Tend and Befriend: Biobehavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress

Taylor, Shelley E.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.x

Cited by 755Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorStress Responses and CortisolAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Tend and Befriend: Biobehavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress

Taylor, Shelley E.·2006·Current Directions in Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.x

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Abstract

In addition to fight-or-flight, humans demonstrate tending and befriending responses to stress—responses underpinned by the hormone oxytocin, by opioids, and by dopaminergic pathways. A working model of affiliation under stress suggests that oxytocin may be a biomarker of social distress that accompanies gaps or problems with social relationships and that may provide an impetus for affiliation. Oxytocin is implicated in the seeking of affiliative contact in response to stress, and, in conjunction with opioids, it also modulates stress responses. Specifically, in conjunction with positive affiliative contacts, oxytocin attenuates psychological and biological stress responses, but in conjunction with hostile and unsupportive contacts, oxytocin may exacerbate psychological and biological stress responses. Although significant paradoxes remain to be resolved, a mechanism that may underlie oxytocin's relation to the health benefits of social support may be in view.

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High oxytocin levels in conjunction with positive affiliative contact may serve to motivate approach behavior to seek new friendships and reinstate normal social functioning after conflicts.
“For example, there are some reports that in women, peripheral OT reactivity serves as a marker of relational distress (Tabak et al., 2011), and it has been suggested that these high OT levels in conjunction with positive affiliative contact may serve to motivate approach behavior to seek new friendships and reinstate normal social functioning after conflicts (Bartz and Hollander, 2006;Taylor, 2006”
From The effect of oxytocin on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma depends on the social context and a person's social value orientation (2014) · cites this paper as Taylor, 2006
The tend and befriend model states that gaps in positive social relationships are accompanied by elevations in oxytocin and that these increased oxytocin levels prompt affiliative efforts aimed at restoring positive social contact.
“As such, the tend and befriend model has been proposed (74,75), which states that gaps in positive social relationships are accompanied by elevations in OXT and that these increased OXT levels prompt affiliative efforts aimed at restoring positive social contact.”
From Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships (2016) · cites this paper as [74]
OT may play a more important role in female than male behavior.
“supporting the idea that OT may play a more important role in female than male behavior [53].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [53]

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Authors: Taylor, S. E.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Taylor, Shelley E.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Pages: 273-277
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.x
OpenAlex: W2114567999
Semantic Scholar: 0c71fe98b9afb5fc05c89536a7aa41b8e61e7f97
Cited by: 755
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 12.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: oxytocin, stress response, affiliation, social support, opioids, dopaminergic pathways, social distress, interpersonal relationships, fight or flight, stress buffering

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Tend and Befriend: Biobehavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress

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