Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'
Abstract
The hippocampal formation can encode relative spatial location, without reference to external cues, by the integration of linear and angular self-motion (path integration). Theoretical studies, in conjunction with recent empirical discoveries, suggest that the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) might perform some of the essential underlying computations by means of a unique, periodic synaptic matrix that could be self-organized in early development through a simple, symmetry-breaking operation. The scale at which space is represented increases systematically along the dorsoventral axis in both the hippocampus and the MEC, apparently because of systematic variation in the gain of a movement-speed signal. Convergence of spatially periodic input at multiple scales, from so-called grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, might result in non-periodic spatial firing patterns (place fields) in the hippocampus.
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Place cells have been found to be dependent on environment and task context.
“Place cells, which serve as a main motivation, have also been found to be dependent on environment and task context [7, 14].”
From A Role of Environmental Complexity on Representation Learning in Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Path integration serves as a basis for building cognitive maps, and it is universally observed from insects to mammals.
“Path integration serves as a basis for building cognitive maps, and it is universally observed from insects to mammals (McNaughton et al., 2006; Wang, 2016).”
From Cognitive Maps for a Non-Euclidean Environment: Path Integration and Spatial Memory on a Sphere (2024) · cites this paper as McNaughton et al., 2006
Idiothetic information enables the animal to update its position in space based on path integration whereas an allocentric reference frame orients, constrains and stabilizes the animal's internal position estimate.
“Idiothetic information enables the animal to update its position in space based on path integration whereas an allocentric reference frame (that is, combination of landmarks and geometric boundaries) orients, constrains and stabilizes the animal’s internal position estimate13,14.”
From A population code for spatial representation in the zebrafish telencephalon (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Place cells, hippocampal neurons that fire when the animal occupies a particular location, are proposed as the higher instance of a brain system that builds map-like spatial memory representations anchored in the external world, contributing to allocentric navigation.
“The “place cells”, i.e., hippocampal neurons that fire when the animal occupies a particular location of the space, have been proposed to be the higher instance of a brain system that builds up map-like spatial memory representations anchored in the external world, contributing to the neural computations required for allocentric navigation [39,72,74,197,198].”
From Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as [197]
HD cells maintain a consistent sense of direction through path integration, referring back to the environment periodically to recalibrate when error has accumulated.
“Rather, they maintain a consistent sense of direction through path integration37, only referring back to the environment periodically to recalibrate when error has accumulated10.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [37]
Grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex of freely moving rodents fire whenever the animal traverses the vertices of an equilateral triangular grid covering the environment.
“Grid cells recorded in medial entorhinal cortex of freely moving rodents fire whenever the animal traverses the vertices of an equilateral triangular grid covering the environment (see Fig. 1a), and may provide a neural substrate for path integration1-3,5,6.”
From Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
These results outline a circuit for navigation, consistent with suggestions that medial and lateral temporal, posterior and medial parietal and medial prefrontal areas cooperate to support spatial cognition, and implicate a specific type of underlying neural representation.
“These results outline a circuit for navigation, consistent with suggestions that medial and lateral temporal, posterior and medial parietal and medial prefrontal areas cooperate to support spatial cognition2,8,11,21,22, and implicate a specific type of underlying neural representation.”
From Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
Grid cells in entorhinal cortex record spatial location as apparent hexagonal maps, with different spatial scales at different layers of entorhinal cortex.
“‘grid cells’ in entorhinal cortex record spatial location as apparent hexagonal maps, with different spatial scales at different layers of entorhinal cortex [66], [67].”
From Cytoskeletal signaling: is memory encoded in microtubule lattices by CaMKII phosphorylation? (2012) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- McNaughton, B. L., Battaglia, F. P., Jensen, O., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M.-B.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging (NL)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- McNaughton, Bruce L.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-08-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 663-678
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2008936540
- Cited by
- 2,024
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 132 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 5.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- path integration, cognitive maps, hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex, grid cells, place fields, self-motion cues, symmetry breaking, spatial representation, spatial memory, developmental neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Hippocampus, Humans, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways
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