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Trust, conflict, and cooperation: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
Many theories of trust emphasize that trust is most relevant to behavior in situations involving a conflict of interests. However, it is not clear how trust relates to behavior across situations that differ in the degree of conflicting interest: Does trust matter more when the conflict of interest is small or large? According to an interdependence perspective, trust becomes an especially important determinant of behavior in situations involving larger, compared to smaller, degrees of conflicting interests. To examine this perspective, we conducted a meta-analysis involving 212 effect sizes on the relation between trust (both state and dispositional trust in others) and cooperation in social dilemmas-situations that involve varying degrees of conflict between self-interest and collective interest. Results revealed that the positive relation between trust and cooperation is stronger when there is a larger, compared to smaller, degree of conflict. We also examined several other possible moderators of the relation between trust and cooperation. The relation between trust and cooperation was stronger during individual, compared to intergroup, interactions but did not vary as a function of the situation being either a one-shot or repeated interaction. We also find differences across countries in the extent that people condition their own cooperation based on their trust in others. We discuss how the results support an emerging consensus about trust being limited to situations of conflict and address some theoretical and societal implications for our understanding of how and why trust is so important to social interactions and relationships.
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A note on the "index of cooperation" for Prisoner's Dilemma
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The effect of social categorization on cooperation in three types of social dilemmas
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The Predictive Ability of Social Values in Resource Dilemmas and Public Goods Games
Parks, C. D. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294204010 · Cited by 151
Smeesters, D., Warlop, L., Avermaet, E. V., Corneille, O., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.972 · Cited by 151
Cooperation, Trust and Performance – Empirical Results from Three Countries
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Do I Contribute More When I Trust More? Differential Effects of Cognition- and Affect-Based Trust
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Social value orientation and intelligence: A test of the goal prescribes rationality principle
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25. Foundations of interpersonal trust
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Stouten, J., Cremer, D. D., & van Dijk, E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206287538 · Cited by 132
Do Cooperators Exit More Readily than Defectors?
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Cooperation as a function of leader self‐sacrifice, trust, and identification
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Differential distrust of groups and individuals.
Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (1998) · Cited by 127
The Situational Origins of Human Tendencies
Kelley, H. H. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283091003 · Cited by 126
Social exchange and solidarity: in-group love or out-group hate?
Yamagishi, T., & Mifune, N. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.02.004 · Cited by 125
Elements of trust: Risk and perspective-taking
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Intragroup social influence and intergroup competition.
Wildschut, T., Insko, C. A., & Gaertner, L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.975 · Cited by 120
Value Orientation and Conformity
Liebrand, W. B. G., Wilke, H., Vogel, R., & Wolters, F. J. M. (1986) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002786030001006 · Cited by 118
Personality and attitudinal correlates of trusting and trustworthy behaviors in a two-person game.
Wrightsman, L. S. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023655 · Cited by 116
Stouten, J., Cremer, D. D., & van Dijk, E. (2005) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.276 · Cited by 112
Elinor Ostrom, B., & Walker, J. M. (2003) · Cited by 108
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Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity reduction through the anticipation of future interaction.
Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Gaertner, L., Wildschut, T., Kozar, R., Pinter, B., Finkel, E. J., Brazil, D. M., Cecil, C. L., & Montoya, M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.95 · Cited by 100
Trust and Intergroup Negotiation
Kramer, R. M., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470693421.ch21 · Cited by 99
Social axioms and values: a cross‐cultural examination
Leung, K. Y., Au, A. K. C., Huang, X., Kurman, J., Niit, T., & Niit, K. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.615 · Cited by 97
Predictions of others' responses in a mixed-motive game: Self-justification or false consensus?
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Cognitions and behavior in asymmetric social dilemmas: A comparison of two cultures.
Wade‐Benzoni, K. A., Okumura, T., Brett, J. M., Moore, D. A., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Bazerman, M. H. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.87 · Cited by 92
Cremer, D. D., & Stouten, J. (2003) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022974027023 · Cited by 87
Insko, C. A., Kirchner, J. L., Pinter, B., Efaw, J., & Wildschut, T. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.365 · Cited by 84
Boone, C., Declerck, C., & Kiyonari, T. (2010) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002710372329 · Cited by 84
Miller, D. T., & Holmes, J. G. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077081 · Cited by 83
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Matrix indices and strategy choices in mixed-motive games
Steele, M. W., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1967) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276701100207 · Cited by 80
Social Projection Can Solve Social Dilemmas
Krueger, J. I., DiDonato, T. E., & Freestone, D. M. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.641167 · Cited by 80
Trust and Partner-Enhancing Attributions in Close Relationships
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Emonds, G., Declerck, C. H., Boone, C., Vandervliet, E. J. M., & Parizel, P. M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/a0020151 · Cited by 78
Cooperative choice in N-person dilemma situation.
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War and Peace: Possible Approaches to Reducing Intergroup Conflict
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Yamagishi, T., Mifune, N., Liu, J., & Pauling, J. (2008) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2008.00258.x · Cited by 74
Takahashi, C., Yamagishi, T., Liu, J. H.-F., Wang, F., Lin, Y.-C., & Yu, S. (2008) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.11.003 · Cited by 72
Confidence in expectations: A test of the triangle hypothesis
Lange, P. A. M. V. (1992) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410060505 · Cited by 71
Trust and responsiveness in strain-test situations: A dyadic perspective.
Shallcross, S. L., & Simpson, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026829 · Cited by 70
How to Cope With "Noise" in Social Dilemmas: The Benefits of Communication.
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How communication increases interpersonal cooperation in mixed-motive situations
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A model of the N-person dilemma-type game
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Cooperation and competition: readings on mixed-motive games
Wrightsman, L. S., O'Connor, J. J., & Baker, N. J. (1972) · Cited by 60
The Role of Group Member Affect in the Relationship between Trust and Cooperation
Tanghe, J., Wisse, B. M., & der Flier, H. V. (2009) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00643.x · Cited by 60
Trust and the Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Tedeschi, J. T., Hiester, D. S., & Gahagan, J. P. (1969) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1969.9922385 · Cited by 55
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Hostages as a commitment device
Raub, W., & Keren, G. (1993) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(93)90039-r · Cited by 53
Facets of Trust in Relationships – A Literature Synthesis of Highly Ranked Trust Articles
Ebert, T. A. E. (2009) · Journal of business market management · doi:10.1007/s12087-008-0034-9 · Cited by 51
Causal attribution of choice behavior in three N-Person Prisoner's Dilemmas
Lange, P. A. M. V., Liebrand, W. B. G., & Kuhlman, D. M. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90060-y · Cited by 51
Holloway, S., Tucker, L., & Hornstein, H. A. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.514 · Cited by 50
Evidential Reasoning in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Acevedo, M., & Krueger, J. I. (2005) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/30039074 · Cited by 50
On the prevalence of framing effects across subject-pools in a two-person cooperation game
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Kuwabara, K. (2005) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0020 · Cited by 47
Amount of reward as a variable in the Prisoner's Dilemma game.
Oskamp, S., & Kleinke, C. L. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029840 · Cited by 45
Subtle social cues, explicit incentives, and cooperation in social dilemmas
Boone, C., Declerck, C. H., & Suetens, S. (2008) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.005 · Cited by 43
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Private ordering: A comparative institutional analysis of hostage games*
Weesie, J., & Raub, W. (1996) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.1996.9990182 · Cited by 38
Intragroup cooperation as a function of group performance and group identity.
Jackson, J. W. (2011) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0024575 · Cited by 33
Reducing intergroup conflict through the consideration of future consequences
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Public Goods Games in Japan: Cultural and Individual Differences in Reciprocity
Ishii, K., & Kurzban, R. (2008) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-008-9034-4 · Cited by 29
Effect of Trust and Accountability in Mixed-Motive Situations
Cremer, D. D., & Dewitte, S. (2002) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540209603917 · Cited by 26
Dynamics Within Participation: An Experimental Investigation
Tjosvold, D. (1985) · Group & Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/105960118501000304 · Cited by 26
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Cited by
Ingroup favoritism in cooperation: a meta-analysis
Balliet, D., Wu, J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037737 · Cited by 1,126
Self-citationVaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120903408 · Cited by 978
“Individuals are less likely to cooperate in contexts where trust is low, and this is particularly the case in highconflict situations—such as the polarized politics of our times (Balliet & Van Lange, 2013).”
BackgroundPersonality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis.
Thielmann, I., Spadaro, G., & Balliet, D. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000217 · Cited by 689
Self-citationReading people’s minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making.
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J., Read, S. J., & Gratch, J. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034251 · Cited by 260
A Large Scale Test of the Effect of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior
Korndörfer, M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133193 · Cited by 255
Metadata
- Authors
- Balliet, D., & Van Lange, P. A. M.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1090-1112
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2136822419
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 207
- FWCI
- 54.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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