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Cited by 781Adrenal and Paraganglionic TumorsAdrenal Hormones and DisordersPituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments

The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management

Mansmann, Georg, Lau, Joseph, Balk, Ethan, Rothberg, Michael, Miyachi, Yukitaka, Bornstein, Stefan R.·2004·Endocrine Reviews
DOI 10.1210/er.2002-0031
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Abstract

Clinically inapparent adrenal masses are incidentally detected after imaging studies conducted for reasons other than the evaluation of the adrenal glands. They have frequently been referred to as adrenal incidentalomas. In preparation for a National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference on this topic, extensive literature research, including Medline, BIOSIS, and Embase between 1966 and July 2002, as well as references of published metaanalyses and selected review articles identified more than 5400 citations. Based on 699 articles that were retrieved for further examination, we provide a comprehensive update of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches focusing on endocrine and radiological features as well as surgical options. In addition, we present recent developments in the discovery of tumor markers, endocrine testing for subclinical disease including autonomous glucocorticoid hypersecretion and silent pheochromocytoma, novel imaging techniques, and minimally invasive surgery. Based on the statements of the conference, the available literature, and ongoing studies, our aim is to provide practical recommendations for the management of this common entity and to highlight areas for future studies and research.

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Crossref · 10.1210/er.2002-0031

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486 of 486 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Adrenal tumors affect 3% to 10% of the human population, and the majority are small benign nonfunctional adrenocortical adenomas.

    “Adrenal tumors are very common, affecting 3% to 10% of the human population, and the majority are small benign nonfunctional adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) (1).”

    From Adrenocortical carcinoma (2014) · cites this paper as [1]

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Related

Authors
Mansmann, G., Lau, J., Balk, E., Rothberg, M., Miyachi, Y., & Bornstein, S. R.
Affiliations
  • Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
  • Tufts University (US)
  • Baystate Medical Center (US)
  • Toho University (JP)
ORCID
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2004-04-01
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
309-340
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
DOI
10.1210/er.2002-0031
OpenAlex
W2153708664
Cited by
781
References
486
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 43
FWCI
5.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Keywords
adrenal incidentaloma, adrenal mass, tumor markers, adrenal imaging, endocrine testing
MeSH terms
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms, Adrenal Gland Neoplasms, Adrenal Glands, Adrenalectomy, Aldosterone, Diagnostic Imaging, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Neoplasm Metastasis, Pheochromocytoma, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Biomarkers, Tumor, MEDLINE, Biopsy, Fine-Needle

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