö, A. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12641 · Cited by 49
A new look at novelty effects: guiding search away from old distractors
Yang, H., Chen, X., & Zelinsky, G. J. (2009) · Attention, Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.3.554 · Cited by 30
Perceptual similarity in visual search for multiple targets
Gorbunova, E. S. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.11.010 · Cited by 24
Visual search performance among persons with schizophrenia as a function of target eccentricity.
Elahipanah, A., Christensen, B. K., & Reingold, E. M. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0017523 · Cited by 25
Local and global factors of similarity in visual search
von Grunau, M., Dubé, S., & Galera, C. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205314 · Cited by 21
Mental imagery and visual attentional templates: A dissociation
Cabbai, G., Brown, C. R. H., Dance, C., Simner, J., & Forster, S. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.014 · Cited by 16
Impaired Eye Region Search Accuracy in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Pruett, J. R., Hoertel, S., Constantino, J. N., LaMacchia Moll, A., McVey, K., Squire, E., Feczko, E., Povinelli, D. J., & Petersen, S. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058167 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1989
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 433-458
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2131605659
- Cited by
- 3,563
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 22.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
