The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory
Open accessAbstract
There is considerable research on the neurobiological mechanisms within the hippocampal system that support spatial navigation. In this article I review the literature on navigational strategies in humans and animals, observations on hippocampal function in navigation, and studies of hippocampal neural activity in animals and humans performing different navigational tasks and tests of memory. Whereas the hippocampus is essential to spatial navigation via a cognitive map, its role derives from the relational organization and flexibility of cognitive maps and not from a selective role in the spatial domain. Correspondingly, hippocampal networks map multiple navigational strategies, as well as other spatial and nonspatial memories and knowledge domains that share an emphasis on relational organization. These observations suggest that the hippocampal system is not dedicated to spatial cognition and navigation, but organizes experiences in memory, for which spatial mapping and navigation are both a metaphor for and a prominent application of relational memory organization.
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Theta oscillations are not necessary for the emergence of the place code but play a major role in organizing place cell activity into temporal sequences that map available space and episodic events.
“Theta oscillations—although not necessary for the emergence of the place code21,22—play a major role in organizing place cell activity into temporal sequences that map the available space (and, similarly, episodic events4,23,24).”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
In “The Hippocampus Also Maps Abstract Spaces” (page unavailable), the paper says hippocampal networks organize memories by mapping the time course of events. This supports the citation’s link to temporally ordered events, but our copy does not say that theta oscillations organize place-cell activity into those sequences. The separate claim that theta is unnecessary for the place code is attached to other citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe mammalian hippocampus is essential to encode the time and order of events, to associate temporally separate stimuli, and to register non-spatial contextual information.
“Thus, the mammalian hippocampus seems to be also essential to encode the time and order of events, to associate temporally separate stimuli, and to register non-spatial contextual information [216,217,218,219].”
From Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as [218]
In “The Hippocampus Also Maps Abstract Spaces” (page unavailable), the paper describes hippocampal involvement in remembering event order and linking nonspatial object memories. It also discusses context-dependent relational memory in “On the Evolution of Cognitive Maps” (page unavailable). It does not specifically establish that the hippocampus is essential for associating stimuli separated in time; its examples of temporal order and object associations do not make that combined claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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The hippocampus contributes to memory expression during transitive inference in mice
DeVito, L. M., Kanter, B. R., & Eichenbaum, H. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20610 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPlace‐cell firing does not depend on the direction of turn in a Y‐maze alternation task
Lenck‐Santini, P., Save, É., & Poucet, B. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01481.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fouquet, C., Babayan, B. M., Watilliaux, A., Bontempi, B., Tobin, C., & Rondi‐Reig, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067232 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mnemonic networks in the hippocampal formation: From spatial maps to temporal and conceptual codes.
Milivojevic, B., & Doeller, C. F. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033746 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Extinction of Learned Fear Induces Hippocampal Place Cell Remapping
Wang, M. E., Yuan, R. K., Keinath, A. T., Ramos‐Álvarez, M. M., & Muzzio, I. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4477-14.2015 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cognitive maps and the hippocampus
McNamara, T. P., Shelton, A. L., & Shelton, A. L. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00167-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dudchenko, P. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210862.001.0001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Maza, F. J., Sztarker, J., Shkedy, A., Peszano, V. N., Locatelli, F. F., & Delorenzi, A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1612418113 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Why People Get Lost: The Psychology and Neuroscience of Spatial Cognition
Dudchenko, P. A. (2010) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Place cell activation predicts subsequent memory
Robitsek, R. J., White, J. A., & Eichenbaum, H. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.034 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Lost Art of Finding Our Way
Huth, J. (2013) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674074811 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hallock, H. L., & Griffin, A. L. (2012) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22079 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Navigation: Whence Our Sense of Direction?
Gallistel, C. R. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.044 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lazareva, O. F., Kandray, K., & Acerbo, M. J. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22366 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Map reading, navigating from maps, and the medial temporal lobe
Urgolites, Z. J., Kim, S., Hopkins, R. O., & Squire, L. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617786113 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Remembering to Learn: Independent Place and Journey Coding Mechanisms Contribute to Memory Transfer
Bahar, A. S., & Shapiro, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3998-11.2012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition
Lisman, J., Buzsáki, G., Eichenbaum, H., Nadel, L., Ranganath, C., & Redish, A. D. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4661 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal Place Fields Maintain a Coherent and Flexible Map across Long Timescales
Kinsky, N. R., Sullivan, D. W., Mau, W., Hasselmo, M. E., & Eichenbaum, H. B. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.037 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural circuit mechanisms for steering control in <i>walking Drosophila</i>
Rayshubskiy, A., Holtz, S. L., Bates, A. S., Vanderbeck, Q. X., Capdevila, L. S., Rockwell, V., & Wilson, R. I. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.024703 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Fotowat, H., Lee, C., Jun, J. J., & Maler, L. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44119 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Geometric transformation of cognitive maps for generalization across hippocampal-prefrontal circuits
Tang, W., Shin, J. D., & Jadhav, S. P. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112246 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms
Rodríguez, F., Quintero, B., Amores, L., Madrid, D., Salas-Peña, C., & Salas, C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11082271 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lu, H.-C., Pollack, H., Lefante, J. J., Mills, A. A., & Tian, D. (2019) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy253 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dramatic changes to well-known places go unnoticed
Rosenbaum, R. S., Halilova, J. G., Agnihotri, S., D'Angelo, M. C., Winocur, G., Ryan, J. D., & Moscovitch, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ypg96 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility
Sartorato, N., Zouridis, I. S., Narantsatsralt, U.-U., Blanco-Hernández, E., & Burgalossi, A. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75492-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Theta oscillations — although not necessary for the emergence of the place code 21,22 — play a major role in organizing place cellactivityintotemporalsequencesthatmaptheavailablespace(and, similarly, episodic events 4,23,24 ).”
- Authors
- Eichenbaum, H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eichenbaum, Howard
- ORCID
- Eichenbaum, Howard
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2017-04-01
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1785-1796
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC5384971
- OpenAlex
- W2584986857
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (MH051570, MH052090, MH095297)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- hippocampus, spatial navigation, cognitive maps, relational memory, navigational strategies, spatial memory, memory organization, hippocampal system
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Space Perception, Spatial Navigation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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