The origins of age-related proinflammatory state
Open accessAbstract
We hypothesized that the rising levels of inflammatory markers with aging is explained by cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity becoming progressively more prevalent in older persons. Information on inflammatory markers, cardiovascular risk factors, and diseases was collected in 595 men and 748 women sampled from the general population (age, 20-102 years). In both men and women, older age was associated with higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-18, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen, while soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) increased significantly with age only in men. Adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity, the age regression coefficients became substantially smaller in models predicting IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-18, and fibrinogen and larger in the model predicting sIL6r. Adjustment for cardiovascular morbidity substantially reduced the effect of age on CRP in men but not in women. Findings were confirmed in a subgroup of 51 men and 45 women with low risk profile and no cardiovascular morbidity. Part of the “proinflammatory state” in older persons is related to the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factor and morbidity.
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In humans, aging processes such as proinflammation and cognitive decline begin in midlife.
“Interestingly, emerging evidence also suggests that in humans the aging processes, such as proinflammation and cognitive decline, begin in midlife(Ferrucci et al. 2005, Belsky et al. 2015).”
From miR‐186 is decreased in aged brain and suppresses <scp>BACE</scp>1 expression (2016) · cites this paper as Ferrucci et al. 2005
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report that several inflammatory markers increase with age in humans, supporting the proinflammation portion. The paper does not establish that this process begins in midlife; its Discussion mentions dementia but does not examine when cognitive decline begins. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGermline genetic defects in type 1 IFN are linked with exaggerated or severe COVID-19 response associated with neutrophilia.
“Recent reports, for example, link germline genetic defects in type 1 IFN with exaggerated or severe COVID-19 response associated with neutrophilia 16,17 .”
From Type 1 interferon perturbates clonal competition by reshaping human blood development (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results and Discussion address age-related inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factors, not COVID-19. Searches for type 1 IFN defects, neutrophilia, and viral infection found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStrong evidence from mouse studies indicates that blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome extends healthspan, attenuating multiple age-related degenerative changes linked to inflammageing, including insulin resistance, thymic involution, T cell senescence, bone loss, and physical and cognitive function decline.
“In humans, IL-18 blood levels increase with ageing, and strong evidence from mouse studies indicates that blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome extends healthspan, attenuating multiple age-related degenerative changes that have been linked to inflammageing, including insulin resistance, thymic involution, T cell senescence, and bone loss as well as physical and cognitive function decline114,117,118.”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
Circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, increase with age and correlate with age-associated morbidities such as cardiovascular disease and frailty.
“circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, increase with age, and these have been correlated with age-associated morbidities such as cardiovascular disease and frailty”
From Successful and Maladaptive T Cell Aging (2017) · cites this paper as Ferrucci et al., 2005
ROS are critical to TNF-a effects on insulin signalling, and mitochondrial dysfunction is involved.
“There is convincing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical to the effects of TNF-a on insulin signalling (136) , and also that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved (137) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [136]
Older individuals experience systemic changes in mediators of chronic inflammation, including increases in cytokines and immunosuppressive myeloid cells.
“Indeed, older individuals experience systemic changes in mediators of chronic inflammation including increases in cytokines and various immune cells such as immunosuppressive myeloid cells23456.”
From Stromal senescence establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Ferrucci, L., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Taub, D. D., Guralnik, J. M., & Longo, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2005-03-15
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2294-2299
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC9828256
- OpenAlex
- W2098432330
- Cited by
- 908
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 14.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- U.S. Public Health Service (916413, 821336)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- aging, proinflammatory state, inflammatory markers, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-18, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, soluble IL-6 receptor, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular morbidity, sex differences, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Blood Proteins, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Prevalence
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